Biostat 8th semester B.Pharm-Introduction Ravinandan A P.pdf
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This document discusses biostatistics and its applications. It begins by providing examples of class averages, disease rates, medication adherence rates, and comparing drug efficacies that demonstrate the need for biostatistics. It then defines biostatistics as the application of statistical methods to biological and medical data. The document outlines the history of biostatistics and discusses its uses in areas like public health, clinical trials, and medicine. It also covers descriptive and inferential statistics, limitations of statistics, and emphasizes that biostatistics provides an important tool for evidence-based decision making in fields involving human health and biology.
Biostat 8th semester B.Pharm-Introduction Ravinandan A P.pdf
- 1. !!!???!!! Ravinandan A P Assistant Professor Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy In association with Siddaganga Hospital Tumkur-02
- 2. • Your class average height was found to be 155cm. • In emergency department of your hospital more number of patients admitting due to cardiovascular diseases. • Females or more prone to develop UTI than males. • Drug A is more effective than Drug B in the treatment of Hypertension. • Drug A is more safer than Drug B in the treatment of tuberculosis. • Proper patient counselling improves 80% medication adherence
- 3. On what basis you can say all these facts?????? My Answer is Biostatistics So, lets start learn about it!!!
- 4. Ravinandan A P Doctoral Research Scholar & Assistant Professor & Clinical Pharmacist Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy In association with Siddaganga Hospital & Research Centre Tumkur-02
- 5. Presentation Outlines…………… 1. Introduction 2. Statistics 3. Biostatistics 4. Frequency distribution
- 6. “No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong.” Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
- 7. Learning Objectives At the end of the topic students should be able ➢ To say the meaning of statistics and biostatistics ➢ To understand the role of statistics. ➢ To say the uses of statistics. ➢ To list the types of statistics. ➢To know the frequency distribution
- 8. Introduction • Statistics plays an important role in almost every facet of human life. • Its concept & thinking enables us to, 1. Solve problem in almost any domain 2. Support their decisions 3. Reduce guess work • Now a days it is regarded as on of the most important TOOL for decision- making. • Almost all branch of science require its use.
- 9. What is Statistics? • Derived from Latin word ‘Status’, means ‘political state’ • Italian word ‘statista’ – meaning stateman, • German word- ‘statistic’ • French word – ‘Statistque’ • Statistic / datum means a measured or counted fact or piece of information stated as a figure such as height of one person, birth weight of a baby, etc.
- 10. Brief History...!!! 17th century origin of Vital statistics Captain Grant of London (1620-1674) Known as “Father of Vital statistics” Used to study births and deaths 18th century Sir Ronald A. Fisher (1890-1962) Known as “Father of Statistics” Applying statistics in to various diversified field such as genetics, biometry, education, agriculture etc. 19th century Karl Pearson “Father of Modern Statistics” New statistical tools and practices are gradually being written, episode by episode discipline by discipline.
- 11. • Statistics or data would be plural of the same, stated in more than one figures such as height of 2 persons, birth weight of 5 babies, etc. • They are collected from an experiments, records & surveys. (SRE) • It is a field of study concerned with techniques or methods of collection of data, classification, summarizing, interpretation, drawing inference, testing hypotheses, making recommendations, etc. when only a part of data used.
- 12. • May be regarded as a method which deals with collection, presentation, analysis & interpretation of quantitative information. • Statistics not only defines what “good” is, but it tells us where our conclusions fall on that scale.
- 15. Biostatistics ??? • Has been defined as the “application of statistical methods to biological sciences”. • Is the term used when tools of statistics are applied to the data that derived from biological sciences such as medicine. • Everything in medicine or pharmacy be it research, diagnosis or treatment, depends on counting or measurement.
- 16. • High or low bp has no meaning, unless expressed in figures. • Incidence of TB or death rate in typhoid is stated in figures. • Enlargement of spleen is measured in figures breadth. • Thus medical statistics or biostatistics can be called quantitative medicine.
- 17. • For study of figures, data one has to apply mathematical techniques called statistical methods. • Ex: calculation of standard deviation, standard error & preparation of life tables. • Health statistics- in public health or community health. • Medical statistics- in medicine related to the study of defects, injury, disease, efficacy of drug, serum & line of treatment, etc. • Vital statistics- in demography pertaining to vital events of births, marriages & deaths.
- 18. Uses of Biostatistics: • Biostatistics is an indispensable tool in epidemiology. • All epidemiological studies rely on the quantification of health & disease events in populations. • Data collected in epidemiological studies usually involve several observations on several variables.
- 19. • Analyzing & presenting such large volumes of raw data can be very cumbersome & painful. • Fortunately, statistics, a very powerful tool, comes to rescue because it allows us to: • Describe large data sets using only few numbers (like mean, range, etc.,). • This is essentially called descriptive statistics.
- 20. Descriptive statistics • Are used to present & summarize data in a form that permits cleanest presentation of the most information. • For instance, the important aspects of the census data of a country can be summarized in just a few numbers like total population, sex ratio, age distribution, etc.
- 22. • Generalize the results of a small sample to the larger population from which the sample is drawn (extrapolation). • For ex, to find out the immunization coverage of a district, not all the children in the district have to be surveyed - one could take a random sample & still estimate the coverage with good accuracy.
- 23. Inferential statistics • Compare different variables & test an underlying hypothesis. • For ex, is the observed difference between cure rates for two treatment groups in a clinical trial due to the real difference in the treatments or is it due to sheer chance? • A statistical test of significance will I needed to answer this?
- 25. Applications of Biostatistics • Public health, including epidemiology, nutrition & environmental health. • Genomics, population genetics, and statistical genetics in populations in order to link variation in genotype with a variation in phenotype. • Medicine. • Ecology. • Biological sequence analysis.
- 26. • Design & analysis of clinical trials in medicine. (i) to find the action of a drug – A drug is given to animals or men to see whether the changes produced are due the drug or by chance; (ii) to compare the action of two different drugs or two successive dosages of the same drug; (iii) to find the relative potency of a new drug with respect to a standard drug.
- 27. • Statistical methods are beginning to be integrated into medical informatics, public health informatics & bioinformatics.
- 28. Limitations of Statistics: • Statistics, with its wide applications in almost every sphere of human activity, is not without limitations. The following are some of its important limitations: • Statistics does not study individuals: Statistics are aggregate of facts. Individual items, taken separately, do not constitute statistical data and are meaningless for any statistical inquiry.
- 29. Statistics deals with quantitative facts: • No quantitative fact can be studied unless the qualities are expressed in numbers. Statistics is true only to its averages: • The statistical laws are true again to their averages.
- 30. • Statistics may lead to fallacious conclusions: The averages are based on individual items which may be radically different from other – and this leads us to fallacious conclusions. • Only experts can make use of statistics: Statistics cannot and should not be used by a raw hand. This will give rise to the distrust of statistics. Statistics furnishes the tool – it is necessary but at the same time imperfect. It is fraught with dangerous proposition, if used by raw hand. Thus, skill and sufficient training is required for its handling.
- 31. • Uniformity is a must: The data must be uniform; otherwise the comparisons may not be possible. This will, fail the statistical method and tools.
- 33. Thank you
- 34. Session -2