Brain ischemia
- 1. BY. DR NADIA
- 3. The goal of imaging in a patient with acute stroke is: Exclude hemorrhage Differentiate between irreversibly affected brain tissue and reversibly impaired tissue (dead tissue versus tissue at risk) Identify stenosis or occlusion of major extraand intracranial arteries
- 4. CT has the advantage of being available 24 hours a day and is the gold standard for hemorrhage. Hemorrhage on MR images can be quite confusing. On CT 60% of infarcts are seen within 3-6 hrs and virtually all are seen in 24 hours.
- 7. The diagnosis is infarction, because of the location (vascular territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and because of the involvement of gray and white matter, which is also very typical for infarction.
- 9. Obscuration of the lentiform nucleus, also called blurred basal ganglia, is an important sign of infarction. It is seen in middle cerebral artery infarction and is one of the earliest and most frequently seen signs. The basal ganglia are almost always involved in MCA-infarction.
- 11. This refers to hypodensity and swelling of the insular cortex. It is a very indicative and subtle early CTsign of infarction in the territory of the middle cerebral artery. It has to be differentiated from herpes encephalitis.
- 15. This is a result of thrombus or embolus in the MCA.
- 20. On T2WI and FLAIR infarction is seen as high SI. These sequences detect 80% of infarctions before 24 hours. They may be negative up to 2-4 hours postictus!
- 21. High signal on conventional MR-sequences is comparable to hypodensity on CT. It is the result of irreversible injury with cell death. So hyperintensity means BAD news: dead brain.
- 23. DWI is the most sensitive sequence for stroke imaging. DWI is sensitive to restriction of Brownian motion of extracellular water due to imbalance caused by cytotoxic edema. Normally water protons have the ability to diffuse extracellularly and loose signal. High intensity on DWI indicates restriction of the ability of water protons to diffuse extracellularly.
- 29. In the acute phase T2WI will be normal, but in time the infarcted area will become hyperintense. The hyperintensity on T2WI reaches its maximum between 7 and 30 days. After this it starts to fade
- 31. DWI is already positive in the acute phase and then becomes more bright with a maximum at 7 days. DWI in brain infarction will be positive for approximately for 3 weeks after onset (in spinal cord infarction DWI is only positive for one week!).
- 33. ADC will be of low signal intensity with a maximum at 24 hours and then will increase in signal intensity and finally becomes bright in the chronic stage.
- 43. THANK YOU