SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Blockchains as a
Component of the Next
Generation Internet
Prof. John Domingue (@johndmk)
Director, Knowledge Media Institute,
the Open University, UK
kmi.open.ac.uk
hub4ngi.eu
Questions	to:	feedback@hub4ngi.eu
Agenda
• Blockchain Impact
• Blockchain Elements
• Ethereum Blockchain Platform
• Distributed Autonomous Organisations and
ICOs
• An Example DApp
• EU Funding Opportunities
• Summary
Blockchain Impact
Copyright	http://dilbert.com/
Blockchain
4
World	Economic	Forum	Survey	Projects	
Blockchain	‘Tipping	Point’	by	2023
Santander:	Blockchain Tech	Can	Save	Banks	
$20	Billion	a	Year
Blockchains as a Component of the Next generation Internet
Everledger
www.everledger.io
https://www.docusign.com/blog/the-future-of-car-leasing-is-as-easy-as-click-sign-drive/
http://motherboard.vice.com/read/transactive-grid-ethereum-brooklyn-microgrid
IBM: Device Democracy
http://www-935.ibm.com/services/multimedia/GBE03620USEN.pdf
Blockchain Elements
Copyright	http://dilbert.com/
Ledgers
Cryptographic Hash Function
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function
Blockchain is a Linked List (1/2)
A	blockchain	can	be	thought	of	as	a	linked	list	of	transactions	
that	is	built	with	hash	pointers	instead	of	pointers
Source:	Bitcoin	and	Cryptocurrency	Technologies	- Arvind	Narayanan,	Joseph	Bonneau,	Edward	Felten,	Andrew	Miller,	Steven	Goldfeder
Peer to Peer Network
http://www.terndrup.net/2015/10/27/Building-a-P2P-Peer-Client-with-Node-js/
Add	everyone	has	a	complete	copy	of	the	data
Who Next?
Proof of Work
• Find x such that f(nonce + x) < t
(cryptographic hash)
"Hello,	world!0"	=>	
1312af178c253f84028d480a6adc1e25e81caa44c749ec81976192e2ec934c64	
"Hello,	world!1"	=>	
e9afc424b79e4f6ab42d99c81156d3a17228d6e1eef4139be78e948a9332a7d8	
"Hello,	world!2"	=>	
ae37343a357a8297591625e7134cbea22f5928be8ca2a32aa475cf05fd4266b7	...	
"Hello,	world!4248"	=>	
6e110d98b388e77e9c6f042ac6b497cec46660deef75a55ebc7cfdf65cc0b965	
"Hello,	world!4249"	=>	
c004190b822f1669cac8dc37e761cb73652e7832fb814565702245cf26ebb9e6	
"Hello,	world!4250"	=>	
0000c3af42fc31103f1fdc0151fa747ff87349a4714df7cc52ea464e12dcd4e9
Proof of Work
• Hard to outpace the entire rest of the network… a 51% attack could
do it, but otherwise it is like buying thousands of lottery tickets –
doesn’t help you that much!
Source:	Marc	Eisenstadt ‘What	is	the	genius	behind	Bitcoin’
Blockchain is a Linked List (2/2)
A	blockchain actually	contains	
two	different	hash	structures.	
The	first	is	a	hash	chain	of	
blocks	that	links	the	different	
blocks	to	one	another.	
The	second	is	internal	to	each	
block	and	is	a	Merkle Tree	of	
transactions	within	the	
blocks.	
This allows	for	efficiently	
verifiable	proofs	that	a	
transaction	was	included	in	a	
block.
Source:	Bitcoin	and	Cryptocurrency	Technologies	- Arvind	Narayanan,	Joseph	Bonneau,	Edward	Felten,	Andrew	Miller,	Steven	Goldfeder
BitCoin Mining
http://knkx.org/post/central-wash-home-nations-biggest-bitcoin-mine-more-coming
Consensus Mechanisms (1/6)
Consensus Mechanisms (2/6)
Consensus Mechanisms (3/6)
Consensus Mechanisms (4/6)
Consensus Mechanisms (5/6)
Consensus Mechanisms (6/6)
Ethereum Blockchain Platform
Ethereum Virtual Machine
Sources:	Ethereum Development	Tutorial
The	Ethereum Virtual	Machine	can	be	thought	of	as	a	large	decentralized	computer	
containing	millions	of	objects,	called	"accounts",	which	have	the	ability	to	maintain	
an	internal	database,	execute	code	and	talk	to	each	other.
There	are	2	types	of	Accounts:
Externally	owned	account	(EOA):	
an	account	controlled	by	a	private	
key	that	has	the	ability	to	send	
ether	and	messages	from	it.	
‘Smart’	Contract:	an	account	
that	has	its	own	code,	and	is	
controlled	by	code.
Any	user	can	trigger	an	action	by	sending	a	transaction	from	an	EOA,	setting	
Ethereum's wheels	in	motion.	
If	the	destination	of	the	transaction	
is	another	EOA,	then	the	transaction	
may	transfer	some	ether	but	
otherwise	does	nothing
However,	if	the	destination	is	a	
‘Smart’	Contract,	then	the	
contract	in	turn	activates,	and	
automatically	runs	its	code.
http://ethdocs.org/en/latest/account-management.html
Every	account	is	defined	by	a	pair	of	keys,	
a	private	key	and	public	key
A	keyfile holds	encoded	key	pair		
data	as	JSON	with	the	private	key	
encrypted	with	a	user	given	
password
Accounts	are	indexed	by	their	address
which	is	derived	from	the	public	key	by	
taking	the	last	20	bytes
Accounts	use	public	key	
cryptography	to	sign	transaction.
Ethereum External Accounts
Ethereum External Accounts
http://ethdocs.org/en/latest/account-management.html
Server	side	external	Accounts Client	side	external	Accounts
Client	side	keyfiles are	held	in	a	
keystore managed	by	wallet Software
running	either	in	a	browser	or	on	the	
client	computer
Server	side	account	keyfiles are	
held	in	the	keystore folder	where	
your	Ethereum node	data	is	located
Ease	of	Use
Control
Contracts in Ethereum
Maintain	a	data	store	
representing	
something	which	is	
useful	to	either	other	
contracts	or	to	the	
outside	world
Serve	as	a	sort	of	
externally	owned	
account	with	a	more	
complicated	access	
policy
Manage	an	ongoing	
contract	or	
relationship	between	
multiple	users
Provide	functions	to	
other	contracts;	
essentially	serving	as	
a	software	library.
Contracts	in	Ethereum generally	serve	4	purposes:
source:	 Richard	Gendal	Brown	“A	Simple	Model	for	Smart	Contracts”	
http://gendal.me/2015/02/10/a-simple-model-for-smart-contracts/
DApps
Source:	Ethereum - Stephan	Tual
A	Đapp is	a	decentralised application	which	serves	some	
specific	purpose	to	its	users,	but	which	has	the	important	
property	that	the	application	itself	does	not	depend	on	
any	specific	party	existing.	
Rather	than	serving	as	a	front-end	for	selling	or	providing	
a	specific	party's	services,	a	Đapp is	a	tool	for	people	and	
organizations	on	different	sides	of	an	interaction	use	to	
come	together	without	any	centralized	intermediary.
A	Dapp consists	of	two	parts:	a	frontend,	written	in	
HTML	or	QML,	and	a	backend	(think	of	it	as	the	
‘database’	for	your	frontend).
DBrowsers
It	is	an	end	user	interface	onto	
the	Ethereum blockchain.
A	DBrowser is	how	users	will	find	
and	interact	with	DApps
‘Mist’	is	the	name	of	the	
Ethereum DBrowser.
Characteristics of Blockchain DApps
• Shared database
• Multiple writers
• Absence of trust
• Disintermediation
• Transaction interaction
• Set rules
• Validators
• Asset backing
http://www.multichain.com/blog/2015/11/avoiding-pointless-blockchain-project/
DAOs and ICOs
Distributed Autonomous Organisation
Initial Public Offering
Initial Public Offering
Initial Public Offering
Initial Public Offering
Initial Coin Offering
Initial Coin Offering
Initial Coin Offering
Initial Coin Offering
Initial Coin Offering
Interplanetary File System (IPFS)
• Content-addressed distributed storage
(CADS)
• Files identified by hash of contents
• Shared across BitTorrent-based network
An Example DApp
Blockchains as a Component of the Next generation Internet
OpenLearn Badges on the blockchain
Demos	of	movies	available	at:	http://blockchain.open.ac.uk/
Peer Reputation and Badging
Reputation	Contract
Functions:
Storage:
sendReputation
getPersonBalance()
getReputationAttribute
attribs[address	=	>	Attrib]
Attrib {	uint balanceOf;
mapping(string	=>	uint);
string[]	attribStrings
}
Reputation	
Attribute	
token	
Balances
Reputation Smart Contract
Tokens	left	
to	assign
My	Reputation
Peer	Reputation	Page
Kevin’s	Reputation	View
Communication: 14
Collaboration: 06
Organisation: 12
Ethics: 05
Problem	Solving: 10
Engagement: 04
your	Ethereum address
password	to	private	key
Signing	this	transaction	will	transfer	stated		
Reputation	Tokens	+	ETH	gas	payment	from	
your	account.	Estimated	gas	cost	is	0.02	ETH.	
Maximum	gas	cost	is	set	to	0.05	ETH
Transfer
Reputation	Tokens	Left:	57
number	of	tokens	to	transfer
Assign	Reputation
My	Reputation
Peer	Reputation	Page
Michelle’s	Reputation	View
Communication: 06
Collaboration: 02
Organisation: 10
Ethics: 12
Problem	Solving: 08
Engagement: 16
your	Ethereum address
password	to	private	key
Signing	this	transaction	will	transfer	stated		
Reputation	Tokens	+	ETH	gas	payment	from	
your	account.	Estimated	gas	cost	is	0.02	ETH.	
Maximum	gas	cost	is	set	to	0.05	ETH
Transfer
Reputation	Tokens	Left:	68
number	of	tokens	to	transfer
Assign	Reputation
Signed	
TX
Reputation	
Attribute	
token	
Balances
Tokens	left	
to	assign
Michelle	transfers	4	Reputation	tokens	for	‘Organisation’	to	Kevin
Michelle	transfers	4	Reputation	tokens	for	‘Organisation’	to	Kevin
Michelle	transfers	4	Reputation	tokens	for	‘Organisation’	to	Kevin
Block	no:	45566778
Michelle	transfers	4	Reputation	tokens	for	‘Organisation’	to	Kevin
Michelle	transfers	4	Reputation	tokens	for	‘Organisation’	to	Kevin
Michelle	transfers	4	Reputation	tokens	for	‘Organisation’	to	Kevin
Michelle	transfers	4	Reputation	tokens	for	‘Organisation’	to	Kevin
Michelle	transfers	4	Reputation	tokens	for	‘Organisation’	to	Kevin
Michelle	transfers	4	Reputation	tokens	for	‘Organisation’	to	Kevin
Michelle	transfers	4	Reputation	tokens	for	‘Organisation’	to	Kevin
Startups in the CV/Accreditation
Space
EU Funding Opportunities
NGI Open Internet Initiative: Objective ICT-24
61
Call 1: 2018
Closure: 17 April 2018
• 3 research & innovation projects
with a total budget Euro 21.5
million
Use of cascading grants
(financial support to third parties,
80%)
• 3 CSAs, total budget Euro 7
million
Call 2: 2019
Closure: 28 March 2019
• 3 research & innovation projects
with a total budget Euro 21.5
million
Use of cascading grants
(financial support to third parties,
80%)
Programme logic of objective ICT-24
1 R&I Project on Privacy and trust enhancing technologies
1 R&I Project on Decentralized data governance
1 R&I Project on Discovery and identification
2018
to be defined in 2018
to be defined in 2018
to be defined in 2018
2019 2020
Call 1
Evaluation
Outreach Office (1 project)
Technology Harvest & Transfer (1 project)
Technology Strategy & Policy (1 project)
Call 2
Evaluation
62
R&I Action:
Privacy and trust
enhancing
technologies
R&I project implementation through
sub-granting
Activities include inter-
alia:
• Call for & selection of top-teams
• Monitoring
• Mentoring, Coaching, Sharing
• Communications
• Community building
Project submitted to EC
call:
Euro 7-7.5 mil, 2-3 years,
80% for sub-grantee
Pan European
Procedures adapted to stakeholders
Run by organisations in the ecosystem
Sub-grantee:
• One legal entity with one specific project
• Young researchers from outstanding academics, hi-tech startups
and SMEs
• Carry out the R&I work
• 50.000 – 200.000 Euro, 9 – 12 month
63
NGI @ ICT PROPOSERS’ DAY 2017
The Next Generation Internet (NGI) networking session - 10/11/2017 (09:30-11:00)
The NGI networking session focuses on 2 calls:
• The NGI Open Internet Initiative ICT-24-2018:
o 3 Research & Innovation (R&I) Actions; 21.5 M€;
2-3 years; 1 R&I project per topic:
§ Privacy and trust enhancing technologies
§ Decentralized data governance
§ Discovery and identification technologies
o supported by 3 Coordination and support actions (CSAs); 7 M€
• The EU-US collaboration on NGI ICT-31-2018;
o 2 CSAs (2.5 M€; 3 years)
§ CSA 1: Organise & other support activities
§ CSA2: A Fellowship programme.
• Feel free to propose your project ideas for the 2 NGI calls above!
THE NGI BOOTH
• More information about the ICT-24-2018 and ICT-31-2018 Calls
64
Deadline 17 April 2018
Support Actions
• Think-tank
• Fellowships
Budget Euro 2.5
million
Deadline 28 March 2019
Research and Innovation
Action
• Joint experimentation
Budget: Euro 3.5 million
EU-US Collaboration on NGI
65
Stay Connected
66
WHERE TO FIND MORE INFO
Ø The NGI Corner on Futurium
https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/next-generation-internet
Ø The NGI Twitter Channel
@NGI4EU
Ø The NGI web portal
www.ngi.eu
Ø The NGI map of actors
www.hub4ngi.eu/map/
Summary
• A blockchain is a distributed ledger
• Smart contracts add trusted computational
layer
• Benefits include
– Inbuilt identity management
– Decentralised control/ownership
– Increases transparency
– Reduces risk of fraud
– Dramatic lowering of process costs
– Enables collaboration/interoperability
– Facilitates disaggregation and disintermediation
– Transform online and physical objects into DAOs
WWW.HUB4NGI.EU
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
WWW.HUB4NGI.EU
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 732569

More Related Content

PPTX
Linked data indexing of distributed ledgers
PDF
Decentralised Semantic Web @ International Semantic Web Research Summer Schoo...
PPTX
Blockchains and new educational models v 2.0
PDF
The Potential of Blockchain in Higher Education
PDF
Towards the decentralisation of personal data through blockchains and linked ...
PDF
Blockchains and Adult Education
PDF
Blockchains a new platform for semantically enabled transactions public
PDF
How Blockchains Are Transforming Adult Education
Linked data indexing of distributed ledgers
Decentralised Semantic Web @ International Semantic Web Research Summer Schoo...
Blockchains and new educational models v 2.0
The Potential of Blockchain in Higher Education
Towards the decentralisation of personal data through blockchains and linked ...
Blockchains and Adult Education
Blockchains a new platform for semantically enabled transactions public
How Blockchains Are Transforming Adult Education

What's hot (20)

PDF
The Future of Semantics on the Web
PDF
Strategies for integrating semantic and blockchain technologies
PPTX
VII Jornadas eMadrid "Education in exponential times". "Blockchains and their...
PDF
The Blockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record, Reputa...
PDF
Blockchain and Open Education
PPTX
Semantic blockchain
PPTX
COVID-19 Antibody Test+Vaccination Certificates: There's an app for that
PPTX
Innovation potential of the blockchain, and of decentralized applications
PDF
Blockchain Technology | Bitcoin | Ethereum Coin | Cryptocurrency
PDF
X ange uni_-_cryptos_-_bj_-_04072017
PDF
"The Blockchain Effect on the Future of the Humanities" by Sherry Jones (July...
PDF
Blockchain Primer - Founder Collective - December 2017
PDF
Blockchains for trusted data and unstoppable code
PDF
Blockchain for Executives, Entrepreneurs and Investors
PDF
Blockmason link whitepaper
PPTX
The Basic Theories of Blockchain
PPTX
Blockchain: it's much more than Bitcoin
PPTX
Blockchain Economics: Tackle Debt and Systemic Risk
PPTX
Blockchain in Education
PDF
Shane Ninai on blockchain technology
The Future of Semantics on the Web
Strategies for integrating semantic and blockchain technologies
VII Jornadas eMadrid "Education in exponential times". "Blockchains and their...
The Blockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record, Reputa...
Blockchain and Open Education
Semantic blockchain
COVID-19 Antibody Test+Vaccination Certificates: There's an app for that
Innovation potential of the blockchain, and of decentralized applications
Blockchain Technology | Bitcoin | Ethereum Coin | Cryptocurrency
X ange uni_-_cryptos_-_bj_-_04072017
"The Blockchain Effect on the Future of the Humanities" by Sherry Jones (July...
Blockchain Primer - Founder Collective - December 2017
Blockchains for trusted data and unstoppable code
Blockchain for Executives, Entrepreneurs and Investors
Blockmason link whitepaper
The Basic Theories of Blockchain
Blockchain: it's much more than Bitcoin
Blockchain Economics: Tackle Debt and Systemic Risk
Blockchain in Education
Shane Ninai on blockchain technology
Ad

Similar to Blockchains as a Component of the Next generation Internet (20)

PDF
Blockchain Beyond Finance - Cronos Groep - Jan 17, 2017
PPTX
Ethereum Devcon1 Report (summary writing)
PDF
Company presentation
PPTX
Blockchain in FinTech
PDF
Everything dApp (Blockchain University Module II)
PDF
The new decentralized compute stack and its application
PDF
All about blockchain
 
PDF
Evolution of blockchain protocols & Towards Mass Adoption
PDF
Meetup 19/12/2016 - Blockchain-as-a-service voor Antwerpen?
PDF
BigchainDB - Big Data meets Blockchain
PPTX
Blockchain: No Thunder No Wonder
PDF
Enterprise Blockchain: A Short Introduction
PPT
Crypto Jamming
PDF
02_07_2018_«El valor de blockchain en el registro de la actividad académica: ...
PDF
Klaytn: Service-Oriented Enterprise-Grade Public Blockchain Platform
PDF
D app 101
PDF
Intro to Web3 and Polygon.pdf
PDF
"Creating a Competitive Edge Using Blockchain Technology"
PPTX
LINE+LINK-DEV 2018 - ICON’s Interchain Technology and Developer Tools
PPTX
Blockchain 101
Blockchain Beyond Finance - Cronos Groep - Jan 17, 2017
Ethereum Devcon1 Report (summary writing)
Company presentation
Blockchain in FinTech
Everything dApp (Blockchain University Module II)
The new decentralized compute stack and its application
All about blockchain
 
Evolution of blockchain protocols & Towards Mass Adoption
Meetup 19/12/2016 - Blockchain-as-a-service voor Antwerpen?
BigchainDB - Big Data meets Blockchain
Blockchain: No Thunder No Wonder
Enterprise Blockchain: A Short Introduction
Crypto Jamming
02_07_2018_«El valor de blockchain en el registro de la actividad académica: ...
Klaytn: Service-Oriented Enterprise-Grade Public Blockchain Platform
D app 101
Intro to Web3 and Polygon.pdf
"Creating a Competitive Edge Using Blockchain Technology"
LINE+LINK-DEV 2018 - ICON’s Interchain Technology and Developer Tools
Blockchain 101
Ad

More from John Domingue (12)

PPTX
1st workshop on linked data and distributed ledgers introduction v 1.0
PDF
Transforming Education through FORGE
PDF
FIRE in a Book
PPTX
Developing rich interactive eBooks to teach linked open data to professionals...
PPTX
Linked services: Connecting services to the Web of Data
PPTX
Beyond sparql linked data, software, services and applications. Keynote at D...
PPTX
Linked services for the Web of Data
PPTX
Linking Services and Linked Data: Keynote for AIMSA 2012
PPTX
Inaugural Lecture on Future Internet
PPTX
Soa4 all technical achievements final
PPT
Super ontology stack_review_m36_051
PPTX
ESWC 2012 Dinner Keynote: Improving the Impact and Takeup of Semantic Web Res...
1st workshop on linked data and distributed ledgers introduction v 1.0
Transforming Education through FORGE
FIRE in a Book
Developing rich interactive eBooks to teach linked open data to professionals...
Linked services: Connecting services to the Web of Data
Beyond sparql linked data, software, services and applications. Keynote at D...
Linked services for the Web of Data
Linking Services and Linked Data: Keynote for AIMSA 2012
Inaugural Lecture on Future Internet
Soa4 all technical achievements final
Super ontology stack_review_m36_051
ESWC 2012 Dinner Keynote: Improving the Impact and Takeup of Semantic Web Res...

Recently uploaded (20)

PDF
Electronic commerce courselecture one. Pdf
PDF
cuic standard and advanced reporting.pdf
PDF
KodekX | Application Modernization Development
PDF
7 ChatGPT Prompts to Help You Define Your Ideal Customer Profile.pdf
PDF
How UI/UX Design Impacts User Retention in Mobile Apps.pdf
PDF
The Rise and Fall of 3GPP – Time for a Sabbatical?
PPT
Teaching material agriculture food technology
PDF
Diabetes mellitus diagnosis method based random forest with bat algorithm
PPTX
Spectroscopy.pptx food analysis technology
PPTX
Detection-First SIEM: Rule Types, Dashboards, and Threat-Informed Strategy
PDF
Build a system with the filesystem maintained by OSTree @ COSCUP 2025
PPTX
Understanding_Digital_Forensics_Presentation.pptx
PDF
Unlocking AI with Model Context Protocol (MCP)
PDF
Mobile App Security Testing_ A Comprehensive Guide.pdf
PDF
Dropbox Q2 2025 Financial Results & Investor Presentation
PDF
Machine learning based COVID-19 study performance prediction
PDF
Blue Purple Modern Animated Computer Science Presentation.pdf.pdf
PPTX
VMware vSphere Foundation How to Sell Presentation-Ver1.4-2-14-2024.pptx
PDF
Encapsulation theory and applications.pdf
PDF
MIND Revenue Release Quarter 2 2025 Press Release
Electronic commerce courselecture one. Pdf
cuic standard and advanced reporting.pdf
KodekX | Application Modernization Development
7 ChatGPT Prompts to Help You Define Your Ideal Customer Profile.pdf
How UI/UX Design Impacts User Retention in Mobile Apps.pdf
The Rise and Fall of 3GPP – Time for a Sabbatical?
Teaching material agriculture food technology
Diabetes mellitus diagnosis method based random forest with bat algorithm
Spectroscopy.pptx food analysis technology
Detection-First SIEM: Rule Types, Dashboards, and Threat-Informed Strategy
Build a system with the filesystem maintained by OSTree @ COSCUP 2025
Understanding_Digital_Forensics_Presentation.pptx
Unlocking AI with Model Context Protocol (MCP)
Mobile App Security Testing_ A Comprehensive Guide.pdf
Dropbox Q2 2025 Financial Results & Investor Presentation
Machine learning based COVID-19 study performance prediction
Blue Purple Modern Animated Computer Science Presentation.pdf.pdf
VMware vSphere Foundation How to Sell Presentation-Ver1.4-2-14-2024.pptx
Encapsulation theory and applications.pdf
MIND Revenue Release Quarter 2 2025 Press Release

Blockchains as a Component of the Next generation Internet