Bionic age by lakshmi
- 1. BIONIC AGE N.ANNALAKSHMI, ELECTRONICS&COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, SKP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TIRUVANNAMALAI. ABSTRACT: Bionicage is basicallya technology combiningbiologyand electronics. Such worlds meanputting togetherneurons from the brain and the processorto give a controlledenvironmentforthe working of the brain thought proving. 1. INTRODUCTION: To duplicate neuronornervoussystemit takesa lot of computingtomatch it intermsof functionality,suchasspeedandabilityto process.Suchworldsmeanputtingtogether neuronsfromthe brainand the processorto give a controlledenvironmentforthe working of the brainthoughtproving. Bionicisfarmore superior,farmore effective,andadvancedthan the best-knowntraditional methods.Iteasily outstandsthe bestmedical cure possible.For example abionicarmcan rotate in360 degrees whichroboticarm cannot do.Bionichelpto replace even amputatedorganssuchasEar, arms, Limbs,andEyesetc.,whichare not possible,evenbylatestmedical surgeries. BIONIC ORGANS 2.BIONIC MAN In a cluttered lab at the University of New Mexico, a replica of a human skeleton slowly–very slowly–pedals an exercise G.KEERTHANA PRIYADHARSHINI, ELECTRONICS&COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, SKP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TIRUVANNAMALAI. bicycle. This is no parlor trick.Myster Bony, as he's called, is moving the pedals with artificial muscles powered by a battery. It's been 40 years since Swedish engineer Arne Larsson received the first fully implanted cardiac pacemaker at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. Since then, researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve people's lives with artificial, bionic devices. Their efforts have produced smaller and smaller pacemakers, devices that help deaf children hear and implantable pumps that carry the load for diseased hearts until suitable human transplants can be found . As for the future, it looks decidedly more natural than the cyborg technology envisioned at the dawn of the bionic age. Take Myster Bony. His muscles are made of materials called ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) that respond to electricity with elasticity and responsiveness similar to those shown by human muscles. The materials were developed by a team led by Mohsen Shahinpoor, director of the Artificial Muscle Research Institute (AMRI) at the University of New Mexico (UNM). Strips of these composites can bend and flap dramatically when an electric current is applied. In this sense they are large-motion actuators–they can move and exert force. Conversely, when a strip is bent, voltage is produced across its thickness, allowing the
- 2. strip to behave like a sensor that can determine a given level of force and motion. These two abilities–to move and to provide feedback– drive Myster Bony on his exercise bicycle. All it takes is a power supply. Another type of artificial muscle being developed at AMRI is made of a synthetic fiber that has been baked and boiled in a chemical solution. The treatment imparts strength and gives the fabric elasticity that varies in the presence of an electric current. The result: materials that can expand and contract just like living tissue. Researchers envision a synthetic muscle that could translate electrical impulses from the nervous system into motion. However, that goal is still a long way off. In the short term, Shahinpoor believes artificial muscles could be used to boost the strength of ailing hearts, eliminating some heart transplants. He also imagines exoskeletons for disabled patients or astronauts, artificial larynxes, and sensors for diagnosing spinal-cord injuries. Eventually, his synthetic muscles could be attached to artificial tendons, which recently have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in human patients. 3.A Real Bionic Hand Artificial muscles aren’t the only electromechanical tools being developed to facilitate human movement. The arm uses electronics for control and power known as EMAS (Edinburgh Modular Arm System),the arm, is equipped with battery- powered motors and epicyclical gearboxes. The motors in arm are mounted inside lightweight, rigid tubes of carbon fiber. The gearboxes are connected to a warm-and- wheel assembly that converts the mechanical power of the gearbox into rotary motion. The smallest motors and gearboxes power fingers and the thumb, while larger motors power the wrist, elbow and shoulder. The arm is covered with lifelike silicone rubber. David Gow , head of the team that developed the device says EMAS was the first prosthesis to have a fully to have a fully powered electrical shoulder. In previous artificial arms , power has been limited to wrist, elbow and hands. Rechargeable 12-volt batteries power the arm. Modern prostheses have a wider range of motion than ever before and look more like the limbs there’re replacing. Take the case of 10-year-old Mellissa Del Pozzo. Melissa was born without a left hand and lower forearm. Recently , in tests at Rutgers university in New Jersey, she was able to make electrical traces on a computer screen by moving either a tendon or a muscle that would been used to flex her thumb, if she had one sensor attached to the skin just below Melissa’a elbow detected the slight movements and relayed them to the computerscreen. In Myster Bony , a flow of current through the artificial muscle causes the material to contract or elongate . Electrical change within the material also provides feedback for control circuits that tell muscles how to move.
- 3. “muscle-powered” artificial arms Melissa will soon be outfitted with what just may be the first dexterous prosthesis. To fit her with a hand and control apparatus, researchers at Rutger’s department of biomedical engineering, in Picataway , N.J. will fashion a silicone sleeve equipped with pressure sensors inside. On the top of the sleeve will sit a hard plastic socket that serves a san exoskeleton on which to anchor to hand. The hand itself is a commercial wooden product used on the prostheses. It is fitted with electromagnets that move each of three fingers separately. When a tendon moves, the sensor, which consists of a small diaphragm, emits a puff of air that travels through a tube to a transducer. In turn , the transducer senses the pressure and transmits a precise electrical signal to artificial hand. 4.Bionic Eyes One of the most dramatic applications of bionics is the creation of artificial eyes. Artificial retinas, in particular, Artificial retinas, in particular, are showing great promise. Researchers have long known that damaged photoreceptors in the eye could be bypassed . A device that stimulated the retinal ganglion cells–connected to the optic nerve–could transmit visual information to the brain. Now, a new technology promises to replace the retina, allowing the blind to see. One promising approach is to use a camera to "simplify" the view of the world and transmit an easier-to-decode signal to the sensor, which is implanted on the retina. Implantable Artificial Retina Component Chip (ARCC). The ARCC consists of a silicon microchip embedded with photo sensor cells and electrodes. It would be implanted near the vision center of the retina. Light and images entering the pupil would pass through the ARCC's front surface and strike photosensors on the back of the chip. The photosensor array would convert the image pattern of light and dark into electric impulses, much as a healthy eye's rods and cones do. The impulses would stimulate nerves behind the retina, sending the information to the brain. 5.Bionic Ear The human ear is vulnerable organ .It is divided into three parts the outer ear, the middle ear, which is made up of ear drum ( tympanic membrane ) and chain of tiny bones called ossicles , and the inner ear cochlea . the cochlea contains hair cells which, when simulated , generate an electric current in the auditory nerve then transmits the signal to the hearing centers of the brain. Each region of the ear can suffer the damage and even the most powerful hearing aids are ineffective the function of both inner ear is impaired. 6.Conclusion: Will humans lead the future generation or will the Robots lead the generation or will it be the Bionic men, is the question that the Bionic Age will answer. Where will Bionics take us is still remains unimaginable, but it will definitely make man much more superior and advanced than one can ever think of.
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