Bit error rate
- 2. The bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit errors per unit time. Thebit error ratio (also BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unitless performance measure, often expressed as a percentage.
- 3. The bit error probability pe is the expectation value of the bit error ratio. The bit error ratio can be considered as an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is accurate for a long time interval and a high number of bit errors.
- 5. The packet error ratio (PER) is the number of incorrectly received data packets divided by the total number of received packets. A packet is declared incorrect if at least one bit is erroneous. The expectation value of the PER is denoted packet error probability pp, which for a data packet length of N bits can be expressed as:
- 6. In telecommunication transmission, the bit error rate (BER) is the percentage of bits that have errors relative to the total number of bits received in a transmission, usually expressed as ten to a negative power. For example, a transmission might have a BER of 10 to the minus 6, meaning that, out of 1,000,000 bits transmitted, one bit was in error.
- 7. The BER is an indication of how often a packetor other data unit has to be retransmitted. Too high a BER may indicate that a slower data rate would actually improve overall transmission time for a given amount of transmitted data since the BER might be reduced, lowering the number of packets that had to be resent because of an error.
- 8. A BERT (bit error rate test or tester) is a procedure or device that measures the BER for a given transmission. A bit error rate tester (BERT), also known as a bit error ratio tester.
- 9. The main building blocks of a BERT are: Pattern generator, which transmits a defined test pattern to the test system Error detector connected to the test system, to count the errors generated by or test system Clock signal generator to synchronize the pattern generator and the error detector Digital communication analyser is optional to display the transmitted or received signal. Electrical-optical converter and optical-electrical converter for testing optical communication signals.