BIOMETRIC AUTHORIZATION SYSTEM USING GAIT BIOMETRY

International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
DOI : 10.5121/ijcsea.2011.1401 1
BIOMETRIC AUTHORIZATION SYSTEM USING
GAIT BIOMETRY
L.R Sudha1
, Dr. R. Bhavani2
Department of CSE, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, TamilNadu, India
1
sudhaselvin@ymail.com,2
shahana_1992@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Human gait, which is a new biometric aimed to recognize individuals by the way they walk have come to
play an increasingly important role in visual surveillance applications. In this paper a novel hybrid holistic
approach is proposed to show how behavioural walking characteristics can be used to recognize
unauthorized and suspicious persons when they enter a surveillance area. Initially background is modelled
from the input video captured from cameras deployed for security and the foreground moving object in the
individual frames are segmented using the background subtraction algorithm. Then gait representing
spatial, temporal and wavelet components are extracted and fused for training and testing multi class
support vector machine models (SVM). The proposed system is evaluated using side view videos of NLPR
database. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves a pleasing recognition
rate and also the results indicate that the classification ability of SVM with Radial Basis Function (RBF) is
better than with other kernel functions.
KEYWORDS
Biometrics, Gait recognition, Silhouette images, Spatial, Temporal, Video Surveillance.
1. INTRODUCTION
A wide variety of systems requires reliable personal recognition schemes to either confirm or
determine the identity of an individual requesting their services. The purpose of such schemes is
to ensure that the rendered services are accessed only by a legitimate user and no one else. Some
examples of such applications include secure access to buildings, computer systems, and ATMs.
In the absence of robust personal recognition schemes, these systems are vulnerable to the wiles
of an impostor. Biometric recognition or, simply, biometrics refers to the automatic recognition of
individuals based on their physiological and/or behavioural characteristics. By using biometrics,
it is possible to confirm or establish an individual’s identity based on “who she is” rather than by
“what she possesses” (e.g., an ID card) or “what she remembers” (e.g., a password).
The interest in gait as a biometric is strongly motivated by the need for an automated recognition
system for visual surveillance and monitoring applications. Recently the deployment of gait as a
biometric for people identification in surveillance applications has attracted researches from
computer vision. The development in this research area is being propelled by the increased
availability of inexpensive computing power and image sensors. The suitability of gait
recognition for surveillance systems emerge from the fact that gait can be perceived from a
distance as well as its non-invasive nature. Although gait recognition is still a new biometric, it
overcomes most of the limitation that other biometrics suffer from such as face, fingerprints and
iris recognition which can be obscured in most situations where serious crimes are involved. As
stated above, gait has many advantages, especially unobtrusive identification at a distance, so that
unauthorized and suspicious persons can be recognized when they enter a surveillance area, and

2
night vision capability which is an important component in surveillance. This makes gait a very
attractive biometric for real time monitoring as well as for access control at sites of high risk.
Current gait recognition methods may be mainly classified into two major categories, namely
model-based and motion-based methods. Usually, in the model-based methods, the human body
structure or motion is modelled first, and then the image features are extracted by the measure of
structural components of models or by the motion trajectories of body parts [1, 2,3,4]. Most
existing motion-based approaches can be further divided into two main classes, state-space
methods and spatiotemporal methods [5,6,7,8]. The state-space methods consider gait motion to
be composed of a sequence of static body poses, and recognize it by considering temporal
variations observations with respect to those static pose. The spatiotemporal method characterizes
the spatiotemporal distribution by collapsing the entire 3D spatiotemporal (XYT) data over an
entire sequence into a terse 1D or 2D signal(s).
In [9] a baseline algorithm using raw silhouette for human identification was proposed. In [10],
the authors used outer contour and unwrapped it into a distance signal to recognize a person.
Yang et al. [11] obtained the dynamic region in gait energy image (GEI) which reflects the
walking manner of an individual, called enhanced GEI. In [12], Hong et al. extracted a gait
feature called mass vector from the number of pixels with nonzero value in a given row of the
binary silhouette. They used dynamic time-warping approach to match gait templates formed by
the mass vectors. Xu et al. applied Marginal Fisher Analysis (MFA) for dimensionality reduction
to achieve a compact gait representation in [13]. They also modified the MFA to matrix based
version to process 2-D input directly in the form of gray-level averaged images. In [14] an
angular transform was introduced and was shown to achieve very encouraging results. In [15] a
new system based on radon transform and LDA was proposed. In [16], the authors used a vector
data scanned in horizontal, vertical and diagonal direction to represent the gait. Guo and Nixon
[17] presented an efficient solution based on mutual information (MI) to select important features
for gait recognition. These early results further confirm that gait has a rich potential for human
identification. Based on these considerations a new gait representation scheme is proposed and
is described in the next section.
2. PROPOSED APPROACH
There are many properties of gait that might serve as recognition features. Early medical studies
suggest that there are 24 different components to human gait and if all movements are considered,
gait is unique [18]. However from a computational perspective, it is quite difficult to accurately
extract some of the components such as angular displacements of thigh, leg and foot using current
computer vision system, and some others are not consistent over time for the same person. So
precise extraction of body parts and joint angles in real visual imagery is a very cumbersome task
as non-rigid human motion encompasses a wide range of possible motion transformations due to
the highly flexible structure of the human body and to self occlusion. Furthermore clothing type,
segmentation errors and different viewpoints post a substantial challenge for accurate joint
localization. Hence, the problem of representing and recognizing gait turns out to be a
challenging one. In this paper we developed a hybrid holistic approach which is computationally
affordable for real-time applications.
In this paper we are concerned with only side view videos and normal gait. This is because gait of
a person is easily recognizable when extracted from side view of the person and majority of the
people have normal walk. A careful analysis of gait reveals that it has two important components,
a structural component which captures the physical build of a person and a dynamic component
which captures the transitions that the body undergoes, during a walk cycle. We categorize them
as spatial components, temporal components and wavelet features.

3
Figure 1. Human Gait Recognition System
Our Biometric Authorization system is schematically shown in Figure 1. The input to our system
is a gait video sequence captured by a static camera. Once the video is captured, binary
silhouettes of the walker are generated by using a background subtraction process which includes
two important steps background modelling and foreground extraction. Then the features are
extracted as numerical information. All the above steps are repeated for multiple video sequences
and mean of feature values are stored in the database along with the identity of the walker. Then
pattern recognition classifiers are trained with the created database in training phase. During
testing phase, binary silhouette of the test video is generated as in training phase and the
individual is recognized by comparing the obtained features with the ones previously stored in the
database by the classifier.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 3 describes the modules of our
system, section 4 provides experimental results and section 5 contains conclusion.
3. MODULES DESCRIPTION
Our algorithm consists of five basic modules Background Modelling, Foreground Extraction,
Silhouette Generation, Feature extraction and Recognition which are described in the subsections
below.
3.1 Background Modelling
Extracting moving objects from a video sequence captured using a static camera is a fundamental
and critical task in visual surveillance. A common approach to this critical task is to first perform
background modelling to yield a reference model. By using the sequence of frames obtained from
video, background can be modelled which can be later used to visualise moving objects in the
video. Much research has been devoted to develop a background model that is robust and
sensitive enough to identify moving object of interest.
In our implementation, for background modelling we make the fundamental assumption that the
background will remain stationary. This necessitates that the camera be fixed and that lighting

4
does not change suddenly. It is also possible to achieve accurate segmentation without this
assumption, but such generality would require more computationally expensive algorithms.
We have compared three different background modelling techniques which are widely used in
many works, namely Change Detection Mask (CDM), Using median value, and Histogram based
in order to choose simple but efficient technique. These three techniques are discussed briefly
below and the experimental results are tabulated.
3.1.1 Change Detection Mask technique (CDM)
A basic change detection algorithm takes image sequence as input and generates a new image
called a change mask that identifies changed regions [19]. Let Ii(x,y) represent a sequence
including N images, i represents the frame index ranging from 1~N. The value of CDM can be
computed by
.
,0
,
),(





 >=
=
else
Tdifd
yxCDMi (1)
.),(),(1
yxIyxId ii −= +
(2)
Where T is the threshold value determined through adaptive thresholding. CDMi (x,y) represents
the value of the brightness change in pixel position along the time axis. The value in pixel point
(x,y) is estimated by the value of median frame of the longest labelled section in the same pixel
point (x,y).
3.1.2. Using Median value
An estimate of the background image can be obtained by computing the median value for each
pixel in the whole sequence [20]. Let B(x, y) is the background value for a pixel location (x, y),
med represents the median value, [I(x, y, t),….I(x, y, t+n)] represents a sequence of frames.
[ ].),,(),...,,(),( ntyxItyxImedyxB += (3)
Use of the median relies on an assumption that the background at every pixel will be visible more
than fifty percent of the time during the training sequence. The output of this typically will
contain large errors when this assumption is false. The advantage of using median is that it avoids
blending pixel values.
3.1.3. Histogram Based Background Modeling
In this type of modeling, background value for each pixel position is based on the dominant bins
intensity value based on histogram analysis. Illumination changes and camera jitter will greatly
affect the performance of the algorithm.
Figure.2 and Table I shows the generated background models and the modelling time by the
above mentioned three techniques. We found that though histogram based computation is
comparatively faster than others, it does not model the background clearly for the second and
third input, Gait video2 and Gait video3. As median value calculation is less complex and takes
very less time when compared with CDM, in our biometric system we used median value to
model the background.

5
Background Model Gait
Video 1
Gait
Video 2
Gait
Video 3
Change Detection
Method
9.1878 177.5332 35.8499
Median value 1.0361 19.0566 6.0849
Histogram based 0.4894 4.7969 1.1254
Table 1 Processing Time For Background Modelling Techniques In Seconds
Figure 2. (a) Input Videos (b), (c) and (d) background models generated through CDM, Median
and Histogram based techniques respectively.
3.2. Foreground Extraction
After background modelling, identifying moving objects from a video sequence is a fundamental
and critical task in many computer–vision applications. In this paper performance of popular
foreground extraction technique namely Frame difference is tested with the background models
generated by the three background modelling techniques discussed above.
Frame Difference Method is a very simple method with only one operation, a image subtraction.
In this method a pixel is marked as foreground if
TyxByxIi >− ),(),( (4)
where T is adaptive threshold. From the performance results shown in Table 2, it is evident that
frame difference with median value is better than others.

6
Table 2.
Processing time for Frame Difference technique with three different background models
in seconds
Background Model Gait Video1 Gait Video 2 Gait Video3
Change Detection
Method
13.7881 233.3640 41.2510
Median value 5.1341 31.9462 10.7328
Histogram based 4.2081 17.1799 6.7801
3.3. Silhouette Generation
In order to be robust to changes of clothing and illumination it is reasonable to consider the
binarized silhouette of the object as shown in Figure 3. This can be obtained by thresholding the
foreground image with a suitable threshold value T.
.
1
),(0
),(


 >
=
elseForeground
TyxFGifBackground
yxFG k
k
(5)
The primary assumption made here is that the camera is static, and the only moving object in
video sequences is the walker.
Figure 3. Silhouette Image in a) CDM b) Median c) Histogram based .
3.4. Feature Extraction
Before the process of feature extraction, we first place a bounding box around the binary
silhouette to estimate the gait cycle and thereby to estimate the number of frames in a gait cycle.
Knowing the number of frames in a gait cycle, the sequence of binary silhouettes is divided into
sub sequences of gait cycle length. We then consider frames in two gait cycles in order to extract
the characteristic feature vector. This reduces the processing time considerably. The process of
gait cycle estimation is briefly described below.

7
3.4.1. Gait Cycle Estimation
Human gait is treated as a periodic activity within each gait cycle. A single gait cycle can be
regarded as the time between two identical events during the human walking and usually
measured from heel strike to heel strike of one leg. To estimate the gait cycle the aspect ratio of
the silhouettes bounding box is used in [21]. In our method width of the bounding box is used as
it is periodic and the bounding box will be larger and shorter when the legs are farthest apart and
thinner and longer when the legs are together.
3.4.2 Spatial Component Computation
Bounding rectangle’s mean height, mean width, mean angle and mean aspect ratio are considered
as spatial components. Bounding rectangle’s mean height H is the representative height value for
a person [22]. It is obtained by averaging the difference between upper and bottom points on y
axis at each time instant t given by
N
tYtY
H
N
i
ibpup∑=
−
= 1
)]()([
(6)
where Yup is the upper point on y axis, Ybp is the bottom point on y axis and N is the number of
frames in the gait cycle. Similarly Bounding rectangle’s mean width W is the representative
width value of a person. It is obtained by averaging the difference between right and left points on
axis x at each time instant t.
Bounding rectangle’s mean angle A is the representative diagonal value of a person. It is obtained
by averaging the difference in degrees between axis x and the diagonal at each time instant t and
aspect ratio AR can be obtained by dividing Height H by Width W .
3.4.3. Temporal Component Computation
Stride length, Step length, Cadence and Velocity are considered as temporal components. Stride
length is the distance travelled by a person during one stride(or cycle) and can be measured as the
length between the heels from one heel strike to the next heel strike on the same side. Two step
lengths (left plus right) make one stride length. Step length and stride lengths are computed by
finding the number of frames in a step and stride. Cadence is number of steps /minute and
velocity is calculated by the equation given below.
cadencethstridelengVelocity 5.0×= (7)
3.4.4. Wavelet Energy Component Computation
Studies have shown that human gait is quasi periodic and there are slight changes in the
fundamental frequency and amplitude over time. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) [23] is used
to perform such analysis due to its robustness against rotation, translation and scaling.
Among the various wavelet bases, the Haar wavelet is the shortest and simplest and it provides
satisfactory localization of signal characteristics in time domain. Therefore, Haar wavelet was
chosen as the mother wavelet in this work. The silhouette area of each frame is decomposed by 2-
D DWT using Haar wavelet kernel. From the low frequency subband we got one coefficient and
from the detailed frequency subband we got two coefficients. Then mean and standard deviation
is calculated as in eq. 8 and eq. 9 for all energy coefficients of each subband. Therefore the
dimension of wavelet feature is six.

8
.
1
1
∑=
=
N
i
ia
N
µ (8)
.)(
1
1
1
2
∑=
−
−
=
N
i
ia
N
µσ (9)
where µ is mean, σ is standard deviation, N is number of frames in the gait cycle, and ai
represents the different wavelet coefficients.
3.5. Human Recognition
Gait Recognition is a traditional pattern classification problem which can be solved by calculating
the similarities between instances in the training database and test database. Let the spatial feature
vector be S, the temporal feature vector be T and the wavelet feature vector be W. By fusing all
these features at feature level, the feature vector H is represented as in eq. 10.
[ ].,, WTSH = (10)
This H is used to train SVM models to classify human gait.
Recently, Support Vector Machines (SVM), proposed by Cortes and Vapnik [25] in 1995 has
emerged as a powerful supervised learning tool for general purpose pattern recognition. It has
been applied to classification and regression problems with exceptionally good performance on a
range of binary classification tasks [24]. The primary advantage of SVM is its ability to minimize
both structural and empirical risk leading to better generalization for new data classification even
when the dimension of input data is high with limited training dataset. SVM can be trained both
as a binary classifier and multi-class classifier.
4.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
We have used strong computing software called Matlab to develop our work because Matlab
provides image Acquisition and Image Processing Toolboxes which facilitate us in creating a
good GUI and an excellent code.
4.1. Data Acquisition
The experimentation of the proposed gait recognition system is performed with images publicly
available in the National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition gait database. It contains 240
sequences from 20 different subjects and four sequences per subjects in three different views. The
properties of the images are: 24-bit full colour, capturing rate of 25 frames per second and the
original resolution is 352 × 240. The length of each sequence varies with the time each person
takes to traverse the field of view.
4.2. Results and analysis
For each side view videos of NLPR gait database, we first generate silhouette images using
background subtraction algorithm and then spatial, temporal and wavelet features are extracted in
the manner described in section 3. Then we trained SVM classifier by the feature vector H, and
the gaits are classified by the trained models at last.
We first compare the performance rate (Accuracy) of spatial, temporal & wavelet features
separately. Then the performance of different combinations of features types is compared. We see
that in our experiments, the recognition rate is found to be increased when all the three feature
types are fused together and it is shown in Table 3 and Figure 4. We also found that though

9
temporal features gives poor performance while using separately, improves performance rate
when fused with other features.
Table 3
Performance Comparison of Different Feature Types
72.91
31.25
91.66
79.17 85.43
97.91
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
A B C D E F
Feature Types
PerformanceRates
Figure 4. Performance rate of all feature types
In SVM, experiments were conducted with three kernel types for various values of regularization
parameter (c) and other parameters such as degree of polynomial (d) in Polynomial Kernel and
width of RBF function (σ). We found that classification performance of SVM depends on the
selection of regularization parameter because it is the penalty parameter for misclassification. So
it has to be carefully selected to achieve maximum classification accuracy. When compared
across different kernels with various parameter values, Radial Basis Function (RBF) was found to
perform the best in recognizing gait patterns. Best classification outcomes for different kernels
are represented using accuracy rates and are tabulated in Table 4.
Table 4.
Performance rate for various SVM kernels
Feature Type No. of
Features
Performance
(%)
Spatial Features (A) 4 72.91
Temporal Features (B) 4 31.25
Wavelet Features ( C ) 6 91.66
Spatial & Temporal Features (D) 8 79.17
Spatial & Wavelet Features (E) 10 85.43
Spatial, Temporal & Wavelet Features (F) 14 97.91
SVM Kernel types % of Performance
Linear 77.08
Polynomial 77.08
Radial Basis function 97.91

10
We compared the proposed method with other well cited gait recognition approaches using NLPR
gait database and is given in Table 5. From the table it is clearly seen that the proposed approach
gain a better performance rate.
Table 5.
Comparison with State _of_ the Art Algorithms on NLPR database in the
Canonical View
In this work apart from Performance rate, other measures such as Precision, Recall, and
F_measure which are more appropriate for comparison are also considered and the values are
tabulated in Table 5. The formulas for the above performance measures are given below.
FPTP
TP
ecision
+
=Pr (11)
FNTP
TP
call
+
=Re (12)
callecision
callecision
MeasureF
RePr
RePr2
+
××
=− (13)
where TP is True Positive, FN is False Negative and FP is False Positive. These measures are
calculated using confusion matrix of classification.
Methods Performance Rate (%)
Collins (2002) 71.25
BenAbedelkader (2002) 82.50
Phillips (2002) 78.75
Wang (2003) 88.75
Su (2006) 89.31
Lu (2006) 82.50
Geng (2007) 90.00
Bo Ye (2007) 88.75
Proposed Method 97.91

11
Table 6.
Comparison of Different Performance Measures
5. CONCLUSION
With mounting demands for visual surveillance systems, human identification at a distance has
recently emerged as an area of significant interest. Gait is being considered as an impending
behavioral feature and is gaining increasing attention from researchers as it is less likely to be
obscured than any other biometric features. In this paper multiple gait components such as spatial,
temporal and wavelet are extracted from the silhouette gait sequences and fused for the
development of a high performance classification system. Significant improvement in
classification performance is observed because of this information fusion. Even though high
performance was obtained, further evaluation on a much larger and more variant database needs
to be done.
REFERENCES
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and Gait”, Proc. Int’l Conf. Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp.366-371.
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% of Performance Measures
Accuracy 97.91%
Precision 98%
Recall 98%
F-Measure 98%

12
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828-838.

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[25] C. Cortes and V. Vapnik, (1995) ”Support-vector networks”, Machine learning, vol. 20, pp. 273-
297.
Authors
L.R Sudha received the B.E degree in Computer Science and Engineering from
Madras University, Chennai, India in 1991 and M.E degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India in 2007.
She is currently working as Assistant Professor and working towards the Ph.D
degree. Her research work is focused on Video and Image Processing, Pattern
Recognition, Computer Vision, Human Gait analysis and their applications in
Biometrics. She has published 10 papers in International and National conference
proceedings.
Dr. R. Bhavani received the B. E degree in Computer Science and Engineering in the
year 1989 and the M.E degree in Computer Science and Engineering in the year 1992
from Regional Engineering College, Trichy. She received her Ph.D degree in
Computer Science and Engineering from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, in the
year 2007.
She worked in Mookambigai college of Engineering, Keeranur from 1990 to 1994,
and she is now working as Associate Professor in Annamalai University, since 1994.
She published 15 papers in international conferences and journals. Her research
interest includes Image processing, Image Segmentation, Image Compression, Image Classification,
Stegnography, Pattern Classification, Medical Imaging, Content Based Image Retrieval and Software
metrics.

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