bread_and_pastry_learning_module.pdf

K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum
Technology and Livelihood Education
Learning Module
BREAD AND PASTRY
PRODUCTION
EXPLORATORY COURSE
Grades 7 and Grade 8
Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II
K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education 1
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What Is This Module About ?................................................................................... 2
How Do You Use This Module ............................................................................... 3
LESSON 1 – Use Tools and Bakery Equipment .......................................................... 4
LESSON 2 – Perform Mensuration and Calculation...................................................20
LESSON 3 – Maintain Tools and Equipment .............................................................36
LESSON 4 – Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures ..........................58
Answer Keys............................................................................................................122
List of Materials/Tools/Equipment /Consumables for this Module..............131
Acknowledgment.....................................................................................................132

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Welcome to the world of Bread and Pastry Production!
This Module is an exploratory course which leads you to Bread and Pastry
Production National Certificate Level II ( NC II)1
. It covers 4 common competencies that
a Grade 7 / Grade 8 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) student like you ought to
possess, namely:
1. use of tools and bakery equipment;
2. mensuration and calculation;
3. maintain tools and equipment; and
4. practice occupational health and safety procedures.
These 4 common competencies are covered separately in 4 Lessons. As shown
below, each Lesson is directed to the attainment of one, two, three or four learning
outcomes:
Lesson 1 – Using of Tools and Bakery Equipment
LO1. Prepare tools and equipment for specific baking purposes.
Lesson 2 – Performing Mensuration and Calculation
LO 1. Familiarize oneself with the table of weights and measures in baking.
LO 2. Apply basic mathematical operations in calculating weights and measures.
LO 3. Measure dry and liquid ingredients accurately.
Lesson 3 – Maintaining Tools and Equipment
LO 1. Check condition of tools and equipment.
LO 2. Perform basic preventive.
LO 3. Store tools and equipment.
Lesson 4 – Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedure
LO 1. Identify hazards and risks.
LO 2. Evaluate hazards and risks.
LO 3. Control hazards and risks.
LO 4. Maintain occupational health and safety awareness.
Your success in this exploratory course on Bread and Pastry Production is shown
in your ability to perform the performance standards found in each Lesson.
1NATIONAL CERTIFICATE (NC) is a certification issued to individuals who achieved all the required units of competency for a national
qualification as defined under the Training Regulations. NCs are aligned to specific levels within the PTQF. (TESDA Board Resolution
No. 2004-13, Training Regulations Framework)
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE LEVEL refers to the four (4) qualification levels defined in the Philippine TVET Qualifications Framework
(PTQF) where the worker with:
a. NC I performs a routine and predictable tasks; has little judgment; and, works under supervision;
b. NC II performs prescribed range of functions involving known routines and procedures; has limited choice and complexity of
functions, and has little accountability;
What Is This Module About?

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This Module has 4 Lessons. Each Lesson has the following parts.
 Learning Outcomes
 Performance Standards
 Materials/Resources
 Definition of Terms
 What Do You Already Know?
 What Do You Need to Know?
 How Much Have You Learned?
 How Do You Apply What You Learned?
 How Well Did You Perform?
 How Do You Extend Your Learning?
 References
To get the most from this Module, do the following.
1. Read the Learning Outcome/s and Performance Standards. These tell you what you
should know and be able to do at the end of this Module.
2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest then check your answer
against the Answer Key. If you get 99 to 100% of the items correctly, you may
proceed to the next Lesson. This means that you need not go through the Lesson
because you already know what it is about. If you failed to get 99 to 100% correctly,
go through the Lesson again and review especially those items which you failed to
get.
3. Accomplish the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more
Information Sheets. An Information Sheet contains important notes or basic
information that you need to know.
After reading the Information Sheet, test yourself on how much you learned
by means of the Self-check. Refer to the Answer Key for correction. Do not hesitate
to go back to the Information Sheet when you do not get all test items correctly.
This will ensure your mastery of basic information.
4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity/Operation/Job Sheet
directs you to do.
5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real life
situation.
6. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed.
Each Lesson also provides you with references and definition of key terms for your guide.
They can be of great help. Use them fully.
How Do You Use This Module?
If you have questions, ask your teacher for assistance.

4
.
Use tools and bakery equipment
LESSON 1
LO 1. prepare tools and equipment for specific baking
purposes.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to
do the following:

5
Baking – the process of cooking food by indirect heat or dry heat in a confined space
as in heated oven using gas, electricity, charcoal, wood, or oil at a temperature from
250 o
F- 450 o
F
Batter – a flour mixture that can be stirred or poured
Convection oven – stove in which a fan circulates heated air through the oven for
fast, even cooking.
Discard – to get rid of as of being no further use
Dough – a flour mixture that can be rolled or kneaded
Dutch oven – a brick oven
Igniter – the carborundum rod used to initiate the discharge in an ignitron tube
Microwave oven – an oven that utilizes electromagnetic energy below the magnetic
spectrum
Mixing – to bring together into uniform mass
Pre-heat – to heat (an oven, for example) before hand
Sift – separating course particles in the ingredient by passing through a sieve or
sifter
Definition of Terms

6
Direction: Match column A with Column B. Write the letters only.
A. B
1. used for baking loaf bread a. wooden spoon
2. has sloping sides used for mixing
ingredients and comes in graduated
sizes
b. pastry blender
3. a stack oven c. mixing bowls
4. used for cutting biscuit or doughnuts d. pastry wheel
5. used to hold ingredients together e. spatula
6. it is also called mixing spoon f. egg beater
7. used for cutting fat with flour in the
preparation of pies and pastries
g. doughnut cutter
8. used for beating eggs or whipping cream h. deck oven
9. use for cutting dough when making
pastries
i. loaf pan
10. used for icing cakes j. utility tray
What Do You Already Know?
Prepare tools and equipment for specific baking purpose
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Pretest LO 1
Let us determine how much you already know about preparing tools and
equipment. Take this test.
 Baking tools and equipment are identified based on their uses.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

7
1. Baking wares – are made of glass or metal containers for batter and dough with
various sizes and shapes.
Cake pans - comes in different sizes and shapes and may be round square rectangular
or heart shaped.
1. Tube center pan – deeper than a round pan and with a hollow
center, it is removable which is used to bake chiffon type cakes
2. Muffin pan - has 12 formed cups for baking muffins and cup
cakes
3. Pop over pan – is used for cooking pop over
4. Jelly roll pan – is shallow rectangular pan used for baking rolls
5. Bundt pan – is a round pan with scalloped sides used for baking
elegant and special cakes
6. Custard cup – is made of porcelain or glass used for baking
individual custard
What Do You Need To Know?
Information Sheet 1.1
Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.
BAKING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT AND THEIR USES

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7. Griddle pans – are used to bake griddles
8. Loaf Pan – is used to bake loaf bread
2. Biscuit and doughnut cutter – is used to cut and shape biscuit or
doughnut.
3. Cutting tools – include a knife and chopping board that are used to cut
glazed fruit, nuts, or other ingredients in baking.
4. Electric mixer – is used for different baking procedure for beating,
stirring and blending.
5. Flour sifter – is used for sifting flour.
6. Grater – is used to grate cheese, chocolate, and other fresh fruits.
7. Kitchen shears - are used to slice rolls and delicate cakes.
8. Measuring cups –consist of two types namely:
a. A graduated cup with fractions (1, 3/4, 2/3, ½, 1/3, ¼, 1/8) marked
on each side.
b. A measuring glass made of transparent glass or plastic is more
accurate for measuring.
9. Measuring spoons – consist of a set of measuring spoons used to
measure small quantities of ingredients.
10. Mixing bowl – comes in graduated sizes and has sloping sides
used for mixing ingredients.

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11. Mortar and Pestle – is used to pound or ground ingredients.
12. Paring knife – is used to pare or cut fruits and vegetables into different sizes.
13. Pastry bag – a funnel shaped container of icing or whipped cream
14. Pastry blender – has a handle and with wire which I used to cut fat or
shortening in the preparation of pies, biscuits or doughnuts.
15. Pastry brush – is used in greasing pans or surface of pastries and breads.
16. Pastry tip- is a pointed metal or plastic tube connected to the opening of the
pastry and is used to form desired designs.
17. Pastry wheel – has a blade knife used to cut dough when making pastries.
18. Rotary egg beater – is used in beating eggs or whipping cream.
19. Rolling pin – is used to flatten or roll the dough.
20. Rubber scrapper – is used to remove bits of food in side of the bowl.
21. Spatula – comes in different sizes; small spatula are used to remove muffins
and molded cookies from pans which is 5 to 6 inches; large spatula for icing
or frosting cakes; flexible blade is used for various purposes.

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22. Strainer – is used to strain or sift dry ingredients.
23. Timer – is used to in timing baked products, the rising of yeast and to
check the doneness of cakes.
24. Weighing scale –is used to measure ingredients in large quantities.
25. Utility tray – is used to hold ingredients together.
26. Wire whisk – is used to beat or whip egg whites or cream.
27. Wooden spoon – is also called mixing spoon which comes in various
sizes suitable for different types of mixing.
1. Cake decorator (Cylindrical) – is used in decorating or designing
cake and other pastry products.
2. Cookie press – is used to mold and shape cookies.
Ovens are the workhorses of the bakery and pastry shop and are essential for producing the
bakery products. Ovens are enclosed spaces in which food is heated, usually by hot air.
Several kinds of ovens are used in baking.
A. DECK OVENS are so called because the items to be baked either on sheet pans or
in the case of some bread freestanding are placed directly on the bottom, or deck of
oven. This is also called STACK OVEN because several may be stacked on top of
one another. Breads are baked directly on the floor of the oven and not in pans. Deck
oven for baking bread are equipped with steam ejector.
OTHER BAKING
TOOLS
OVENS

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DECK OVEN
RACK OVEN
1. RACK OVEN is a large oven into which entire racks full of sheet pans can be
wheeled for baking.
2. MECHANICAL OVEN The food is in motion while it bakes in this type of oven. The
most common types are a revolving oven, in which his mechanism is like that of a
Ferris wheel. The mechanical action eliminates the problem of hot spots or uneven
baking because the mechanism rotates throughout the oven. Because of its size it is
especially used in high volume operations. It can also be equipped with steam
ejector.
3. CONVECTION OVEN contains fans that circulate the air and distribute the heat
rapidly throughout the interior. Strong forced air can distort the shape of the products
made with batter and soft dough.

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Dutch oven is a thick-walled (usually cast iron) cooking pot with a tight-fitting lid. Dutch
ovens have been used as cooking vessels for hundreds of years. They are called “casserole
dishes” in English speaking countries other than the USA, and cocottes in French, They are
similar to both the Japanese tetsunabe and the Sač, a traditional Balkan cast-iron oven, and
are related to the South African Potjie and the Australian Bedourie oven.
OTHER BAKING EQUIPMENT

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Direction: Read the given recipe carefully and list down all the tools that you need to
prepare in order to finish the activity.
BUTTER CAKE
Ingredients:
3 1/4 cups cake flour 1 ¾ cups sugar
1 cup butter 1 cup milk
8 eggs 1 tsp. vanilla
4 tsp. baking powder
Procedure:
1. Sift the dry ingredients together except the sugar.
2. In a large bowl, cream the shortening until light and fluffy.
3. Blend eggs one at a time and beat well after each addition.
4. Add vanilla to the milk.
5. Add dry ingredients and liquid ingredients alternately to the creamed mixture,
beginning and ending with dry ingredients.
6. Bake at 375 for 20 t0 30 minutes.
7. Cool the cake, invert and the paper lining.
List down the tools and equipment needed.
1. ___________ 6. __________
2. ___________ 7. __________
3. ___________ 8. __________
4. ___________ 9. __________
5. ___________ 10. __________
Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 1.1

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How to light or operate an oven
LO1 : PREPARE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FOR SPECIFIC
BAKING PURPOSE
Materials, Tools
and Equipment
: Match or Igniter, oven
Procedure :
1. Hold a lighted match or igniter safely near the burner tube of the oven.
2. At the same time push and turn the oven knob in a counterclockwise direction towards
the desired oven temperature setting.
REMINDER: Should the initial lighting fail, turn to its “OFF”
position immediately and allow the accumulated to be
dispersed before re- ignition.
Always close the oven door gently and with care. Letting the
door to slam may affect the rise of the cake being baked.
Show that you learned something by doing this activity.
Operation Sheet 1.1
HowDo YouApplyWhatYou HaveLearned?

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Learner's Name Date
Competency: Use of Tools and Bakery Equipment
How to light an oven
Test Attempt
1st 2nd 3rd
Directions:
Ask teacher to assess your
performance in the following
critical task and performance
criteria below
You will be rated based on the
overall evaluation on the right
side.
OVERALL EVALUATION
Level
Achieved PERFORMANCE LEVELS
4 - Can perform this skill without
supervision and with initiative and
adaptability to problem situations.
3 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily
without assistance or supervision.
2 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily but
requires some assistance and/or
supervision.
1 - Can perform parts of this skill
satisfactorily, but requires considerable
assistance and/or supervision.
Teacher will initial level achieved.
For acceptable achievement, all items should receive a "Yes"
or "N/A" response.
Yes No N/A
1. Baking tools and equipment are identified based on their
uses.
Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely.
Remember it is your learning at stake!
How Well Did You Perform?

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A. OVENS E. MIXING TOOLS
Convection ovens Mixing Bowls
Rotary ovens Wooden spoon
Deck or Cabinet Rubber scrapper
Microwave Oven Electric and handy mixer
Rotary egg beater
B. OTHER BAKING EQUIPMENT F. CUTTING TOOLS
Bread toaster Pastry blender
Double broiler Pastry wheel
Dutch oven Biscuit and doughnut cutter
Kitchen shears
Chopping boards
Paring knife
C. PREPARATORY TOOLS G. BAKING PANS
Flour sifter Tube center pan
Grater Muffin pan
Pastry brush Cake pans (round, square,
Spatula rectangle, or heart shaped)
Rolling pin Jelly roll pan
Pastry cloth Bundt pan
Pastry tips Custard cup
Utility tray Griddle pans
Pop over pans
Macaroon molders
Baking sheets
D. MEASURING TOOLS
Measuring cups
Measuring spoons
Weighing scale
Measuring cups for liquid ingredients
Timer
Read the Information Sheet 1.2 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.2.
CLASSIFICATION OF BAKING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

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Directions: Classify the following tools based on their usage. Write the letter of your answer
in the space before the number.
A. Baking equipment D. Cutting
B. Preparation E. Measuring
C. Mixing F. Baking Pans
_____ 1. Custard cups _____ 9. Spatula
_____ 2. Flour sifter _____10. Pastry blender
_____ 3. Bread toaster _____11. Rolling pin
_____ 4. Wooden spoon _____12. Weighing scale
_____ 5. Muffin pan _____13. Macaroon molder
_____ 6. Grater _____14. Bundt pan
_____ 7. Set of measuring spoon _____15. Pastry brush
_____ 8. Electric or handy mixer
Bring pictures of different tools and equipment in baking and classify them. Paste on a short
bond paper.
Assignment Sheet 1.2
How Do You Extend Your Learning?
LO1
 SEDP Series. Home Technology Food Management and Service pp. 45-50
 Rojo, Cruz, and Duran Home Economics III pp. 76-79
 General Heat Corporation La Germania Cooking Range Manual p. 8 -9
 Dr. Nerisa B. Viola Instructional Materials in Baking pp. 23-24
REFERENCES
Self-Check 1.2
Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest
and relax a while then move on to the next
lesson. Good luck!

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Perform mensuration and calculation
LESSON 2
LO 1. familiarize yourself with the table of weights and
measures in baking;
LO 2. apply basic mathematical operations in calculating
weights and measures; and
LO 3. measure dry and liquid ingredients accurately.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
do the following:

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Bushel – any of various unit of measure of capacity
Confectioner sugar –very fine or powdered sugar
Granulated sugar – sugar in granular form
Lump – a firm irregular mass
Mass – undefined quantities upon which all physical measurements are based
Ounce – a unit of weight equal to 1 /16 of a pound (28.35 grams)
Peck – a little – used dry measure, one quarter of a bushel for measuring grain
Pound – a unit of measure of mass equal to 1 /16 ounce
Shortening – butter or fat etc. is used to make pastry or cake crispier or flakier
Sift – to separate or strain the finer from the coarser particle of a material using a
sieve or a sifter
Definition of Terms

20
Directions: Give the equivalent of the following measurement
1. 1 cup = _______ T
2. 6 tbsp. = _______ cup
3. 1 tbsp. = _______ teaspoon
4. 2 cups = _______ pint
5. 4 cups = _______ quart
6. ½ cup = _______ T
7. 1 kilo = _______ lbs.
8. 1 pound = _______ ounces
9. 8 cups = _______ quarts
10. ¼ cup = _______ T
Pretest LO 1
Let us determine how much you already know about familiarizing oneself with the
table of weights and measures in baking. Take this test.
Familiarize oneself with the table of weights and
measures in baking
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
 Standard table of weights and measures are identified and applied.

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1 tablespoon (T or tbsp) = 3 teaspoon ( t or tsp. )
2 tablespoon = 1/8 cup
4 tablespoon = ¼ cup
5 1/3 tablespoon = 1/3 cup
¾ cup plus2 tablespoons = 7/8 cup
16 tablespoon = 1 cup( c. )
2 cups = 1 pint
4 cups = 1 quart
16 ounces = 1 pound
COMMON UNITSOF WEIGHT
1 pound ( lb.) = 463.59 grams
1 ounce = 28.35 grams
1 kilogram ( kg. ) = 2.21 pounds
1 gram = .035 ounces
1 medium orange = ¼ to ½ cup ( slice )
1 medium apple = 1 cup slice
14 oz. can condensed milk = 1 ¼ cups
14 oz, can evaporated milk = 1 2/3 cups
1 lb. brown sugar = 2 ¼ cups (packed)
1 lb. confectioner sugar = 3 ½ cups
1 lb. confectioner sugar = 2 ½ cups
1 lb. nuts = 4 ½ cups
1 lb. dried nuts = 2 cups
5 whole eggs = 1 cup
12 egg yolks = 1 cup
8 egg whites = 1 cup
COMMON UNITS OF VOLUME
1 bushel (bu ) = 4 pecks
1 peck (pk ) = 8 quarts
1 gallon (gal.) = 4 quart
1 quart = 2 pints
= 964.4 milliliters
1 teaspoon ( tsp. or t.) = 4.9 milliliters
1 tablespoon (T. or tbsp. ) = ½ fluid ounce
14.8 milliliters
STANDARD TABLE OF WEIGHT AND MEASURES

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15 ounces raisins = 3 cups
1 pound dates = 2 ½ - 3 cups
½ pint whipping cream = 2 cups whipped creams
Directions: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. 2 cups = _________Tbsp
2. 6 cups = _________quarts
3, 2 kilo = _________ lbs.
4. ¾ c = _________ tablespoon
5. 3 cups = _________ pints
6. 2 pounds = _________ ounces
7. 4 tablespoon = _________ cup
8. 2 gallon = _________ quarts
9. 1/8 cup = _________ tablespoon
10. 2 gram = _________ ounces.
Self-Check 1.1

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A. Directions: Give the substitute equivalent of the following ingredients. Use a separate
sheet to your answer.
1. 2 T all purpose flour = _____ T cornstarch
2. 1 cup cake flour sifted = _____ cup all purpose flour sifted
3. 1 square unsweetened chocolate = _____ T cocoa and ____ T fat
4. 1 whole egg = _____ egg yolks
5. 1 cup coffee cream (20 percent) = ______ cup milk and _____ T butter
B. Identification. Write the word that is described or referred to.
_____ 1. It is added to sweet milk in order to produce a sour milk.
_____ 2. It is what you add to lard to produce a substitute for butter.
_____ 3.This will serve as your substitute for honey.
_____ 4.The most common cornstarch substitute for thickening.
_____ 5.This is what you need to add to cocoa to produce chocolate substitute.
Pretest LO 2
Let us determine how much you can apply basic mathematical operations in
calculating weight and measures. Take this test.
Apply basic mathematical operations in calculating
weights and measures
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
 Accurate conversion / substitution of weights and measure are performed.

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CONVERSION / SUBSTITUTION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
1 tablespoon all purpose flour…………...1/2 tablespoon cornstarch, potato starch,
rice starch or arrowroot starch
1 tablespoon cornstarch…………………. 2 tablespoon all purpose flour
1 cup sifted cake flour…………………… 7/8 cup all purpose flour sifted, 1cup all
purpose flour minus 2 tablespoon.
1 cup sugar granulated ……………………1 1/3 cup brown sugar, lightly packed, 1 ½ cup
corn syrup minus ½ cup liquid, 1 cup honey
minus ½ to 1/3 cup liquid
1 cup honey ………………………………. 1 ¼ cup sugar plus 1 /2cup liquid
1 ounce chocolate ………………………… 3 tablespoon cocoa plus 1 tablespoon fat
1 tablespoon baking powder …………….. ¼ teaspoon baking soda plus ½ cup fully
soured milk or lemon juice mixed with
sweet milk to make ½ cup, ¼ teaspoon
baking soda plus ¼ to ½ cup molasses, ¼
cream of tartar
1 teaspoon active dry yeast ………………1 package (7gram) dry yeast compressed
yeast cake
1 whole egg ………………....................... 2 egg yolks or 3 tablespoon thawed from
frozen eggs, 2 ½ tablespoon sifted dry
whole eggs powder plus 21/2 tablespoon
lukewarm water
1 egg yolk ……………………………….….1 1/3 tablespoon frozen egg yolk
1 egg white ………………………………... 2 tablespoon frozen egg white,
2 teaspoon dry egg yolk powder plus
2 teaspoon water
1 square unsweetened chocolate………. 3 tablespoon cocoa plus 1 tablespoon fat
1 cup butter ……………………………….. 1 cup margarine,7/8 to 1 cup hydrogenated
fat plus ½ teaspoon of fat, 7/8 cup of lard
plus ½ teaspoon salt
1 cup coffee cream ( 20 percent )………. 3 tablespoons butter plus about 7/8 cup milk
1 cup heavy cream ( 40 percent )………..1/4 cup butter plus 3 /4 cup of milk
1 cup whole milk …………………………. 1 cup reconstituted non- fat dry milk plus
2 ½ teaspoons of butter or margarine
1 cup milk………………………………….. 3 tablespoon of sifted non- fat dry milk
plus 1 cup water, 6 tablespoons of sifted
crystals plus 1 cup water
1 cup butter milk or sour milk …………… 1 tablespoon of vinegar or lemon juice plus
enough sweet milk to make1 cup (let stand
for 5 minutes), 1 ¾ teaspoon of cream of
of tartar plus1 cup of sweet milk

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Oven temperatures
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE
°CENTIGRADE ( °C ) TO °FARENHEIT ( °F )
°C = °F-32 X 5/9 °F = °C x 9/5 + 32
50 - 122
60 - 140
70 - 158
80 - 176
90 - 194
100 - 212
110 - 230
120 - 248
130 - 266
140 - 284
150 - 302
160 - 320
170 - 338
180 - 356
190 - 374
200 - 392
210 - 410
220 - 428
230 - 446
240 - 464
250 - 482
260 - 500
270 - 518
280 - 536

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I. Directions: Use the formula in converting degrees Centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit
and Fahrenheit to Centigrade. Show your computation. Five points each.
C = F – 32 x 5 / 9 F = C x 9 / 5 + 32
1. 100 degrees Centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit.
2. 320 degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Centigrade.
II. Analogy : Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Use a separate sheet for
your answers.
1. 1C butter : 1C margarine
1 ¼ butter : _____ margarine
2. 1C milk : 6T sifted crystals + 1C water
½ C milk : _____sifted crystal + _____water
3. 1T cornstarch : 2T all purpose flour
¼T cornstarch : _____ all purpose flour
4. 1oz chocolate : 3T cocoa + 1T fat
¼ oz chocolate : _____ cocoa + _____ fat
5. 1T all purpose flour : ½ T rice starch
3T all purpose flour _____ rice starch
Self-Check 2.1

27
Directions: Write the word or group being defined or described.
_____1. This is packed when measuring; it follows the shape of the cup when
inverted.
_____2. This is used to measure liquid ingredients.
_____3. Use to level ingredients when measuring.
_____4. This is to be removed in brown sugar and to be rolled with rolling pin.
_____5. What not to do in a cup full of flour to avoid excess measurement.
_____6. This is how to fill the cup when measuring.
_____7. This is not to be done with the cup when measuring liquid ingredients.
_____8. This is used to level dry ingredients in the absence of the spatula.
_____9. It is the way of removing lumps in the baking powder or baking soda.
_____10. This step is not necessary in sugar unless it is lumpy.
Measure dry and liquid ingredients accurately
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
Pretest LO 3
Let us determine how much you already know about measuring dry and liquid
ingredients accurately. Take this test.
 Reading of measurement is practiced accurately.

28
Materials:
1. Dry ingredients
Flour, granulated sugar, brown sugar, baking powder and soda
2. Liquid ingredients
Water, milk
3. Measuring tools
Graduated measuring cup, measuring spoons, weighing scale, individual measuring
cup
4. Others
Spatula, tray, sifter
A. Flour
1. Sift the flour.
2. Scoop to fill the measuring cup to overflow. Do
not shake.
3. Level off with spatula.
Operation Sheet 3.1
Learn how to measure and calculate accurately. Do Operation Sheet 3.1.
MEASURING DRY AND LIQUID INGREDIENTS ACCURATELY

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B. Sugar
White sugar
1. Sifting is not necessary before measuring unless it is lumpy.
2. Fill the measuring cup until over flowing. Do not shake the cup.
3. Level off with the spatula
Brown Sugar
1. Check if the sugar is lumpy before measuring.
Rolll out the lumps. Remove the
dirt.
2. Scoop into the measuring cup and pack
compactly until it follows the shape when
inverted.
C. Powdered Food (baking powder and baking soda)
1. Remove the lumps in the powder by stirring.
2. Dip the measuring spoon into the powder
3. Level with spatula or back edge of the knife or
right in the can opening.
D. Shortening
Solid fats
1. Fill the measuring cup/spoon with the shortening while pressing until it is full.

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2. Level the fat with a straight of a knife or spatula
Liquid fats
1. Pour oil in the glass measuring cup.
2. Check if it is filled up to the measuring mark.
Do not lift the cup when measuring.
E. Milk
Liquid Form
1. Pour milk into the glass measuring cup up to the measuring mark. Do not lift
the cup.
Powdered milk
1. Remove lumps in milk by stirring.

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2. Scoop lightly to fill the measuring cup or spoon without shaking until it
overflows.
3. Use the spatula or the straight edge of
the knife to level the measurement.
Direction: Show to the class the proper measuring of the following ingredients.
1. Oil
2. White sugar
3. Baking powder and baking soda
4. Evaporated milk
5. Flour
Activity Sheet 3.1

32
Learner's Name Date
Competency: Perform mensuration and calculation
Test Attempt
1st 2nd 3rd
Directions:
Ask teacher to assess
your performance in the
following critical task and
performance criteria below
You will be rated based on
the overall evaluation on
the right side.
OVERALL EVALUATION
Level
Achieved PERFORMANCE LEVELS
4 - Can perform this skill without supervision
and with initiative and adaptability to problem
situations.
3 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily without
assistance or supervision.
requires some assistance and/or supervision.
1 - Can perform parts of this skill satisfactorily,
but requires considerable assistance and/or
supervision.
LO1
 Rojo, Cruz, and Duran Home Economics III p. 83
LO 2
 Rojo, Cruz, and Duran Home Economics III pp. 86 -87
 General Heat La Germania Instruction Manual p. 9
LO 3
 Rojo, Cruz, and Duran Home Economics III pp. 84 -85
 htpp: images.yahoo.com/search/images
REFERENCES
Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and
relax a while then move on to the next lesson.
Good luck!

33
Maintain tools and equipment
LESSON 3
LO 1. check condition of tools and equipment;
LO 2. perform basic preventive measure; and
LO 3. store tools and equipment.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
do the following:

34
Contamination - the presence of minor and unwanted constituents (contaminants)
in material, physical body, natural environment, workplace, etc
Defective – having faults, incomplete
Fragile – easily broken
Inventory – an itemized list
Microorganism – living things that are too small and can be seen only thru a
microscope
Storage – a space for keeping something.
Workplace - refers to the office, premises or worksite where a worker is temporary or
habitually assigned. Where there is a no fixed or definite workplace, the term shall
include the place where the worker actually performs regular work, or where he
regularly reports to render service or to take an assignment
Definition of Terms

35
A. List down at least five safety measures in the use of baking tools and equipment.
1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
B. Supply the missing word or group of words to make the sentence complete.
1. _______ knives cut better and are easier to work than dull kind.
2. The serrated spoon is useful for cutting ________.
3. _______ broken tools and equipment immediately.
4. Store tools and equipment in a clean _______ place.
5. Tools with breaks should be _______.
Check condition of tools and equipment
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Pretest LO 1
Let us determine how much you already know about checking condition of tools
and equipment. Take this test.
 Tools and equipment are identified according to classification / specification
and job requirements.
 Non – functional tools and equipment are segregated and labeled for
classification.
 Safety of tools and equipment are observed in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions.

36
Kitchen tools make cooking easier. There are different kinds of kitchen tools, utensils,
small appliances and cookware in the market. Each has a different use and function.
A. Knives
Sharp, quality knives are important in the kitchen. They cut better and are easier to work
with than dull knives. Select knives that are light, comfortable and balanced in your hand. It
is necessary to have the following knives in your kitchen:
1. Paring Knife is helpful for peeling fruits and vegetables.
2. Serrated Knife is ideal for cutting bread.
3. Chef's Knife is useful for most cutting and chopping jobs.
B. Cutting Boards
Always keep your counter tops clean and scratch-free. It is important to have separate
cutting boards for meat and vegetables to prevent germs and cross contamination. Cutting
boards are made of many different materials from wood to plastic.
C. Measuring Cups/Measuring Spoons
Measuring cups is a necessity in the kitchen and of various sizes which come in glass,
metal or plastic. An angled measuring cup is easy to read when measuring liquids.
Measuring spoons are also important for determining the correct amount of dry or wet
ingredients.
D. Spoons and Whisks
Long-handled, wooden or plastic spoons are necessary for mixing and stirring. Other
useful spoons are slotted spoons for draining, ladles for serving soups and gravies, and
pasta spoons for keeping pasta separated. Whisks are useful tools for mixing sauces,
pancake batter, and whipping egg whites. An electric hand mixer is important for mixing
cakes and whipping potatoes.
E. Tongs and Spatulas
Tongs are useful for many jobs including turning food and come in a variety of sizes.
Spatulas come in different materials like metal or plastic and their purpose is to slide under
food like burgers, cookies or pancakes.
SPECIFICATION OF TOOLS

37
F. Mixing Bowls
Mixing bowls are essential in every kitchen. A variety of sizes is useful for mixing
ingredients and also for serving food. These come in many colors and materials from
stainless steel, to plastic or colored glass.
G. Colander
You need to have at least one colander for draining liquid from canned or cooked
vegetables and pasta. Use it for washing fresh fruits and vegetables. It's a good idea to
select a colander with stand, so it doesn't sit in the liquid which is draining in the sink.
H. Miscellaneous Tools
A grater for shredding, shaving and zesting is a versatile tool to have in the kitchen. Also,
useful is a can opener, bottle opener. A potato masher and vegetable peeler are always part
of a well-stocked kitchen. A kitchen timer is important for timing recipes accurately. A meat
thermometer will assure the proper temperature for food safety.
I. Safety tools of and equipment
The safety of tools and equipment is not only the concern of the management, but of the
workers who use the equipment as well. Proper maintenance and safety of tools and
equipment are important for the following reasons:
1. Good quality of service. Modern equipment has built-in controls, thermometers and
timing and regulating devices. A breakdown of these devices may affect the quality of
the food being prepared and caused slowdown in production and service.
2. Sanitation. Mechanical function of equipment like the refrigerator and freezers
encourages the development of disease causing bacteria. Negligence of their
cleanliness leads to the growth of food-borne bacteria.
3. Fire prevention. Grease and dirt that gather in stove rims and hoods are fire
hazards. Daily inspection of grease collecting equipment will minimize the danger of
fire.
4. Safety. Most food service accident happens in the kitchen. This is due to lack of
knowledge and training of food worker in the use of tools and equipment.
5. Less cost of production. Expenses will be minimized if tools and equipment are in
good condition.
Safety measures in the use of tools and equipment.
1. Store knives, choppers and cutting blades in designated places. Label them.
2. Repair broken tools and equipment immediately.
3. Check wiring of electrical equipment regularly. Report kitchen equipment that are not
functioning.
4. Handle fragile tools or those tools made of glass with care. Those with breaks should
be discarded.
5. Store tools and equipment in a clean dry place. Do not keep them when wet.

38
A. Identify the following.
1 – 5 Safety measures in the use of kitchen tools and equipment.
6 – 7 Reasons why it is important to do proper maintenance and safety of kitchen
tools and equipment.
B. Write letter T if the statement is correct and letter F if the statement is wrong.
_____1. Have separate cutting board for meat and vegetable to avoid food
contamination.
_____2. Colander with stand is preferable to use so the fruits on vegetables don’t sit in
the liquid.
_____3. Safety in the workplace is only the teachers’ concern.
_____4. Food borne disease is the result of poor sanitation in the use of tools and
equipment.
_____5. Do not store tools when wet in cabinet. It may result into damage.
Self-Check 1.1

39
Directions: This is a group activity. Look inside the tool and equipment storage cabinet. List
down on a sheet of paper as many as you can the non-functional tools that you find inside
the cabinet. Opposite indicate the defects.
Your teacher will give a number of tools, some defective, others not. Identify as many non-
functional tools as you can then identify its defect.
Criteria Score
1. The group has listed 9 to 10 non functional tools and was
able to identify their defects correctly
5
4
3
2
5. The group has listed only 1 to 2 non functional tools and
was able to identify their defects correctly
1
SCORE EQUIVALENTS
5 - Excellent
4 - Very Good
3 - Good
2 - Fair
1 – Poor
Show that you learned something by doing this activity
Operation Sheet 1.1

40
A. Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer.
A B
_____ 1. Loose handle of tools and equipment a. Baking Soda
_____ 2. The result of negligence of cleaning the tools before using b. Rusting
_____ 3. Keeping wet equipment c. Repair
_____ 4. Dissolve soap scum d. Contamination
_____ 5. It can be used like other abrasives e. Lemon juice
B. Write capital letter T if the statement is correct and capital letter F if the statement is
wrong.
_____ 1. Disinfection is less effective than sterilization.
_____ 2. Vinegar can be used for cleaning the stove, counter tops and floors.
_____ 3. Lemon juice is not safe to mix with vinegar and baking soda for cleaning purposes.
_____ 4. Borax is much stronger than baking soda.
_____ 5. Baking soda can be used as oven cleaner.
Perform Basic Preventive Measure
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Pretest LO 2
 Tools and equipment are maintained according to preventive maintenance
schedule or manufacturer’s specifications
 Tools and equipment are checked for functionality according to manufacturer’s
instructions.
 Tools are cleaned according to standard procedure
Let us determine how much you already know about performing basic preventive
measure. Take this test.

41
Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially nonresistant
bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or
chemical process that kills all types of life.
1. Natural Cleaning Materials
a. Vinegar
Vinegar is a great natural cleaning product
as well as a disinfectant and deodorizer. Mix a
solution of 1 part water to 1 part vinegar in a clean
spray bottle and you have a solution that will clean
most areas of your kitchen. Don't worry about your
kitchen smelling like vinegar. The smell disappears
when it dries. You can use it in the kitchen for
cleaning the stove top, appliances counter tops,
and floor. Improperly diluted vinegar is acidic and
can eat away tile grout. Never use vinegar on
marble surfaces.
b. Lemon juice
Lemon juice can be used to dissolve
soap scum and hard water deposits. Lemon is a
great substance to clean and shine brass and
copper. Lemon juice can be mixed with vinegar
and or baking soda to make cleaning pastes.
Cut a lemon in half and sprinkle baking soda on
the cut section. Use the lemon to scrub dishes,
surfaces, and stains. Mix 1 cup olive oil with ½
cup lemon juice and you have a furniture polish
for your hardwood furniture.
TYPES AND USES OF CLEANING MATERIALS/DISINFECTANT

42
c. Baking Soda
Baking soda can be used to scrub surfaces in
much the same way as commercial abrasive cleansers.
Baking soda is great as a deodorizer. Place a box in the
refrigerator and freezer to absorb odors. Put it anywhere
you need deodorizing action.
d. Bacteria-free sponge and some muscle
Sponges are great scrubbers which help to
disinfect your kitchen by cleaning away the food
debris that bacteria thrive on. To keep your sponges
disinfected, wet them down and place them in the
microwave and heat for one minute each.
e. Borax.
This common household product is another
natural cleaning powder, and like baking soda (but
stronger) acts as a kitchen disinfectant and stain
remover. Borax is also used to kill mould and mildew
spores while removing their stains making it great for
mopping floors.
f. Tea tree oil
This natural, essential concentrated oil from the tea tree is a natural disinfectant
which removes mould and mildew while also working to remove build-up from dirty kitchen
surfaces. It’s completely non poisonous and perhaps a bit more expensive than other natural
cleaning products but worthy due to the aromatic fragrance that will freshen up areas as well
as clean them.
Other uses of disinfectants
1. Use a plain, liquid, vegetable-based soap or rub a sponge with bar soap. You may
add a few slices of lemon to the water to help cut grease and make dishes smell like
lemon.
2. Use soap, water, and borax or sodium carbonate monohydrate (washing soda).
Wash large surfaces with a solution of one-half cup borax dissolved in one gallon of
hot water.
3. Oven Cleaner
 If there are spills, wipe away along with any grease after each meal. Periodically
clean with baking soda and water.

43
 Remove baked grease or spills by scrubbing with a nonmetallic metal brush
using a paste made of baking soda, salt, and water.
 Another option is to mix two tablespoons of liquid dish soap, two teaspoons of
borax into two cups of warm water. Apply and let sit for 20 minutes and then
scrub.
 Do not use any abrasive cleaning materials on self-cleaning ovens.
A. Identify what is referred to in each number.
_____ 1. Cleaning product made by mixing vinegar, lemon and baking soda.
_____ 2. It is a great scrubber and a kitchen disinfectant.
_____ 3. Destroys microorganisms that are present in the object.
_____ 4. It is completely non-poisonous and bit expensive as compared to other natural
disinfectants.
_____ 5. This can be used to scrub surfaces just like other abrasive cleanser and also
a good deodorizer.
B. Identify 5 natural cleaning materials and their use.
Self-Check 2.1

44
Establishing a preventive maintenance program helps to ensure that all equipment
and tools function as intended. Failure to perform maintenance activities during production
may increase the risk of microbial contamination. Preventive maintenance includes periodic
examination and maintenance of tools and equipment. Saving money is one good reason in
performing preventive maintenance.
Preventive maintenance practices
Cutting Tools
1. Sharpen knives frequently including retractable knives and disinfect before use.
2. Replace knives if damaged or if they cannot otherwise be maintained in sanitary
condition.
3. Frequently inspect cutting blades before and during operation for damage, product
residue build up or cleaning needs.
4. Remove the blades and clean separately, and remaining parts are disassembled (if
possible) and cleaned on regular basis.
5. Store them in their designated places.
Handy Tools
1. Protect all handy tools from dirt, rust and corrosion by air drying them.
2. Wash and dry utensils with a clean dry rag before storing them.
3. Rinse tools and utensils in very hot clean water to sterilize them.
4. Have a periodic inspection and cleaning of tool.
Equipment
For longer and efficient use of baking equipment the following pointers will be helpful:
Cleaning the Range
1. Switch off and remove the electric plug to allow the range to cool before cleaning.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUE AND PROCEDURE

45
2. Remove and wipe food particles, burnt sediments and grease away from top of the
range.
3. Clean the parts thoroughly particularly those that are removable. Clean the burners
with a dry brush or with a clean dry cloth.
4. Remove the grates before cleaning the entire oven. Scrape the food particles
carefully. Wash and dry the removable parts very well.

46
Cleaning the mixer
1. Remove the detachable parts.
2. Wash the beaters and bowls after use.
3. Wipe the parts with dry cloth thoroughly.

47
A. Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is wrong. Use a separate
sheet for your answers.
_____ 1. Failure to perform preventive maintenance will result to malfunctioning of tools
and equipment.
_____ 2. Rusting is the result of keeping the equipment wet.
_____ 3. Cleaning and maintenance of tools should be done periodically
_____ 4. Switch off the electrical plug of the oven before cleaning.
_____ 5. Use cool water to sterilize tools and equipment.
B. Enumerate 5 ways of preventive maintenance for cutting tools.
Materials: Dishwashing soap, water, clean towel
Tools: mixer
Directions: Perform the proper cleaning of the mixer.
Operation Sheet 2.1
Self-Check 2.2

48
Find out how well you performed by referring to the rubrics below:
Criteria 5 3 1 Your Score
Accuracy All the steps
were carried
out correctly
Only two steps
were carried out
correctly
Only one step
was carried out
correctly
Cleanliness The equipment
was cleaned
thoroughly
Cleaning of
equipment was
not enough.
The tool was not
really cleaned.
Care in handling
the tools and
equipment.
Care in
handling has
been much
emphasized
Care in handling
has been
moderately
emphasized
Care in handling
has not been
emphasized.
Maximum Score - 15 Your Total Score
15
Score Equivalent
10 – 15 = Very good
6 - 9 = Good
1 - 5 = Fair

49
Identify what is being defined or described.
_____1. Keep this when not in use to avoid cuts/wounds
_____2. Keeping tools in this condition may result to rusting
_____3. Tags placed in storage for you to easily locate the tools
_____4. Most common storage for tools and equipment
_____5. This is an important practice to keep tools safe and effective
Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is wrong.
_____1. Have a designated place for each kind of tools.
_____2. Label storage cabinet for ease of locating.
_____3. Put frequently used item far from the point of use.
_____4. Store knives with sharp edge up.
_____5. Make sure that the areas used for storing equipment are clean and dry.
_____6. At all times metal equipment cannot be stacked on one another.
_____7. Cutting board should be stored horizontally to avoid moisture collection.
_____8. Dry then wash properly before storing.
_____9. Do not overcrowd storage area.
_____10. Secure electrical cords to prevent entanglement.
Store tools and equipment
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
Pretest LO 3
Let us determine how much you already know about storing tools and equipment.
Take this test.
 Tools and equipment are stored safely in accordance with manufacturer’s
specification or company procedure.

50
The proper care and storage of tools and equipment are not only the concern of the
management but of the workers who use the equipment.
Importance of proper storage of tools and equipment
1. It is an important factor for safety and health as well as good business.
2. Improves appearance of general-shop and construction areas.
3. Reduces overall tool cost through maintenance.
4. This also ensures that tools are in good repair at hand.
5. Teaches workers principles of (tool) accountability.
Pointers to follow in storing tools and equipment:
1. Have a designated place for each kind of tools.
2. Label the storage cabinet or place correctly for immediate finding.
3. Store them near the point of use.
4. Wash and dry properly before storing.
5. Store knives properly when not in use with sharp edge down.
6. Put frequently used items in conveniently accessible locations.
7. Gather and secure electrical cords to prevent entanglement or snagging.
8. Cutting boards should be stored vertically to avoid moisture collection.
9. Metal equipment can be stacked on one another after drying such as storage dishes and
bowls.
10. Make sure the areas where you are storing the equipment are clean, dry and not
overcrowded.
PROPER STORAGE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

51
Directions: Identify the following.
1 – 5 Importance of proper storage of tools and equipment.
6 – 15 Pointers to follow in storing tools and equipment.
Directions: Perform the proper storing of tools and equipment in designated places. Put
labels on each storage place.
Do the following steps.
1. Classify.
2. Clean and dry.
3. Store in proper places.
4. Put labels.
Activity Sheet 3.1
Self-Check 3.1

52
Competency: Proper storage of tools and equipment
Directions:
performance in the following
critical task and performance
criteria below
You will be rated based on the
overall evaluation on the right
side.
OVERALL EVALUATION
Level
Achieved
PERFORMANCE LEVELS
situations.
1 - Can perform parts of this skill satisfactorily,
but requires considerable assistance and/or
supervision.

53
LO1
 SEDP Series. Home Technology Food Management and Service pp. 47
 Rojo, Cruz, and Duran Home Economics III pp. 73
 htpp//www.ehow.com/list
 http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph
LO 2
 SEDP Series. Home Technology Food Management and Service pp.
47,81-82
 Rojo, Cruz, and Duran Home Economics III pp. 73
 htpp//www.ehow.com/list
 http://www.australianfoodsafety.com.au/blog/2011/12
 http://www.commerce.wa.gov.au
 http://ezinearticles.comLO 3
LO 3
 SEDP Series. Home Technology Food Management and Service p. 47
 Rojo, Cruz, and Duran Home Economics III pp. 73 - 74
 http://strypertech.com/index.php
 http://www.ehow.com/how
REFERENCES
Good luck!

54
.
Practice Occupational Safety and Health
Procedures
LESSON 4
LO 1. identify hazards and risks;
LO 2. evaluate hazards and risks;
LO 3. control hazards and risks; and
LO 4. maintain occupational health and safety awareness.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
do the following:

55
Airborne - carried by air
Antidote – a remedy counteracting a poison
First aid – the provision of initial care for an illness or injury
Injury- damage or harm of the structure or function of the body caused by an outside
force, which may be physical or chemical
PPE – (Personal Protective Equipment) refers to devices worn by workers to protect
them against hazards in the work environment including but not limited to safety
helmet, safety spectacles, face shields etc
Occupational hazards - refer to various environmental factors or stresses that can
cause sickness, impaired health
Quality standard – set of exact specifications to become pattern of action
Safety – free from danger, risk or injury
Sanitation – the practice or measure to create an environment conducive to good
health
Workplace – refers to the office, premises or worksite where a worker is temporarily
assigned
Vermin – a term applied to various animal species regarded as pests or nuisances
and especially to those associated with the carrying of disease
Definition of Terms

56
Directions: With hazard risks as bases, match Column A with Column B. Write the letters
only. Use separate sheet for your answers.
A B
_____ 1. Electricity a. Cut
_____ 2. Knife b. Cancer
_____ 3. Welding c. Slips, falls
_____ 4. Benzene d. Metal fume fever
_____ 5. Wet floor e. Shock
_____ 6. Hazards f. Remind workers of correct lifting
_____ 7. Work g. Change in body function
_____ 8. Safety hazards h. Determinant of health
_____ 9. Back injury i. Cause harm
_____10. Adverse health effect j. Unsafe workplace
k. Vibration
Identify hazards and risks
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Pretest LO 1
Let us determine how much you already know about hazard risks. Take this test.
 Workplace hazards and risks are identified and clearly explained.
 Hazards and risks and their corresponding indicators are identified in line with
the company procedures.
 Contingency measures are recognized and established in accordance with
workplace policies.


57
There are lots of things that may affect the health of a person, such as his environment,
his lifestyle, etc. There are many who are not aware that work is an important determinant of
health. It can influence health in a positive or in a negative way. Are you comfortable at
work? How safe is your workplace? Do you think that you are giving all you have for your
work but it seems that it never is enough?
These are just some of the questions that you need to ask in order to assess whether
your workplace is healthy or not. A place that is safe, healthy and work-conducive entails
more productivity. In fact, with a healthy workplace you will be doing more work with less
effort.
Hazards and Risks in the Workplace
Hazard is a term used to describe something that has the potential to cause harm or
adverse effects to individuals, organizations property or equipment. Workplace hazards can
come from a wide range of sources. General examples include any substance, material,
process, practice, etc that has the ability to cause harm or adverse health effect to a person
under certain conditions.
Types of workplace hazards include:
1. Safety hazards: Inadequate and insufficient machine guards,
unsafe workplace conditions, unsafe work practices.
2. Biological hazards: Caused by organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and
parasites.
HAZARD AND RISKS IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL

58
3. Chemical hazards: Solid, liquid, vapor or gaseous substances, dust, fume or mist
4. Ergonomic hazards: Anatomical, physiological, and psychological demands on the
worker, such as repetitive and forceful movements, vibration, extreme temperatures,
and awkward postures arising from improper work methods and improperly designed
workstations, tools, and equipment.
5. Physical hazards: Noise, vibration, energy, weather, electricity, radiation and
pressure.
6. Psychological hazards: Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This
kind of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that his general well-
being is affected

59
What are examples of hazards?
Workplace Hazard Example of Hazard Example of Harm Caused
Thing Knife Cut
Substance Benzene Leukemia
Material Asbestos Mesothelioma
Source of Energy Electricity Shock, electrocution
Condition Wet floor Slips, falls
What is risk?
Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse
health effect caused by a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment
loss. For example: The risk of developing cancer from smoking cigarettes could be
expressed as "cigarette smokers are more likely to die of lung cancer than non smokers”.
Factors that influence the degree of risk include:
 how much a person is exposed to a hazardous thing or condition; and
 how the person is exposed (e.g., breathing in a vapor, skin contact), and how severe
are the effects under the conditions of exposure.
Risk assessment. Risk assessment is the process where you:
 identify hazards;
 analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard; and
 determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard.
Hazards Risks
Safety measures/ actions
Manual handling of hand
tools - knives, secateurs,
loppers, crowbars, weed
bags, mattocks.
Back injury
Repetitive strain
Teach and remind workers of correct
lifting and carrying techniques. Rotate
tasks.
Lifting heavy objects
incorrectly
Back injury
Repetitive strain
lifting technique. Rotate tasks.
Repetitive movements,
bending and awkward
working positions
Back/ limb injury
Repetitive strain
lifting technique. Rotate tasks.
Process Welding Metal fume fever
Practice Hard rock mining Silicosis

60
Trip hazards Injury
Warn volunteers and remove trip hazards
before commencing work. Do not leave
tools on path ways. Watch where one
walks, and goes slowly. Mark tools with
fluorescent color.
What is an adverse health effect?
 A general definition of adverse health effect is "any change in body function or the
structures of cells that can lead to disease or health problems".
The following are adverse health effects.
 Bodily injury
 Disease
 Change in the way the body functions, grows, or develops
 Effects on a developing fetus (teratogenic effects, fetotoxic effects)
 Effects on children, grandchildren, etc. (inheritable genetic effects)
 Decrease in life span solvents
 Effects on the ability to accommodate additional stress

61
Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letters only.
A B
_____ 1. is the chance or the probability that
a person will be harmed
a. Adverse health effect
_____ 2. caused by organism such as
viruses, bacteria fungi and parasites
b. Hazards
_____ 3. Is a source of potential damage,
harm or adverse health effects
c. Chemical hazards
_____ 4. safety hazard d. Risks
_____ 5. Vapor or gaseous substance e. Physical hazards
_____ 6 . Slips, falls f. Wet floor
_____ 7. Noise vibration energy g. Ergonomic hazards
_____ 8. Decrease in life span h. Psychological hazards
_____ 9. Those that are basically causing
stress
i. Unsafe workplace
_____10. Awkward posture arising from
improper work methods
j. Biological hazards
k. Trip hazards
Self-Check 1.1

62
Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with
protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The
goal of all occupational safety and health programs is to foster a safe work environment. As
a secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers,
suppliers, nearby communities, and other members of the public who are impacted by the
workplace environment.
Management Commitment
There is commitment to achieving high standards of OSH performance through
effective safety management.
1. The employer identifies his general responsibilities regarding occupational
safety and health laws.
2. Everyone in the organization understands the general requirements of
occupational safety and health laws.
3. The employer is actively involved in OHS management.
4. A competent person in the organization coordinates safety management
activities.
5. There is occupational safety and health policy that is up- to- date.
6. Everyone in the organization knows about the occupational safety and health
policy.
7. Adequate resources are provided for all aspects of OHS management.
8. All employees have sufficient time to carry out specific tasks related to
occupational safety and health.
9. All employees are accountable for safety and health in their area of
of responsibility.
OSH signs or symbols in the workplace
OSH INICATORS

63
Safety signs are the alert signs that help in indicating various hazards ahead.
These labels help in reducing accidents at workplace and on road side. It is a
process of providing information or instructions by means of placing required
signboards.
Different types of hazards required different types of safety labels. There are
several safety labels available in the market. All that is need is to figure out the
right label as per requirement.
Safety Signs consist of words, messages and a pictorial symbol with variety of
shapes, size and colors. Each label color is standardized and reflects a specific
meaning.
Sign colors defined :
 Red color reflects immediate hazardous situations that will cause death
or other serious injuries like Danger signs and Fire symbols.
 Orange Color represents a potentially unsafe situation that could cause
serious injury and indicated by warning signs.
 Yellow color used to alert against unsafe practices, which if not avoided,
may results in minor or moderate injuries like Caution Signs.
 Green color indicates the emergency egress location, first aids and other
safety equipment.
 Blue color is used to convey safety information.

64
A. Identify the word or group of words being described or defined.
_____1. This consists of words or messages and a pictorial symbol which reflects a
specific meaning.
_____2. Used to alert against unsafe practices, which if not avoided, may result in minor
or moderate injuries like caution signs
_____3. Is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting
the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment
_____4. Indicates the emergency exit location, first aids and other safety equipment.
The goal of all OSH program.
_____5. Reflects immediate hazardous situations that will cause death or other serious
injuries like Danger signs and Fire symbols.
B. Matching type. Match Column B with Column A
A B
1. Safety equipment A.
2, Danger signs B.
3. Safety information C.
4. Caution signs D.
5. Serious injuries E.
Self-Check 1.2

65
`
Directions: After viewing the presentation on hazards and risks give your reactions.
What lessons have you learned in the presentation? Write your reaction
on one whole sheet of paper.
Criteria 5 3 1
Level of
understanding
The presentation
was very much
understood
The presentation
was slightly
understood.
The presentation
was not understood.
Degree of
importance
Importance of the
presentation was
stated at the fullest
degree.
Importance of the
presentation was
stated at moderate
degree.
Importance of the
presentation was not
clearly stated.
Maximum score –
10
Score Equivalent
7 – 10 Very Good
4 – 6 Good
1 – 3 Fair
Activity Sheet 1.1

66
`
Poster Making
Material: color, oslo paper or cartolina
Tools: pencil, drawing pens, straight edge
Directions: Given the material make your own posters of safety signs. Your work will be
judge based on the criteria given below.
Relevance to safety There is much
relevance with
safety
There is moderate
relevance with
safety
There is less
relevance with
safety.
Messages It is very clear and
informative
It is moderately clear
and informative
Messages is not
clear and
informative
Color Color is very much
related with the
signs.
Color is slightly
related with the sign
Color is not related
with the sign
Maximum score -15 Your Total Score
15
Score Equivalent:
11 – 15 Very good
6 – 10 Good
1 – 5 Fair
Activity Sheet 1.2

67
Personal hygiene are health practices and habits which enable one to stay physically
healthy. This means keeping oneself clean to avoid transfer of harmful bacteria especially in
food preparation.
Ways to achieve personal hygiene.
1. Regularly wash and cut your hair to keep a neat appearance. If you have facial hair,
you can save money by maintaining it yourself with a set of quality clippers.
2. Visit the dentist at least once a year (twice a year is optimal). Though you are
brushing every day, your dentist will correct any dental problems you have.
3. Bathe every day before work, or every night before you go to sleep. This will help you
cleanse/remove body odor.
4. Wear deodorant or antiperspirant daily if you tend to sweat
heavily. Some people can actually get away with not
wearing deodorant, but most people, especially those who
have heavy duty jobs or work in warm climates, benefit
greatly from it.
PERSONAL HYGIENE AND PROPER HANDWASHING

68
5. Scrub your hands with soap and water before you handle any food especially when
you have just come from the toilet, after touching your hair or other parts of your
body, and after your hands cover your mouth or nose when you cough or sneeze. Be
sure to clean under fingernails where dirt and bacteria tend to accumulate.
6. Trim your nails; especially if you work in the food service .This will help keep your
hands much cleaner and prevent the spread of the germs to the food.
7. Keep hand sanitizer and facial tissues near your work desk. If you do not work on
your desk, put travel sizes of these items in your pocket. Sanitizer and tissues will
come in handy when you're ill and can also prevent the spread of germs resulting
from touching items such as money and computer keyboards.
8. Use a separate towel or cloth for drying dishes, wiping countertops, and wiping
hands.

69
9. Avoid working with food when you have an open cut, sore, boil, or infected wound in
your hands. Pus and other liquids secreted by the wound contain millions of harmful
bacteria that can cause food poisoning.
10. Keep hands out of food as much as possible. Otherwise, wear disposable gloves.
11. Avoid smoking while preparing or handling food as ashes may drop into the food.
12. Wear suitable clothes at work. Do not wear clothes with long sleeves when working
with food. Wear also comfortable and clean shoes. Be sure aprons are always clean.
Proper Hand washing
Washing is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of infections.
"Germs" (a general term for microbes like viruses and bacteria) can be spread casually by
touching another person. You can also catch germs when you touch contaminated objects or
surfaces and then you touch your face (mouth, eyes, and nose).
"Good" hand washing techniques include using an adequate amount of soap, rubbing
the hands together to create friction, and rinsing under running water.

70
The following are different situations where people can pick up "germs".
 Hands are visibly soiled.
 After using the washroom (includes changing diapers).
 After blowing your nose or after sneezing in your hands.
 Before and after eating, handling food, drinking or smoking.
 After touching raw meat, poultry, or fish.
 After handling garbage.
 Visiting or caring for sick people.
 Handling pets, animals or animal waste.
Ensuring that employees wash their hands properly after using the washroom is very
important in reducing disease transmission of stomach "flus" (which really is not a "flu" or
influenza) and other gastrointestinal infections. Using soap and lathering up is very important
(rinsing hands in water only is not as effective). Use comfortably warm, running water.
Hands should be washed for a minimum of 15 -20 seconds - longer if the hands are visibly
oiled.
What is the right way to wash your hands?
 Wet your hands with clean running water (warm or cold) and apply soap.
 Rub your hands together to make lather and scrub them well; be sure to scrub the
backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.
 Continue rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds.
 Rinse your hands well under running water.
 Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry

71
Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is wrong.
_____1. Use gloves as substitute for hand washing.
_____2. Rinsing of hands only is enough to cleanse our hands.
_____3. Avoid smoking while preparing food to avoid ashes from dropping into the
food.
_____4. Personal hygiene means keeping oneself clean helps avoid transfer of
harmful bacteria.
_____5. Wash hands for a minimum of 30 seconds.
_____6. Use hand towels for wiping dishes.
_____7. Avoid working with food when you have an open cut or wound
_____8. Sanitizer helps prevent spread of germs resulting from touching items like
money.
_____9. Wash hands only before eating.
_____10. Always wear clean work clothes and aprons.
Self-Check 1.3

72
Directions: Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is wrong.
_____1. Employees should never act on recommended safety measures.
_____2. The provision of OSH Standards by the State is an exercise of the police
power.
_____3. Not all establishments, workplaces and other undertakings are covered by the
OSH.
_____4. Employer should not act on recommended safety measures.
_____5. Stress often leads to negative physical and psychosocial effects.
_____6. The OSH eliminates or reduces health hazards in the workplace.
_____7. Physical working condition as noise and temperature will not result to stress.
_____8. Workers or employees should assist government agencies in the conduct of
safety and health inspection.
_____9. Personal protective equipment is not a part of health and safety at work.
_____10. Adverse health effects are more frequent and severe when exposure occurs
during childhood.
Evaluate hazards and risks
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Pretest LO 2
Let us determine how much you already know about evaluating hazards and risks.
Take this test.
 Effects of hazards are determined.
 OHS issues and concerns are identified in accordance with the workplace
requirements and relevant workplace legislation.

73
OSH Standards are mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to eliminate or
reduce occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace. It aims to provide at least
the minimum acceptable degree of protection that must be afforded to every worker in
relation to the working condition and danger that may arise by reason of his occupation
The provision of OSH Standards by the State is an exercise of the police power, with the
intention of promoting the welfare and well-being of workers. All establishments, workplaces
and other undertakings are covered, including agricultural enterprises whether operating for
profit or not, except:
 residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes;
 those directly engaged in land, sea and air transportation, except their dry dockers,
garages, hangers and maintenance, and repair shops and offices; and
 the activities of a lessee regarding the safety of the mining claim or lease, including
mines safety, mineral conservation and pollution in establishments or work places
falling under mining industry.
The Secretary of Labor and Employment, through the Regional Director or other
authorized representative enforced the OSH Standards
These are the duties of the employers and employees in relation to enforcement and
compliance with the OSH Standards in the workplace.
 Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the provisions of the
Standards.
 Report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative the policies
adopted and the safety organization established.
 Submit report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative once
in every three months on the safety performance, safety committee meetings and its
recommendations and measures taken to implement the recommendation.
 Act on recommended safety measures.
 Provide access to appropriate authorities.
PHILIPPINE OSH STANDARD

74
Duties of the employees to the supervisor.
1. Serve as member of the Health and Safety
2. Follow safety policies.
3. Report unsafe condition and practices to Safety Committee
4. Cooperate with Health and Safety Committee.
5. Assist government agencies in the conduct of safety and health inspection.
The responsibilities of the employer mainly stem from legislation such as the Health
and Safety at Work etc. Act (1974) is very important in managing Health and Safety at work.
These include the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, Control of
Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations, Manual Handling Operations Regulations,
Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations, and various others.
A. Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is wrong.
_____1. The health and safety at work is a very important responsibility of the
employer.
_____2. Sickness or injury may arise by reason of occupation.
_____3. The employee is not held responsible for safety rules.
_____4. All establishment, workplaces and undertakings are covered by the OSH.
_____5. The intention of OSH is promoting the welfare of well-being of workers.
B. Identify the duties of the employers and employees in relation to enforcement and
compliance with the OSH Standards in the workplace.
Self-Check 1.1

75
Directions: Visit a workplace in your community particularly a food establishment. Try to
observe and make an interview with the personnel staff on how they enforced the OSH in
the workplace in the following categories: Record your findings by filling up the checklist.
Arrangement of equipment
Sharp tools or objects
Floors
Electrical Connections
Storage of chemicals
Fire Safety
First aid Facilities
Lighting and ventilation
Waste disposal
Workplace Safety Practices
Directions: Read each of the following statement carefully. Based on your observation and
interview check the response that best describes the safety practice enforced in the
workplace.
CRITERIA
Very
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Not
Satisfactory
1. The equipment are arranged in a
manner that it provides enough
pathways or aisles for smooth
movements.
2. Sharp objects are kept on
designated places.
3. Floor is well maintained and
always free from spills and obstacle.
4. Electrical connection are properly
fixed and given immediate attention
if worn out.
5. Chemicals are stored in a well
locked and safe place.
6. Fire exit is situated in a
convenient place and with enough
fire prevention facilities.
7. The workplace is well lighted and
ventilated with enough windows.
8. Observe proper disposal of waste
by way of the segregation
technique.
How Do You Extend Your Learning?
Assignment Sheet 2.1

76
The effect that occupation may have on a worker's health is dependent on the
exposure (expressed quantitatively) to relevant agents, and on host factors. Taking a history
is often very important in identifying relevant exposures and linking them to ill-health. The
concept of "cumulative exposure" i.e. a quantitative measure of the intensity of exposure and
the duration of exposure is important, since generally it is the main determinant of risk.
Health may be harmed by occupational exposures in many different ways, and practically
any organ system can be affected.
Some examples follow - (starting with the lungs and skin, the organs of first contact for
most chemical occupational exposures).
Asthma e.g. from glutaraldehyde in health care workers, (the image shows a hospital
radiographer loading film processing chemicals, through a closed system, since emanations
of sulphur dioxide or of glutaraldehyde can cause asthmatic symptoms). Other causes of
asthma may include flour, or other agents in bakeries, or di-isocyanates in twin-pack spray
painting.
 Allergic alveolitis (e.g. Farmer's lung from fungal spores)
 Pneumononiosis (e.g. silicosis caused by inhaling quartz)
 Cancer (e.g. from asbestos inhalation)
Musculoskeletal
 Tenosynovitis and similar conditions
 Back pain from manual handling
Nervous and Mental
 Peripheral neuropathy (e.g. caused by lead or n-hexane)
 Nerve deafness induced by noise
 Mental ill-health (e.g. caused by stress, or by chemical exposures such as mercury)
Blood/Marrow
 Anemia (e.g. caused by lead, which may impair the synthesis of normal hemoglobin).
A plastic anemia may be caused by high exposures to benzene
 Leukemia (a cancer of certain white blood cells) caused by benzene.
Genitourinary and Endocrine
 Kidney damage caused by some solvent exposures, or by cadmium
 Bladder cancer e.g. caused by beta naphthylamine, or compounds of similar
structure (generally aromatic amines, with an aromatic group in the 'para' position to
the amine)
 Infertility caused by some chemical exposures e.g. male infertility caused by DBCP
(dibromochloropropane). A range of chemicals have been implicated in the potential
EFFECTS OF HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE

77
for endocrine disruption and/or effects on reproduction such as phthalates, glycol
ethers, and organophosphates
Liver
 Hepatitis (e.g. toxic from some chemicals or viral e.g. in health care workers)
 Cancer (e.g. Vinyl chloride monomer causing angiosarcoma)
Workplace Stress
Stress can be associated with severe physical and/or psychological effects, such as
sleep disorders; fatigue; chronic aches and pains; depression; changes in sexual activity;
conflict with family, friends, and co-workers; weight gain or weight loss; greater susceptibility
to injury; immune system depression; and greater vulnerability to illness and disease.
This is a serious health and safety hazard that can have devastating effects. Stress
occurs:
 when there is a poor match between workplace demands and a worker’s degree of
control;
 as a result of demands that are placed upon mind and body;
 when employees are exposed to staff shortages, harassment, bullying, noise and
other hazards;
Stress is largely caused by poor work organization factors such as:
 lack of control and conflicting work demands;
 lack of decision-making participation;
 lack of training and direction; unclear work responsibilities;
 privatization, outsourcing, downsizing, mergers, staff cutbacks, and restructuring; and
 overwork and poor work shift schedules.
Cutbacks, privatization, and downsizing have contributed to a heightened sense of job
insecurity. All of these factors cause or compound workplace stress.
The Generalized Stress Response is the phrase used to describe a variety of physical
reactions to stress:
 increased metabolism;
 blood pressure;
 cholesterol and fatty acids in the bloodstream;
 decreased protein synthesis;
 faster blood clotting;
 increased production of stomach acids, blood sugar for energy;
 localized inflammation;
 tensed up muscles; and
 sweating to cool muscles.
Stress affects the physical and psychological health of a person. But it also spills out of
the workplace, negatively affecting members’ family lives. The cumulative effects of stress
can be devastating.
Major outcomes of stress are:
 Psychological disease and social behavioral changes (e.g., depression, anxiety,
Heart disease
 Various physiological outcomes (e.g., headaches and migraines, impaired
digestion, ulcers and diabetes).
 Personal and family life conflict.

78
 Work – related musculoskeletal disorder.
 Burnout
 Synergetic (combined) effects of stress and other diseases (i.e., stress can make
worse other diseases and disorder.
 Critical incident stress.
Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is wrong.
_____1. Stress may result to heart a disease.
_____2. Anemia is the result of exposure to lead which impaired the synthesis of
hemoglobin.
_____3. Workplace stress is a minor health and safety hazard and has less effect on
health.
_____4. Older workers run a higher risk of work injuries arising from lack of
experience.
_____5. Mental ill-health is caused by stress, or by chemical exposures such as
mercury.
_____6. Stress can make other disorders worst.
_____7. The effect that occupation may have on a worker's health is dependent on the
exposure (expressed quantitatively) to relevant agents, and on host factors.
_____8. Psychological disease may lead to suicidal thoughts.
_____9. Every day at the workplace, workers face health and safety hazards such as
accidents, dust, chemicals, noise, and violence.
_____10. Physical working conditions such as noise and vibration, temperature
extremes, overcrowding, exposure to toxic substances, and poor air quality
may or may not cause stress.
Self-Check 2.2

79
FILM VIEWING ON HAZARDS AND RISKS
Directions: View a film on hazards and risks. After viewing the film on hazards and risks,
prepare yourself for answering the Checklist.
CHECKLIST
Name: _______________________________________ Class Period: ________________
Workplace Safety Attitude Survey
For each of the following statements, check the response that best fits what you think or
believe right now. Be as honest as possible. This survey will not be graded.
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
1. My health is very important to me.
2. A workplace injury or illness will never
happen to me.
3. If I do not watch out for my own health, I
can’t assume anyone else will.
4. Workplace injuries or illnesses just happen.
I can’t do anything about them.
5. It is worth the inconvenience to take the
necessary precautions to be safe at work.
6. I do not worry about workplace injuries or
illnesses.
7. People may think I am strange if I am
concerned about safety at work.
8. I am more careful than other people, so I do
not think I will get injured at work.
Activity Sheet 2.2

80
9. If I had to choose between completing my
job quickly and being safe, I would choose
be safe.
10. If I get injured at work, it will most likely be
minor.
11. A person could get fired by questioning
safety on the job
12. If someone gets injured at work, it is their
own fault.
13. I do not care what other people think. I
would rather be safe than sorry.
14. You really cannot predict how or when
people are going to get hurt.
15. If it would make my job faster, I would
remove protective equipment on machinery.
16. Some jobs, like office work are totally safe.
17. I would give up a high-paying job if I thought
it was unsafe.
18. I do not pay much attention to written safety
warnings. Most of them are unnecessary.
19. If I worked at a job for a long time and
never got hurt, I would still be concerned
about injuries or illnesses.
20. Even if protective clothing was
uncomfortable or seemed unnecessary for
the job, I would still wear it.

81
Directions: Fill in the blanks with word or group of words to complete the sentence.
1. Chemicals should be rightly__________ to avoid detrimental mistakes.
2. Injuries, illnesses and accidents on job should be __________in time for immediate
action.
3. The __________is used as warning of fire.
4. The way out in the event of fire is ___________.
5. The collection transport and process of managing the disposal of waste is
___________.
6. Keep yourself ________ to avoid being electrocuted.
7. The process of removing or neutralizing harmful materials that have gathered on
worker or equipment during a response to chemical incident is called ___________.
8. In food preparation, the PPE is the ________ which gives protection against hazard
during food preparation.
9. That which protects one against burns when taking hot items on top of the stove is
the __________.
10. The treatment of materials through a process of making them suitable or beneficial is
called ___________.
Control hazards and risks
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
Pretest LO 3
Let us determine how much you already know what controlling hazards and risks.
Take this test.
 Procedures for dealing with workplace accidents, fire and emergencies are
followed in accordance with the organization’s OSH policies.
 Personal protective equipment is correctly used in accordance with
organization’s OSH procedures and practices

82
Safety regulations in the workplace need to be in place in order to assure the workers
that they are cared for.
The four industries wherein maximum workplace mishaps take place are:
1. service industry;
2. construction and building industry;
3. retail stores; and
4. manufacturing industry.
It is absolutely essential for a worker to be aware of the safety regulations in the
workplace. Every organization should have a system for safety. This system should revolve
around the following safety regulations and guidelines:
On Job Hazards
The safety regulations in the workplace should keep
job hazards on top priority.
 The floors have to be checked for tripping hazards.
 All the walkways should be well-lit and in case
there are blind spots, all the employees and
workers should be aware of them. This could help
avoid untoward collisions and accidents.
 Cords and wires should be secured away from the
walkways and the corridors. All electric wiring
should be covered with appropriate material.
 Fire safety regulations and electrical safety regulations should also be made.
Health Hazards
Worker-spread illnesses pose a great risk the health of
the entire workforce. It is required by the management to advise
all the workers to stay home if they are sick as a part of
workplace safety regulations This policy should not be altered
and the leave taken by the employees during such a time should
be a paid leave. This will make sure that they don't come to
work for the fear of losing their salary for the day. Good hand
washing and disinfecting toiletries should be available at the
SAFETY REGULATIONS IN THE WORKPLACE

83
workplace for the workers.
Chemical Hazards
Chemicals should be rightly labeled to avoid any
detrimental mistakes. Mixing of the wrong chemicals can cause
a terrible chemical reaction which could be hazardous to all the
employees. There should be measures to taken to ensure that
only chemicals that are safe be kept together and stored
together. The supervisor should have full working knowledge of
the chemicals to ensure that no mistakes happen due to
ignorance or negligence. The worker should be guided on the
proper chemical storage procedures.
Reporting System
To ensure the best safety regulations in the workplace, there
needs to be a reporting system in place. Injuries, illnesses and
accidents on job should be reported in time. All illnesses should be
reported as well. This is to ensure that the organization has the
medical records of the employee in case of an emergency. The
Occupational Safety and Health Department Administration (OSHDA)
has come up with several safe ways to maintain this system.
Reference to OSHDA should be made while developing the reporting system and putting it in
place.
Whistleblower
Being a tattletale is not by choice of most employees. However, in case the behavior
of certain employees is not safe or hazardous, it should be reported to the appropriate
authorities. This can help increase the safety standards of the organization on the whole and
work as a great safety regulation in a workplace. In fact, this whistle blower system also
ensures complete attention of the employees. This can assure that they report any accident
or hazardous incident to the management in time. It fosters a no-negligence environment
that thrives on participative behavior.
Most organizations make sure that these health and safety regulations in the
workplace are put into use. However, in the absence of professionalism at work, it becomes
a little difficult to get the right results.

84
A. Write the letter of the correct answer.
_____1. It fosters a no-negligence environment that thrives on participative behavior.
A. Whistle blowing C. Giving instruction
B. Reporting D. Observance of silence
_____2. The worker should be guided in the proper storage of these items to avoid
accident or even death. Which items are referred to?
A. Detergents C. Condiments
B. Chemicals D. Cutlery
_____3. These persons should be kept out to avoid food contamination.
A. Old persons C. Disable
B. Those who are ill D. Children
_____4. Always wipe up spills on the floor to avoid ________.
A. burns C. electrocution
B. slip D. cuts or wounds
_____5. Fixing electrical wiring avoid the danger of ________.
A. falls C. electric shock
B. collision D. burns
_____6. The following are “On Job Hazards” EXCEPT…
A. slippery floor C. dark walkways
B. secured cords and wires D. no fire safety rules
B. For items 7-10, identify four industries where maximum workplace mishaps take place.
These are:
Self-Check 3.1

85
The Clean Air Act is the name of any of several pieces of legislation aimed at
reducing smog and other types of air pollution and less damage of the ozone layer.
Philippines: Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act outlines the government’s measures to reduce air pollution and
incorporate environmental protection into its development plans. It relies heavily on the
polluter pays principle and other market-based instruments to promote self-regulation among
the population. It sets emission standards for all motor vehicles and issues registration only
upon demonstration of compliance. It also issues pollutant limitations for industry. Polluting
vehicles and industrial processes must pay a charge. Any individual, enterprise, corporation
or groups that installed pollution control devices or retrofitted its existing facilities to comply
with the emissions standards in the Act can apply for tax incentives of accelerated
depreciation, deductibility of R&D expenditures or tax credits on the VAT of the equipment
and are exempt from real property tax on the machinery or equipment used to comply. It also
establishes a R&D program for air pollution reduction mechanisms and technologies. It bans
incineration and smoking in public places. At the local and municipal levels, governments are
allowed to set emission quotas by pollution source, and the development of recycling
programs is encouraged.
The Food Processing Concept (FPC) Clean Air Act
It has been developed for use in large variety of baking and cooking processes. The
system provides the perfect combination of vapor extraction and cleaning. The FPC Clean
Air Act is able to reduce vapor pollution from the emission by 80%. The pollution from the
vapor emissions is transformed into biodegradable residue, which benefits the environment,
your employees and neighbors and your profits. The unit has variable ventilators that pulls
out the vapor released in the cooking process, so that the working area can be kept free
from any irritating and greasy air.
The FPC Clean Air Act can be used in a combination with a variety of food
processing equipment including:
 oil fryers
 hot spiral oven
 hot air tunnels
 grill markers
 infrared ovens
 open flame system
 belt grill systems
 steam tunnels
 smoke houses
CLEAN AIR ACT

86
A. Write the letter of the correct answer.
_____1. Which fosters a no-negligence environment that thrives on participative
behavior
A. Whistle blowing C. Giving instruction
B. Reporting D. Observance of silence
_____2. The worker should be guided to proper storage of these items to avoid
accident or even death. What items are referred to?
A. Detergents C. Condiments
B. Chemicals D. Cutlery
_____3. Who should be kept out to avoid food contamination.
A. Old persons C. Disable
B. Those who are ill D. Children
_____4. Always wipe up spills on the floor to avoid ________.
A. burns C. electrocution
B. slip D. cuts or wounds
_____5. Fixing electrical wiring prevents the danger of ________.
A. falls C. electric shock
B. collision D. burns
B. Check the equipment where the FPC Clean Air Act applies.
_____1. cars
_____2. tunnels
_____3. oil fryers
_____4. grill markers
_____5. hot air tunnels
_____6. smoke houses
_____7. hot spiral oven
_____8. infrared ovens
_____9. belt grill systems
_____10. open flame system
Self-Check 3.2

87
Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a
fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage, alert those in a structure to the
presence of an uncontrolled fire in the event one occurs, better enable those threatened by a
fire to survive, or to reduce the damage caused by a fire. Fire safety measures include those
that are planned during the construction of a building or implemented in structures that are
already standing, and those that are taught to occupants of the building.
Threats to fire safety are referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may include
situations that increase the likelihood of fire or may impede escape in the event a fire occurs.
Fire safety is often a component of building safety.
Key elements of a fire safety policy
 Building a facility in accordance with the version of the local building code.
 Maintaining a facility and behaving in accordance with the provisions of the fire code.
This is based on the occupants and operators of the building being aware of the
applicable regulations and advice.
Examples of these include:
 Not exceeding the maximum occupancy within any part of the building.
 Maintaining proper fire exits and proper exit signage (e.g., exit signs pointing to them
that can function in a power failure)
 Compliance with electrical codes to prevent overheating and ignition from electrical
faults or problems such as poor wire insulation or overloading wiring, conductors, or
other fixtures with more electric current than they are rated for.
 Placing and maintaining the correct type of fire extinguishers in easily accessible
places.
 Properly storing and using, hazardous materials that may be needed inside the
building for storage or operational requirements (such as solvents in spray booths).
 Prohibiting flammable materials in certain areas of the facility.
 Periodically inspecting buildings for violations, issuing Orders to Comply and,
potentially, prosecuting or closing buildings that are not in compliance, until the
deficiencies are corrected or condemning it in extreme cases.
 That sprays fireproofing remains undamaged.
 Maintaining a high level of training and awareness of occupants and users of the
building to avoid obvious Maintaining fire alarm systems for detection and warning of
fire.
 Obtaining and maintaining a complete inventory of fire stops.
 Ensuring mistakes, such as the propping open of fire doors.
 Conduct fire drills at regular intervals throughout the year.
ELECTRICAL AND FIRE SAFETY CODE

88
Common fire hazards
Improper use and maintenance of gas stoves often create fire hazards.
Some common fire hazards are:
 Electrical systems that are overloaded
resulting in hot wiring or connections, or
failed components
 Combustible storage areas with insufficient
protection
 Combustibles near equipment that
generates heat, flame, or sparks
 Candles
 Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, lighters,
etc.)
 Equipment that generates heat and utilizes
combustible materials
 Flammable liquids
 Fireplace chimneys not properly or regularly
cleaned
 Cooking appliances - stoves, ovens
 Heating appliances (wood burning stoves, furnaces, boilers, portable heaters)
 Electrical wiring in poor condition
 Batteries
 Personal ignition sources - matches, lighters
 Electronic and electrical equipment
 Exterior cooking equipment – BBQ
FIRE SAFETY TIPS IN THE WORKPLACE
Here are some basic safety tips that will help ensure you protect
your staff in case the worst ever happens and you experience a
fire.
1. Anything that is capable of burning should be considered a
potential risk. Any flammable item should be safely
stowed away in an area that is well ventilated so as to
minimize the risk of ignition. These may include things like
paper, chemicals or waste materials.
2. A working ventilation fan should be present as this will
help staff escape more safely in the event of a fire due to the smoke and fumes being
cleared quicker.
3. Adequate emergency lighting should be installed and battery powered torches
present for staff so as they can find their way out if the power blackens out the
building. Never use a naked flame such as a lighter as this could ignite further fires
during escape.
4. Do not leave unwanted rubbish or items such as waste paper or boxes to accumulate
in the workplace as this represents a serious fire hazard as well as potentially
blocking escape routes.

89
5. Ensure that all staff are aware of the fire escape routes and install fire alarm if you
don't already have one. If the office has one in place already make sure it is tested
regularly each year by a qualified fire alarm engineer and that none of the detectors
are covered, blocked or been painted over.
6. A major cause of office fires is due to a short circuit at the plug or in electrical
machinery such as computers or heaters. Ensure that any unused power socket is
switched off and have your sockets tested annually to make sure they are in proper
working condition. Never ever plug multiple plugs into a power socket as this
increases the risk of an overload and potential short circuit. Electrical fires can be
very dangerous and so you should also provide the correct type of fire extinguisher
for such a hazard. A CO2 extinguisher is especially designed for this very purpose.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY TIPS
When doing electrical work or using electrical equipment, you should practice safety to
avoid electric shock.
 Shut off power to the circuit you’re working on and verify it’s off (treat all electrical as
having power even after shutting off power).
 Wear rubber gloves.
 Wear rubber shoes with rubber soles.
 Use tools with insulated handles.
 Keep yourself dry.
 Keep the area around you dry.
 Wear safety glasses.
 Never handle electric switch with wet hands.
 Always report frayed electrical cords and ungrounded electrical cords.
A. Identify whether it is a firehazard or not. Write yes or no only.
_____1. candles
_____2. bricks
_____3. oven
_____4. sand
_____5. faulty electrical wiring
B. Identify that which is described.
_____1. A major cause of office fires at the plug or in electrical machinery such as
computers or heaters.
_____2. Maintain this for detection and warning of fire
_____3. It is often a component of building safety
_____4. A portable metal container ejecting chemicals or water for putting out fire
_____5. This should be installed so that workers or staff can find their way out if the
power blackens out the building.
Self-Check 3.3

90
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing
and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the
environment or aesthetics. Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery
which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. The management of
wastes treats all materials as a single class, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive
substances, and tried to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through different
method.
Proper waste management plays a very important role especially in the kitchen
where foods are being prepared and cooked.
Waste management procedures and techniques
1. Waste avoidance is engaging in activity that
prevents generation of waste. Waste
segragation is the process of dividing garbage
and waste products in an effort to reduce, re –
use and recycle materials.
2. Waste reduction is the minimization of wasteful consumption of goods.
3. Re-use is the process of recovering materials
intended for some purpose without changing their
physical and chemical appearance.
WASTE MANAGEMENT

91
4. Recyling is the treatment of waste materials through a process of making them
suitable for benificial use and for other purposes.
5. Composting is the controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganism
mainly bacteria and fungi into a humus like product.
6. Waste disposal refers to the proper discharge of any solid waste into or any land.
Waste Disposal
Aim: To ensure proper management and disposal of waste.
 Determine whether the waste is characterized as hazardous waste or
not.
 Pick up free characterized waste tags, containers, and guidelines from
the prescribed locations:
 Ensure that containers holding hazardous wastes are compatible with
wastes, and are in good condition, do not leak, and are closed when
wastes are not being added or removed.
 Mark containers with the words “Hazardous Waste.”
When the container is full
 Once the container is full, complete a characterized waste tag,
specifying the contents, and attach to the waste container.
 Limit accumulation of waste to the amount mentioned on the container.
To schedule waste pick up
pickup: .
 To schedule a hazardous waste pick up, call the transportation supervisor
of the company and submit a Hazardous Waste Pick-up Request form
Responsibilities of the company:
 Assist the client or waste generator in performing hazardous waste
determinations.
 Pick up waste from the generator on a routine schedule or by
appointment.
 Maintain databases and inventories of all wastes generated.
 Maintain the accumulation facility and provide for the disposal of
hazardous waste generated by client.

92
Safety meeting before picking up the waste:
 A complete checklist of all the equipments needed for the job is made
and checked.
 The employee uses personal protective equipment.
 Tool kit to be checked by the supervisor.
 First aid kid to be checked by the supervisor and is placed in the pick –
up.
 Fire extinguisher also checked.
 All important company telephone number to be pasted and checked in
the pick –up.
Directions: Match column A with Column B.
A B
______1. Making waste benificial a. Re –use
______2. The recovering of materials for use in other b. Recycle
purpose
______3. Proper discharge of waste into land c. Segregation
______4. Decompositio of organic matter d. Composting
______5. The process of dividing garbage and e. Waste disposal
waste products in an effort to reduce, f. Sort
re-use and recycle materials
.
Self-Check 3.4

93
PRACTICE PROPER SEGREGATION TECHNIQUE
Objetives: To be able to categorize waste as for re-use, recycle, reduce or dispose.
Materials Tools and Equipment: Waste bags or cans, different kinds of wastes
Procedure:
1. Look inside the classroom. Gather all the waste.
2. Segregate the wastes whether for recycle, re-use, reduce or for dispose.
3. Place on designated/labeled trash boxes or cans.
4. Put them on a safe place for pick up.
Learner's Name Date
Competency: Practice occupational safety and health
procedure
Test Attempt
1st 2nd 3rd
Directions:
performance in the
following critical task and
performance criteria below
You will be rated based on
the overall evaluation on
the right side.
OVERALL EVALUATION
Level
Achieved
PERFORMANCE LEVELS
situations.
1 - Can perform parts of this skill
satisfactorily, but requires considerable
assistance and/or supervision.
Operation Sheet 3.1

94
1. EVACUATION
The Contingency Plan must include an evacuation plan for facility personnel where
there is a possibility that evacuation could be necessary situations which would warrant
partial or complete evacuation are as follows:
 explosions resulting in airborne debris including container fragments and hazardous
waste;
 spills or chemical reactions resulting in toxic fumes;
 fire when it cannot be contained and is spreading to other parts of the facility, or
when fire could generate toxic fumes; and
 all incidents where necessary protective equipment is not available to emergency
response personnel.
The evacuation plan must ensure the safe egress of facility personnel. The
evacuation plan must indicate a recognizable signal to start evacuation, evacuation routes,
and alternate evacuation routes (incase primary exit routes are blocked by releases of
hazardous waste or fires)
Individuals involved in the evacuation should be trained and instructed in responding
to likely emergency situations. They should be familiar with the location and use of:
1. fire alarm calls points
2. fire exits
3. firefighting equipment like the fire extinguisher
2. DECONTAMINATION
Decontamination is the process of removing or neutralizing harmful materials that
have gathered on personnel or worker and/or equipment during the response to a chemical
incident. Many stories are told of seemingly successful rescue, transport, and treatment of
chemically contaminated individuals by unsuspecting emergency personnel who in the
process contaminate themselves, the equipment, and the facilities they encounter along the
way. Decontamination is of utmost importance because it:
 protects all workers especially hospital personnel by sharply limiting the transfer of
hazardous materials from the contaminated area into clean zones;
 protects the community by preventing transportation of hazardous materials from
their work to other sites in the community by secondary contamination; and
 protects workers by reducing the contamination and resultant permeation of, or
degradation to, their protective clothing and equipment.
Avoiding contact is the easiest method of decontamination -- that is, not to get
the material on the worker or his protective equipment in the first place. However, if
contamination is unavoidable, then proper decontamination or disposal of the worker's outer
gear is recommended. Segregation and proper disposal of the outer gear in a polyethylene

95
bag or steel drum is recommended. With extremely hazardous materials, it may be
necessary to dispose of equipment as well.
Physical decontamination of protective clothing and equipment can be achieved in
some cases by several different means. These all include the systematic removal of
contaminants by washing, usually with soap and water, and then rinsing. In rare cases, the
use of solvents may be necessary. There is a trend toward dry decontamination, which
involves using disposable clothing (e.g., suits, boots, and gloves) and systematically
removing these garments in a manner that precludes contact with the contaminant. The
appropriate procedure will depend on the contaminant and its physical properties. A
thorough work-up of the chemical involved and its properties or expert consultation is
necessary to make these kinds of decisions.
Care must be taken to ensure that decontamination methods, because of their
physical properties, do not introduce fresh hazards into the situation. Additionally, the
residues of the decontamination process must be treated as hazardous wastes.
DECONTAMINATION OF PERSONNEL OR WORKER
Personnel should remove protective clothing in the following sequence.
 Remove tape securing gloves to suit.
 Remove outer gloves turning them inside out as they are removed.
 Remove suit turning it inside out and avoid shaking.
 Remove plastic shoe cover from one foot and step over "clean line." Remove other
shoe cover and put that foot over the line.
 Remove mask. The last staff member removing his/her mask may want to wash all
masks with soapy water before removing suit and gloves. Place masks in plastic bag
and hand over the clean line, and place in second bag held by another member of
the staff. Send for decontamination.
 Remove inner gloves and discard in drum inside dirty area.
 Close off dirty area until level of contamination is established and the area is properly
cleaned.
 Personnel should then move to a shower area, remove scrub suit and place it in a
plastic bag.
 Shower and redress in normal working attire.
Note: Double bag clothing and label appropriately.
Using personal protective equipment and clothing (PPE)
PPE can protect you from hazards associated with jobs such as handling chemicals or
working in a noisy environment. In food preparation this is the cooking outfit which gives
protection to the worker against different hazards that may be encountered during cooking.
These are the following:
 Hair covering/ hairnet – prevents hair from falling into food product
 Facial mask – barrier to airborne contamination during sneezing, coughing and
talking
 Aprons – reduce risk of contamination and help maintain cleanliness.
 Gloves – reduce risks of contamination.
 Pot holder – protects against burns when taking hot items on top of the stove.

96
A. Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is wrong.
_____1. Decontaminating the PPE can be done by just washing and rinsing with water
only.
_____2. Evacuation is not necessary in cases of spills or chemical reactions resulting
in toxic fumes.
_____3. Avoiding contact is the easiest method of decontamination -- that is, not to get
the material on the worker or his protective equipment in the first place.
_____4. Double bag clothing and label appropriately is necessary to avoid
contamination.
_____5. The residues of the decontamination process must be treated as non-
hazardous wastes.
B. Give 5 personnel protective equipment and clothing (PPE). Give their uses.
Self-Check 3.5
LO1
 SEDP Series Food Management and Service p. 65
 http://www.google.com/imgres hazard
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 http://www.ehow.com/how
 http://www.infospace.com/search/image
 http://EzineArticles.com
LO 2
 http://ph.jobsdb.com/PH/EN/V6HTML/Home/inside-
 http://cupe.ca/health-and-safety
 http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms
LO 3
 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/safety-regulations-in-the-workplace.html
 http://www.google.com/search
 http://www.infospace.com/search/images
REFERENCES
Good luck!

97
A. Identify whether the following pictures is a fire drill or an earthquake drill. Write letter
F for fire and E for earthquake.
1. 4.
2. 5.
3.
Pretest LO 1
Let us determine how much you already know about maintaining occupational
safety and health awareness. Take this test.
 Procedures in emergency related drill are strictly followed in line with the
established organization guidelines and procedures.
 OSH personal records are filled up in accordance with workplace
requirements
Maintain occupational safety and health awareness.
LEARNING OUTCOME 4

98
B. Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is wrong.
_____1. Remove jewelries when working with food.
_____2. Accidents are caused by people due to haste.
_____3. In an earthquake drill DROP means to go out of the building.
_____4. Beware of facing windows and mirror in the event of earthquake.
_____5. Safety practices in the workplace result to high rates of accidents.
Occupational health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention
among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection
of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the
placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his
physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to
man and of each man to his job.
The main focus in occupational health is on three different objectives:
1. maintain and promote workers’ health and working capacity;
2. improve working environment and work; and
3. develop work organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health
and safety at work and in doing so also promotes positive social climate and smooth
operation and may enhance productivity of the undertakings.
Safety procedures, practices in the workplace contribute to:
1. low rates of accident;
2. good employee morale;
3. employee satisfaction;
4. reduction of insurance and other operating cost; and
5. reduction of losses of employees due to disabling accidents.
Some health and safety procedures and practices
A. Personal hygiene practices
OPERATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PROCEDURES,
PRACTICES AND REGULATIONS

99
1. Keep your hands always clean and nails cut short.
2. Wear comfortable clean clothes.
3. Use of PPE when working.
4. Remove jewelries especially when working with food.
5. Use gloves when hands are thoroughly washed.
B. Good housekeeping practice.
1. Keep the area clean. Plan and implement a program of regular cleaning of the
equipment and all other areas.
2. Eliminate the possible breeding of flies. Screen the house and use effective
insecticides whenever necessary.
3. Exterminate rodents. Prevent their increases by not leaving food and dirty dishes
on the table or in the sink. Keep foods likely to be eaten by rats in rodent-proof
containers.
C. Observance of safety precautions. The observance of safety precaution to promote
work efficiency and to avoid accident is important. Accidents are caused either by
people themselves, by unsafe environment, or defective equipment. Accidents are
caused by people are due to haste, distraction or failure to observe safety
regulations. Carelessness causes slips, falls, burns and bumps and the destruction of
things in the workplace. Accidents in the laboratory area are caused by contact with
exposed electrical tools or kitchen equipment and short circuits.
Workplace safety checklist
OSH requirements mean that managing risk in the workplace is more than a priority. It is
a fundamental issue of effective workplace management. Occupational safety and health
risks exist, even though they may not be as apparent as the obviously dangerous machines
or situations that you would normally find in a warehouse or factory or industry.
Check the guide below for some of the OSH responsibilities for the workers to ensure
their personal safety.
1. First Aid. The requirement for a first aid kit or a trained first aid person will
depend on the number of people in the workplace. Where 25 or more people are
located in a workplace on you need to train a first aid person. There is also the
requirement for a first aid kit, register of injuries book and a notice specifying who
to contact in the workplace if first aid is required. A first aid room is only required
where there are 200 employees in an office workplace.
2. Ergonomics. Ergonomics is crucial in offices yet commonly overlooked. A
workstation has correct ergonomics if the alignment of the computer screen,
keyboard, person and chair is in a straight line, with no twisting of the head or
body. The height of the screen, keyboard and chair will also be important for
good ergonomics. A footrest and document holder may be required, depending
on the situation.
3. Fire control. Sources of ignition and combustible materials should be separated
to avoid potential fires. Fire equipment should be available and unobstructed, with
some employees trained in its use. The complexity of your evacuation system will
depend on the size of the business, number of floors involved and number of
people to be evacuated.

100
Sources of ignition include heat sources (photocopiers, computers, printers,
portable heaters) and electrical sources including damaged electrical cables and
piggy-backed double adaptors. Cleaning cloths in cleaners' cabinets can also be
sources of heat, depending on the chemicals used and how the materials are
stored.
4. Emergency Evacuation. Have a documented evacuation procedure, which has
been communicated to all employees, and has been practiced as an evacuation
drill at least once each year. The evacuation procedure should differentiate
between bomb threat and other types of emergencies, as the procedure will vary
slightly. Your office area will have a different procedure to other parts of the
business if you are part of a high rise office block while other areas are in an
industrial estate.
Determine an assembly point, and keep a record of people's names to
determine who might be left in the building. This will be useful for the emergency
services if a rescue is required. Consideration should also be given to first aid
provision at the assembly point and the identification of a person who is trained in
first aid should anyone be injured.
Also include in your procedure the method to be used to contact the emergency
services, for example whether you will contact them before or after you evacuate the
building.
5. Electrical Hazards. All electrical cables should be periodically inspected for integrity and
replaced if damaged. The practice of 'piggy backing' double adaptors should be
eliminated as this can create a fire risk. If there are insufficient power points, a power
board is a safer option. Alternatively, you could have an electrician install more power
points. Electrical switchboards should be checked to ensure that neither combustible
materials nor flammable liquids are stored nearby.
6. Chemical Safety. You have legal obligations even if your office keeps very small
quantities of dangerous chemicals. These include addressing hazardous substances
requirements in the OSH Regulation 2001. This requires you keep a register of
hazardous substances, copies of material safety data sheets, precautions in place to
prevent injury to anyone using the chemicals, and assessing whether control measures
(gloves, glasses etc.) are sufficient. All containers must be labeled with the product
name, and any hazards associated with it, for example flammable, corrosive, poison etc.
7. Housekeeping. Untidy offices with materials placed in boxes or in piles on the floor
create a hazardous environment - not only a trip hazard, but could indicate that there is
insufficient storage space, insufficient time for storing materials, or just poor
management of the work area.
Many workplaces have difficulty finding a temperature setting that all workers find
comfortable. The recommended range is 22 to 26 person's egress from the workplace,
as well as leading to injury if a person is constantly moving around a cluttered work area.
8. Temperature. Many workplaces have difficulty finding a temperature setting that all
workers find comfortable. The recommended range is 22 to 26 person's egress from the
workplace, as well as leading to injury if a person is constantly moving around a cluttered
work area.
Set the temperature at 22 or 23 degrees and make adjustments from that point.

101
Check that the air conditioning reaches all areas in the office, and that windows receiving
substantial quantities of sunlight are not causing problems.
9. Manual handling. Whenever staff are required to lift, shift or move heavy items, for
example moving stationery supplies in and out of cabinets and printers/photocopiers, or
moving quantities of mail, computers, printers and other office furniture, there are manual
handling procedures that should be used to avoid injury.
A. Write the letter of your answer.
_____1. The following are the causes of accident except for one. Which one?
A. people themselves
B. organized work area
C. defective tools and equipment
D. unsafe environment
_____2. Safety procedures, practices in the workplace contribute to:
A. high rates of accident
B. good employee morale
C. employee dissatisfaction
D. increase of insurance and other operating cost
_____3. Which of the following is not a personal hygiene practice?
A. Keep your hands always clean and nails cut short.
B. Wearing of comfortable clean clothes.
C. Use of PPE when working.
D. Having a ring on fingers while working with food.
_____4. All of these describe the working environment that is conducive to safety and
health EXCEPT for one. Which one?
A. Clean floor area, free from waste and grease
B. Clean cabinets, dry and closed tightly to keep away rodents and insects
C. A well fixed electrical connections
D. Defective lighting and ventilation facilities.
_____5. Which of the following could be avoided due to carelessness?
A. Slips
B. Burns
C. Electric shock
D. Stress
B. Give 5 OSH responsibilities for the workers to ensure their personal safety. Give a
short explanation for each.
Self-Check 4.1

102
Emergency drills and training have the objective of preparing a trained and organized
response to situations of great difficulty which may unexpectedly threaten loss of life at sea.
It is important that they should be carried out realistically, approaching as closely as possible
to emergency conditions. Drills and training should stress and include emergency procedure
and equipment, emergency personnel duties.
Emergency Evacuation Drills
Fire is only one type of emergency that happens at work. Large and small workplaces
alike experience fires, explosions, medical emergencies, chemical spills, toxic releases, and
a variety of other incidents. Here are some basic drills that you should know.
Fire Drill
A fire drill is a practice event, where people leave a
building. They are practicing what they would do if there
was a fire in the building. The event is started when a fire
alarm is turned on.
Fire drills can be helpful in saving lives in the event
of an actual fire. A fire drill is a simulation of what a person
or group of people would do if an actual fire occurred.
Fire drills happen a couple of times a year. Even
though they are drills, they are very important because
through practice you will learn what to do and how to behave in an emergency. Observe the
following:
1. Take the drill seriously.
2. Review the expectations before drill.
3. Know your escape route beforehand.
4. Remain calm.
5. Line up and stay in line.
6. Go quietly through the school to your destination.
Earthquake Drill Procedures
1. Once the drill is announced, conduct the DROP Procedure (duck, cover and hold).
2. Leave quickly the building in an orderly manner.
3. Stay away directly under the corridors.
4. Walk away from the building then unto the escape route.
5. Once safe, help others go to safety.
EMERGENDY-RELATED DRILLS AND TRAINING

103
A. Arrange the fire drill procedure in proper sequence. Write A for the first, B for second
and so on and so forth.
_____1. Remain calm.
_____2. Review the expectations before drill.
_____3. Line up and stay in line.
_____4. Know your escape route beforehand.
_____5. Go quietly through the school to your destination.
B. Sequence the earthquake drill procedure. Write A for the first, B for second and so on
and so forth.
_____1. Stay away directly under the corridors.
_____2. Duck, cover and hold.
_____3. Once safe, help others go to safety.
_____4. Walk away from the building then onto the escape route.
_____5. Leave quickly the building in an orderly manner.
Self-Check 4.2

104
Objectives: To develop preparedness and alertness in times of emergencies for safety.
Directions: You are going to perform an earthquake drill. Follow the procedure correctly.
Find out how well you performed by referring to the rubrics below:
Learner's Name Date
Competency: Performing an earthquake drill
were carried
out correctly
Only two steps
were carried out
correctly
Only one step
was carried out
correctly
was cleaned
thoroughly
Cleaning of
equipment was
not enough.
The tool was not
really cleaned.
Care in handling
the tools and
equipment.
Care in
handling has
been much
emphasized
Care in handling
has been
moderately
emphasized
Care in handling
has not been
emphasized.
Maximum Score -
15
Your Total Score
15
Score Equivalent
10 – 15 = Very good
6 - 9 = Good
1 - 5 = Fair
Activity Sheet 4.1

105
FIRST AID RULES
Directions: The following first aid instructions are intended for emergencies involving
accident or illnesses. Perform the different ways of giving first aid to patient by following the
instructions given through simulation.
1. BURNS
 Cool the burn with cool water. Do not put grease, or oil on burn – they can
make it worst. Do not try to clean a burn or break blisters. Call a physician.
2. FALLS
 Stop severe bleeding. Cover wounds with sterile dressing. Keep the person
comfortable and warm. If you think the bone is broken, do not move the
person unless necessary as in the event of fire, call for a medical assistance.
3. POISONING
 Swallowed Poison. If the container is available, use antidote recommended in
the label. If none is given call the emergency station of a hospital, the nearest
clinic, or rural health center. Tell them what kind of poison was taken and they
will recommend an antidote.
 Do not try to neutralize a poison by giving raw eggs, salt water, mustard,
vinegar or citrus fruit juices as an antidote or to cause vomiting. Never
attempt to induce vomiting by sticking your fingers anywhere in the patient's
mouth; this procedure can be very dangerous.
Activity Sheet 4.3

106
Learner's Name Date
Competency: Giving first aid
were carried
out correctly
Only two steps
were carried out
correctly
Only one step
was carried out
correctly
was cleaned
thoroughly
Cleaning of
equipment was
not enough.
The tool was not
really cleaned.
Care in handling
the tools and
equipment.
Care in
handling has
been much
emphasized
Care in handling
has been
moderately
emphasized
Care in handling
has not been
emphasized.
Maximum Score -
15
Your Total Score
15

107
LO1
 SEDP Series Food Management and Service p 70
 Module in Food Trades
 http://www.megadox.com/docpreviews
 http://www.bpace.k12.ca.us/images
 http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.
LO 2
 http://ph.jobsdb.com/PH/EN/V6HTML/Home/inside-
 http://cupe.ca/health-and-safety
 http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms
LO 3
 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/safety-regulations-in-the-workplace.html
LO 4
 SEDP Series Food Management and Service p 70
 Module in Food Trades
 http://www.megadox.com/docpreviews
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 http://www.bpace.k12.ca.us/images
 http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.
REFERENCES
Congratulations! You did a great job!

108
ANSWER KEY
LESSON 1 USE OF TOOLS AND BAKERY EQUIPMENT
LO1. Prepare tools and equipment for specific baking purposes
Pre-Test 1. i
2. c
3. h
4. g
5. j
6. a
7. b
8. f
9. d
10. e
Self CHECK 1.1
1. Dry measuring cup 7. Baking pan (round, square,
2. Glass measuring cup or rectangle)
3. Flour sifter 8. Oven
4. Wooden mixing spoon 9. Spatula
5. Mixing bowl 10. Utility tray
6. Rubber scrapper
Self Check 1.2
1. Baking ware 9. Preparation
2. Preparation 10. Cutting
3. Baking equipment 11. Preparation
4. Mixing 12. Measuring
5. Baking ware 13. Baking ware
6. Preparation 14. Baking ware
7. Measuring 15 Preparation
8. Mixing
LESSON 2 PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
LO1. Familiarize oneself with the table of weights and measures
Pre-Test 1. 16 T.
2. 1/3 cup
3. 3 teaspoon
4. 1 pint
5. 1 quart
6. 8 T
7. 2.21 pounds
8. 16 ounces
9. 2 quarts
10. 4 T.
Self CHECK 1.1
1. 32 T.

109
2. 1 ½ quarts
3. 2.42 lbs.
4. 12 tbsp.
5. 1 ½ pints
6. 32 ounces
7. 1 /4 cup
8. 8 quarts
9. 2 tbsp.
10. 0.70 ounces
LO2. Apply basic mathematical operation in calculating weights and measures
Pre-Test A.
1. 1 T cornstarch
2. 7/8 cup all purpose flour sifted
3. 3 T cocoa and 1T fat
4. 2 egg yolk
5. 7/8 cup milk and 3 T butter
B.
1. vinegar
2. salt
3. sugar plus liquid
4. flour
5. oil
Self check 2.1 I. F = C x 9 / 5 + 32
= 100 x 9 / 5 + 32
900 / 5 + 32
180 + 32
= 212 degrees Fahrenheit
2. C = F -32 x 5 / 9
= 320 -32 x 5 / 9
288 x 5 /9
1440 / 9
= 160 degrees Centigrade
II. Analogy
1. 1 ¼ C margarine
2. 3T sifted crystals + ½ C water
3. ½ T all purpose flour
4. ¾ cocoa + ¼ T fat
5. 1 ½ rice starch
LO3. Measure dry and liquid ingredients accurately
1. brown sugar
2. glass or liquid measuring cup
3. spatula
4. lumps
5. tap or shake
6. overflowing
7. lift the cup
8. straight edge or back edge of the knife
9. stirring
10. sifting

110
LESSON 3. MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
LO1. Check condition of tools
A.
1. Good quality service
2. Sanitation
3. Fire prevention
4. Safety
5. Lessen expenses
B.
1. sharp
2. bread
3. repair
4. dry
5. discarded
LO1.
A. Identification
1. Store knives, choppers and cutting blades in designated places. Label them.
2. Repair broken tools and equipment immediately.
3. Check wiring of electrical equipment regularly. Report kitchen equipment that are
not functioning.
4. Handle fragile tools or those tools made of glass with care. Those with breaks
should be discarded.
5. Store tools and equipment in a clean dry place. Do not keep them when wet.
6. Good quality of service
7. Sanitation
8. Fire prevention
9. Safety
10. Less cost of production
A.
11. T
12. T
13. F
14. T
15. F
LO2. Perform basic preventive measure
A.
1. e
2. c
3. a
4. b
5.d
B.
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T

111
2.1
1. paste
2. sponge
3. disinfectant
4. tea tree oil
5. baking soda
2.2
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F
LO3. Store tools and equipment
A
1. knives
2. wet
3. label
4. cabinet
5. proper storage
B
1. T 6. F
2. T 7. F
3. F 8. F
4. F 9. T
5. T 10. T
3.1
1. Have a designated place for each kind of tools.
2. Store knives properly when not in use
3. Wash and dry properly before storing.
4. Label the storage cabinet or place correctly for immediate finding.
5. Store them near the point of use.
LESSON 4 PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
LO1. Identify hazards and risks.
1. e
2. a
3. d
4. b.
5. c
6. i
7. h
8. j
9. f
10. g

112
1.1
1. h
2. c
3. e
4. a
5. g
6. f
7. j
8. i
9. d
10. b
LO2. Evaluate hazards and risks
1. false
2. true
3. false
4. true
5. true
6. true
7. false
8. true
9. false
10. true
1.2
A. Identification
1. Safety signs
2. Yellow color
3. Occupation Health And Safety
4. Green color
5. Safe work environment
B. Multiple Choice
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. E
5. D
1.3
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. F
7. T
8. T
9. F
10. T

113
LO3. CONTROL HAZARDS AND RISKS
1. labeled
2. reported
3. fire alarm
4. fire exit
5. waste management
6. dry
7. decontamination
8. cooking outfit
9. pot holders
10. recycling
LO3 Control hazards and risks
3.1
1. a
2. b
3. b
4. b
5. c.
3.2
1. air pollution
2. Food Processing Concept Air Act
3. emission
4. incineration
5. smoking
3.3
A
1. yes
2. no
3. yes
4. no
5. yes
B.
1. short circuit
2.fire alarm system
3.fire safety
4. fire extingisher
5. emergency lighting or battery powered torches
3.4
1. b
2. a
3. e
4. d
5. c
3.5
1. F

114
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
4.1
1. d
2. b
3. d
4. d
5. a
LO4. MAINTAIN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AWARENESS
A
1. earthquake drill
2. earthquake drill
3. fire drill
4. earthquake drill
5. fire drill
B.
1. true
2. true
3. false
4. true
5. false
LO2 Evaluate hazards and risks
2.1
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
2.2
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. T
10. F
LO4 Maintain occupational health and safety awareness
4.2
A. Arrange the fire drill procedure in proper sequence. Write A for the first, B for second
and so on and so forth.
_____1. C
_____2. A
_____3. D
_____4. B
_____5. E

115
B. Sequence the earthquake drill procedure. Write A for the first, B for second and so on
and so forth.
_____6. B
_____7. A
_____8. E
_____9. D
_____10. C
LIST OF MATERIALS, TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND CONSUMABLES FOR THIS MODULE
MATERIALS
Match
Dish towels
Hand towels
Clean rags
Detergent bar
Dishwashing liquid
Wash cloth
Scoring pads
Pentil pen
Watercolor
Color pen
Bond paper or oslo paper
Cartolina
Pencil
Ruler
Waste bag or can
Improvised bottle of toxic substance
Gauze or sterile dressing
EQUIPMENT
Gas range or oven
Mixer with stand
TV
Laptop
LCD projector
TOOLS
Igniter
Measuring cup (glass and
dry measuring cup)
Measuring spoon
Scooper
Tray
Strainer
Flour sifter
Spoon
Knife
Mixing bowl
CONSUMABLES
Flour
Granulated sugar
Brown sugar
Baking powder
Baking soda
Powdered milk
Butter, Margarine or lard
Evaporated milk, oil, water or
juice

Acknowledgement
This Learning Module was developed for the Exploratory Courses in Technology and
Livelihood Education, Grades 7 and 8 of the K to 12 Curriculum with the assistance of the
following persons:
This Learning Module on BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II was
developed by the following personnel:
MODULE WRITER
REVIEWERS
GIL P. CASUGA
Chief TESD Specialist
REYNALDO S. DANTES
Senior TESD Specialist
MARIA A. ROQUE
BERNADETTE S. AUDIJE
VICTORIO N. MEDRANO
Principal IV, SPRCNHS
PARALUMAN R. GIRON, Ed.D.
Chair, Sub-TWG on K to 10
BRENDA B. CORPUZ, Ph.D.
TA for K to 12 Curriculum
OFELIA O. FLOJO
Retired Assistant Chief, EED, Region IV-A
BEATRIZ A. ADRIANO
Principal IV, ERVHS
AIDA T. GALURA
VSA II, ACNTS
DOMINGA CAROLINA F. CHAVEZ
Principal II, MBHS
DOCUMENTORS / SECRETARIAT
PRISCILLA E. ONG
K to 12 Secretariat
FREDERICK G. DEL ROSARIO
Head Teacher III, BNAHS
EMMANUEL V. DIONISIO
Head Teacher III, AFGBMTS
LYMWEL P. LOPEZ
Teacher I, AFGBMTS
DANTE D. VERMON JR.
Teacher I, AFGBMTS
JOANNA LISA C. CARPIO
Teacher I, BNAHS
Dir. IMELDA B. TAGANAS
Executive Director, Qualifications Standards Office
K to 12 Learning Area Team Convenor, TLE/TVE
TERESITA M. JATAYNA
Teacher III
San Pedro Relocation Center National High School
San Pedro, Laguna
Region IV-A, Calabarzon

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