Bipolar lecture
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Nirvana's "Lithium" describes symptoms of bipolar disorder such as mood swings from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. The song references feeling lonely but okay with it, shaving one's head, and feeling excited yet unsure, alluding to the unpredictable nature of the illness. It also references lighting candles in a daze and finding God, suggestive of manic episodes where judgment may be impaired. The lyrics portray the experience of living with bipolar disorder.
Bipolar lecture
- 1. Nirvana’s Lithium I'm so happy 'cause today I've found my friends They're in my head I'm so ugly, but that's okay, 'cause so are you... We've broken our mirrors Sunday morning is everyday for all I care... And I'm not scared Light my candles in a daze... 'Cause I've found god - yeah, yeah, yeah I'm so lonely but that's okay I shaved my head... And I'm not sad And just maybe I'm to blame for all I've heard... But I'm not sure I'm so excited, I can't wait to meet you there... But I don't care I'm so horny but that's okay... My will is good - yeah, yeah, yeah I like it - I'm not gonna crack I miss you I'm not gonna crack I love you I'm not gonna crack I kill you I'm not gonna crack
- 2. Bipolar Disorder Also known as manic depression, a mental illness that causes a person’s moods to swing from extremely happy and energized (mania) to extremely sad (depression) Chronic illness; can be life-threatening Most often diagnosed in adolescence
- 3. Mood Disorders AKA: Affective Disorders Affect – “emotion” or “mood” Unipolar & Bipolar Depression
- 4. Unipolar Bipolar Depressive Disorder, NOS Dysthymia Major Depression -Single Episode -Recurrent - - - Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Postpartum Depression Mood Disorder, NOS Cyclothymia Bipolar II Disorder Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar Disorder, NOS
- 5. Mania/Hypomania -Extreme euphoria -Lack of need for sleep -Inflated Ego and Self-Esteem -Loose Associations/Flight of Ideas (from topic to topic) -May become psychotic when in episode (in mania only)
- 6. Continuum of Causes of Affective Disorders Biological Bipolar Major Depression Environmental Dysthymia
- 7. Genetics 30-70% Identical twins 75% Both parents bipolar
- 8. Mood Disorders Growing consensus that Bipolar is organically based with a notable genetic factor Like Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder linked to low serotonin activity Theory: low serotonin dysregulation of other important neurotransmitters, e.g., norepinephrine Etiology of Bipolar Disorder
- 9. Mood Disorders “Defective Membrane” Theory of Bipolar Disorder 1. Nerve impulse moves along neuron electro-chemically 2. Impulse carried via exchange of Na & K ions across neural membrane Na K 3. Defect in process impulse carried too quickly or too slowly
- 10. GRK3 regulates sensitivity to neurotransmitters Decreases the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters Acts as a brake to stress Maintains balance in the brain
- 11. GRK3 is a Gene For Bipolar Disorder GRK3 is inherited with bipolar disorder GRK3 is turned on by amphetamine A mutation in GRK3 increases risk to bipolar disorder 3 fold
- 12. Mood Disorders Genetic studies, especially of twins, indicate a genetic predisposition for bipolar disorder 40% of identical twins concordant, vs. 5 to 10% of fraternal twins Etiology of Bipolar Disorder
- 13. Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorder Prevalence: 1% of population Adults = Adolescents Males = Females 2-3 million American adults are diagnosed with bipolar disorder NIMH estimates that one in very one hundred people will develop the disorder
- 14. Controversy Severity and duration Onset before puberty is estimated to be rare Developmental variability Retrospective study of adults
- 15. Vincent Van Gogh “It isn’t possible to get values and color. You can’t be at the pole and the equator at the same time. You must choose your own line, as I hope to do, and it will probably be color.”
- 16. Assessment/Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder Often very complicated; it mimics many other disorders and has comorbidity (presents with other disorders) Alphabet soup diagnosis Half of bipolar children have relatives with bipolar disorder It is important to first rule out the possibility of any other organic diagnosis: Thyroid disorder Seizure disorder Multiple sclerosis Infectious, toxic, and drug- induced disorders
- 17. Mood history Mania Giddy, goofy, laughing fits, class clown Explosive (how often, how long, how destructive and aggressive) Irritable, cranky, angry, disrespectful, threatening Grandiosity may present as EXTREME defiance and oppositionality Depression Low frustration tolerance, self- destructive, no pleasure, lower level of irritability DSM Criteria :A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood DIGFAST acronym (at least 3 of 7 symptoms)
- 18. DIGFAST – Mental Status Exam Distractible Increased activity/psychomotor agitation Grandiosity/Super-hero mentality Flight of ideas or racing thoughts Activities that are dangerous or hypersexual Sleep decreased Talkative or pressured speech
- 19. Bipolar Disorder Significant functional impairment Bipolar I people go through cycles of major depression and mania Bipolar II similar to Bipolar I except that people have hypomanic episodes, a milder form of mania Rapid cyclers
- 20. Suicide Risk Factors 22% of adolescents with completed suicides had bipolar disorder Family history of suicide Substance abuse i.e. adolescent with impulse control disorder, depression, suicidality, substance use and access to a weapon is potential for lethality
- 21. Major depression often presents first (estimated that 20 - 40% of children presenting with major depression within 5 years will be bipolar) Comorbidity 70 - 90 % of adolescents have other disorders ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Substance abuse
- 22. Pediatric-Onset Bipolar Disorder Geller (American Journal of Psychiatry, 2001) followed up 72 depressed prepubertal children into adulthood 48.6% (N=35) developed bipolar disorder by mean age 20.7 years
- 23. Atypical presentation in juveniles- exacerbation of disruptive behavior, moodiness, low frustration tolerance, explosive anger and difficulty sleeping at night Comorbidity of ADHD/BPD more severe presentation, often severe affect dysregulation, marked impairment, violent temper outbursts
- 24. Pediatric-Onset Bipolar Disorder: Differential Diagnosis with ADHD ADHD confusion although identifying presence of mood disorder helpful in guiding treatment Talkativeness Physical hyperactivity Distractibility
- 25. Time Magazine, August 19, 2002
- 26. Time Magazine, August 19, 2002
- 27. Prioritizing Target Symptoms 1. Treat mania and/or psychosis 2. Treat depression 3. Anxiety and ADHD
- 28. Medications Mood Stabilizers Lithium Divalproex Sodium (Depakote) Carbamezapine
- 29. Improvement is seen when mood stabilizers are used Kowatch et al (JAACAP 2000) Response rates: 53% depakote 38% lithium 38% carbamazepine
- 30. Geller et al. High relapse rate Geller longitudinal study 1 year f/u recovery rate 37% Relapse rate 38%
- 31. Newer Agents Neurontin Lamictal Topamax Gabatril Atypical antipsychotics
- 32. Atypical Antipsychotics Risperidol Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Abilify Geodon Increasingly used because they can cause rapid patient stabilization Zyprexa can help with depression, mania and psychosis Weight gain
- 33. Key Point Just because a child improves on a mood stabilizer does not prove the diagnosis. Mood stabilizers have been used for a long time to help with aggression in children.
- 34. Multiple Modalities Psychotherapy Psychoeducation/Support School Support/Consultation Residential Placement, Acute Hospitalization Mood Charting Teach Good Sleep Hygiene Legal intervention Hope