Breeding methods of mango
- 1. Presentation On Available Breeding Methods Of Mango
- 2. Hello! I am Bonny Amin I am here to give presentation on Mango Breeding Methods.
- 3. Introduction
- 4. Common Facts Of Mango The common mango (Mangifera indica L.) and closely related genera (Mangifera spp.) belong to the family Anacardiaceae that consists of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs. Mango trees are evergreen with branched, upright to spreading dense canopies that can grow to heights of 30m. The tree is supported by one to several deep taproots and abundant surface feeder roots. Trees are long lived with many specimens living for more than 100 years. The canopy consists of dark green, simple, alternate leaves, oval-lanceolate to roundish-oblong in shape Hundreds of hermaphrodite and male flowers are borne on branched conical panicles that grow from the terminals of branches. The fruits are fleshy drupes that vary in size, shape and colour, with the fleshy mesocarp being the most attractive edible proton of the fruit.
- 5. ∎ Each fruit contains a single seed enclosed in a stony endocarp. Seed embryos can be either monoembryonic or polyembryonic dependant on genotype.
- 6. ” Mango by production is the fifth largest fruit crop in the world behind bananas, grapes, apples and oranges and the second most important tropical fruit crop. Global production is estimated to be around 27 million tonnes per annum.
- 11. Origin of Mango and Genetic Resources
- 12. Mangifera species are found growing throughout the tropical and subtropical world today, with the greatest diversity of species in the Southeast Asian regions of the Malay peninsula, the Indonesian archipelago, Thailand, Indochina and the Philippines. (Bompard 1989; Bompard and Schnell 1997)
- 13. The common mango (M. indica) is thought to have originated in the Assam valley in Myanmar and domesticated independently in several areas to the southwest and southeast of the centre of origin. Domestication in the Indian region (southwest) gave rise to the monoembryonic varieties and domestication in the Indochina, Thailand and Myanmar regions (southeast) gave rise to the polyembryonic varieties. (Bompard and Schnell 1997)
- 14. Floral Biology
- 15. Flower starts opening early in the morning from 4-7 a.m. and maximum flowers open between 9.30-10.30 a.m. and complete 11.a.m. Dehiscence of anthers takes place at 11.30 a.m. and it continues up to 3.45 p.m. The pollen grains are oval, or triangular or oblong. Stigma becomes receptive even 18 hours before flower opening. Mode of pollination is entomophily; nectar is present to attract the insects. The flowering duration is usually of short i.e. 2 to 3 weeks. The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and perfect. The number of flowers per panicle varies between 1000 to 6000 depending upon the variety and climatic factors. ∎ The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
- 16. Main Objectives
- 17. Developing dwarf plant types Regular bearing Better fruit quality Better shipping quality and Resistance to diseases and pests Main Objectives Of Mango Breeding
- 19. Inherent Constraints Are Involved Like ◉ Long juvenility ◉ High clonal heterozygocity ◉ One seed per fruit ◉ Recalcitrant seeds ◉ Polyembryony ◉ Early post-zygotic auto-incompatibility ◉ Large area requirement for assessment of hybrids
- 20. Advantages for the Breeders ◉ Wide range of diversity ◉ Ease of vegetative hybrid propagation ◉ Seedling screening from known mother plants to select better lines ◉ Comprehensive knowledge about phenology, inheritance patterns of mango ◉ Advanced techniques for hybridization
- 22. Commercial Cultivars ◉ There are at least 350 local varieties in the country and most of them grow in Chapainawabganj district ◉ The seven varieties of mangoes released by RHRS are: BARI Aam 1,2,3,4,6,7 and 8 ◉ BARI Aam 1 was released in 1995, BARI Aam 2 in 1996, BARI Aam 3 in 1999, BARI Aam 4 was released in 2003 and at last BARI Aam 6,7 and 8 were released in October in 2009. ◉ The better varieties of mangoes have exotic names like Fazlee, Langda, Gopalbogh, Himsagar, Khirsapat, Ashhwina, Khisanbogh, Kuapahadi, Lata Bombai, Foria, Bombai, Kohitoor, Laksmanbhog, Mohanbhog, Misribhog etc. Fazli, Lengra, Gopalbhog and Khisrapat are considered to be the premier varieties.
- 23. Commercial Cultivars (Hybrid) ◉ Method of development/origin: BARI Mango-4 (Hybrid Mango) - Crossing between Florida M-3896 variety (male) and local Ashina variety (female). Year of release: 2003 ◉ Yield : 18 t/ha ◉ Main characteristics: High fruit yielding, regular bearing, sweet and late variety, inflorescence initiation in February, flesh deep yellow, fibreless and fleshy, fruit size larger (600g),
- 24. Commercial Cultivars (Local) ◉ Method of development/origin: BARI Mango-6 - Local Year of release:2010 ◉ Yield : 16 t/ha ◉ Main characteristics: High fruit yielding, regular bearer and mid season variety, plant medium size and medium straight. Inflorescence initiation in February, medium sized fruit (280g).
- 26. The mango varieties that have been used in the hybridization programme in Bangladesh are monoembryonic and hence there is no difficulty in obtaining hybrid seedlings from their crosses.
- 27. 106 fruits 18,000 flowers were obtained Not that much success! crossing more than
- 28. 362 fruits 26,911 flowers were obtained Now thats a success! crossing more than
- 30. The panicle should be bagged with a muslin bag (60 cm x 30 cm) fully stretched and fixed with two rings and a rod made of spliced bamboo. A piece of thick iron wire can also be made into a good frame for stretching the muslin bag over the panicle. Staminate flowers of the selected panicle to be used as female parent should be removed daily before dehiscence. Panicles of the variety selected as male parent should also be bagged before their flowers begin to open. Freshly dehisced male flowers should be carried in a small petridish lined with a filter paper and covered with another petridish to protect the flower from contamination with foreign pollen carried by insects. Perfect flowers should be emasculated early in the morning before dehisced. Freshly dehisced anther of the male parent should gently be brushed against the stigma which should then be examined under lens to see if pollen grains have adhered to it.
- 31. ‘Caging technique’ for crossing, developed at IARI following the discovery of self- incompatibility in Dashehari, Langra, Chausa and Bombay Green, involves planting of grafted plants of the self-incompatible varieties along with those of male parents enclosed in an insect proof cage and allowing pollination by freshly rared house flies and thus doing away with the tedious hand pollination. Caging Technique
- 32. Genetic Map of Mango
- 33. ∎ The individual maps showed strong agreement which makes the consensus map a powerful tool for comparative mapping and the association of markers and alleles to important horticultural traits
- 34. The map opens the way for MAS in mango breeding. MAS is an excellent tool for preselection of seedlings more likely to show improved traits, but in many fruit tree crops the required genetic resources are not available. The set of markers and genetic map developes are valuable resources for mango breeders, help them to identify accessions as potential parents and validate progeny as hybrids.
- 36. Hello! I am Mostarina Tasmin Tinni I am here to give presentation on Mango Breeding Methods.
- 37. Pollination
- 38. Mango is self-fertile (Sturrock, 1944) but cross pollination increases fruit set (Popenoe, 1917). Some self-unfruitful cultivars may get benefit from cross-pollination.
- 39. more than 50% flowers don’t receive any pollen. Naturally
- 40. There are several hundred flowers in a panicle and less than 1% only develop fruits because of pollination failure and premature fruit drop. Singh et al. (1962) reported that crossed flowers set fruit; whereas, selfed ones did not, indicating self- sterility. Though self-sterility is not a major problem in fruit set, but within cultivar, there is a definite need for a pollinating agent. Popenoe (1917) stated that some of the embryos are capable of development without fertilization, however, Naik and Rao (1943) obtained no parthenocarpic fruit set of more than 100,000 flowers studied.
- 41. Getting flowers to set fruit was more of a problem than getting trees to bloom
- 42. Cytology On the basis of studies on certain Mangifera species (M. indica, M. caloneura, M. sylvetica, M. foetida, M. caesia, M. odorata and M. zeylanica), the basic chromosome number of mango have been found to be 2n=40 and n=20 (Roy & Visweswariya, 1951; Mukherjee, 1957). Mukherjee (1950) reported mango as an allopolyploid. Easy and frequent interspecific crossing is observed in mango (Mukherjee, 1953). Polyembryony Incidence of polyembryony is genetically controlled character. Leory (1947) found adventive embryony reflecting the effect of one or more recessive genes. Sturrock (1968) supported Leory (1947) as he found monoembryony as a dominant character in mango hybridization.
- 43. Incompatibility Dijkman and Soule (1951) suspected selfsterility in mango but the prevalence was established in cv. Dashehari by Singh et al. (1962). The cultivars of mango like Dashehari, Langra and Chausa were found to be self incompatible (Sharma & Singh, 1970). Ram et al. (1976) reported incidence of cross incompatibility among certain mango cultivars and suggested use of certain pollinizers.
- 44. Character inheritance High heterozygosity and the inadequate number of hybrid progenies have made it difficult to analyze the genetics of mango. Dwarfness, regular bearing and precocity are characters controlled by the recessive genes while regularity of bearing is linked with precocity (Sharma & Majumder, 1988a). Lavi et al. (1989) observed that there is no maternal effect on juvenility and fertility while there is slight effect of female parent on fruit taste, size, color and harvest season. The flesh color inheritance is a multigenic character (Sharma, 1987; Iyer & Subramanyam, 1987). Iyer (1991) studied inheritance of flesh color in Alphonso and Neelum cvs. of mango and found that light yellow color is dominant over orange yellow. Iyer and Subramanyam (1979) found bunch bearing and presence of beak on the mango fruit as dominant character. Bacterial canker inheritance is cytoplasmic in ‘Neelum’ while the mango malformation susceptibility appears to be dominant (Sharma & Majumder, 1988a).
- 45. Advances In Classical Breeding In Mango
- 46. In spite of the difficulties encountered in mango hybridization with controlled pollination significant progress has been made in the recent past with regard to release of new hybrid varieties from many centres. Many countries have initiated mango breeding programmes with well defined objectives. In many countries, large number of hybrids are under intense screening and it is expected that many more hybrid cultivars will be released in the near future. As in any other perennial crop, in mango also the adoption rate of new cultivars is slow for obvious reasons.
- 47. Clonal selection Within many cultivars has yielded valuable results and hence appears to be worth pursuing particularly in countries where certain cultivars are in cultivation for a long time. Greater caution needs to be taken with regard to introduction of cultivars from one country to another and from one agroclimatic zone to another even within a country since some pathogens are known to be virulent under certain environment. Screening of cultivars under different agroclimatic zones has shown that while in certain cultivars the genotype x environment interaction is very minimal, it is not so in others for the same character.
- 48. Genetic engineering An alternative approach for improving mango production, emerged just over a decade ago, and offers a sustainable way for addressing certain key breeding objectives. The primary components of mango genetic engineering include: 1) efficient somatic embryogenesis and plant recovery from elite (i.e., nucellar) material; 2) induction of random mutations in embryogenic cultures and challenging for resistance to a specific selective agent; 3) transformation with a gene that mediates a horticultural trait.
- 49. Genetic engineering On the basis of past and current research, it is probable that the following breeding priorities can be addressed by 1) mutation breeding: resistance to abiotic soil stress and certain diseases; 2) genetic transformation: control of fruit ripening, seedlessness and certain diseases.
- 50. Role of wild species in mango breeding Fairchild (1948) observed that crosses between five stamened and Indian mango could produce hybrids with better pollinating quality. Bompard (1993) stated that M. laurina could be used to incorporate resistance to anthracnose. There are certain wild cultivars of mango i.e., M.orophila and M. dongnaiensis both described from Malaysia and Vietnam respectively, that are restricted to mountain forests above sea level. These could help to start mango cultivation even in the Mediterranean areas. Other wild species have certain specific characters like M. mangifica is fibreless, M. rufocostat and M. swintonioides have off-season bearing habit, M. pajang and M. foetida have good quality fruits and M. casturi from S. kalimanta is prolific bearer with small black sweet fruit. These species may be helpful to enhance the existing gene pool and to develop new hybrids in mango (Bompard, 1993; Kostermans & Bompard, 1993). M. altissima unaffected by hoppers, tip and seed borers (Angeles, 1991). .
- 51. In The End
- 52. Breeding Problems First Can be minimized by minimizing the high fruit drop, shortening juvenility and polyembryony dilemma for the breeder and asset in rootstock propagation.. Second Extending the fruit season could provide opportunities for increased production and more favorable marketing conditions for growers Third In future, better efficiency in mango breeding will have to rely on planned hybridization assisted by the new tools offered by biotechnologies. .
- 53. The recent emergence of molecular markers and the application of somatic embryogenesis to genetic transformation will enable the integration of specific genes from cultivated varieties or wild species into popular current cultivars.
- 55. Any questions?
Editor's Notes
- #3: and to discuss the future aspect of Mango Breeding in Bangladesh.
- #7: India dominates global production accounting for some 40% of total production. Mango production plays an important role in the rural economy of many tropical countries. However, in spite of the large volume of mango production almost all of the product is consumed domestically in its country of origin: less than 4% (908,000 tonnes) of production is exported. Many of the reasons for the low export volumes lie in the highly perishable nature of mangoes.
- #13: The most commonly cultivated species is M. indica that makes up most of the commercially cultivated trees. Twenty-six other species also have edible fruit with M. caesia, M. foetida, M. kemang, M. altisima, M. panjang, M. odorata, M. laurina and M. pentandra being traditionally consumed in various Southeast Asian communities (Gruezo 1992; Bompard and Schnell 1997; Mukherjee 1997). The common mango (M. indica) is thought to have originated in the Assam valley in Myanmar and domesticated independently in several areas to the southwest and southeast of the centre of origin.
- #14: Cultivation of monoembryonic mangoes in India for over 4,000 years has resulted in over 1,000 named varieties (Mukherjee 1953). Domestication and discrimination of the common mango throughout the tropical and subtropical world has been associated with the migration of people and trade within and between regions (Mukherjee et al. 1983; Bompard and Schnell 1997; Duval et al. 2006). Today mangoes are grown throughout the tropics on all continents and in many subtropical areas.
- #20: The opportunity for breeding improvement in the mango is significant and challenging. There is a lot more varietal wealth available, That’s why, There are very few man made commercially important hybrids. Mango development is mostly based on the selection of clones/chance seedlings.
- #21: These selections were made for fruit quality only To overcome these, plant breeding can play an important role and work should be done in three directions as introduction, selection and hybridisation. Hybrid populations can be managed in a better way and the development of the genetic markers has further reduced the uncertainty in breeding mango.
- #23: These selections were made for fruit quality only To overcome these, plant breeding can play an important role and work should be done in three directions as introduction, selection and hybridisation. Hybrid populations can be managed in a better way and the development of the genetic markers has further reduced the uncertainty in breeding mango.
- #24: These selections were made for fruit quality only To overcome these, plant breeding can play an important role and work should be done in three directions as introduction, selection and hybridisation. Hybrid populations can be managed in a better way and the development of the genetic markers has further reduced the uncertainty in breeding mango.
- #25: These selections were made for fruit quality only To overcome these, plant breeding can play an important role and work should be done in three directions as introduction, selection and hybridisation. Hybrid populations can be managed in a better way and the development of the genetic markers has further reduced the uncertainty in breeding mango.
- #27: However, the only handicap in the mango breeding work is that a large number of crosses must be made, as there is only one seed in a fruit. Previously, the technique used in hybridisation also led to a small number of fruit set from the crosses.
- #28: which involves use of a few flowers in a large number of panicles than a large number of flowers in a few panicles, gave a high percentage of success;
- #29: ensuring at least one fruit from each panicle. It also dispensed with the big sized cloth bags which are costly and difficult to fix on the trees.
- #31: Since a large number of male and perfect flowers are borne on a mango panicle, it requires a special crossing technique.
- #32: As the pollination of flowers in any one panicle is carried over a number of days, only the pollinated flowers should be allowed to remain on the panicle. It has been found advantageous to keep the panicles enclosed in bags till the fruits set and develop slightly. The conventional method of pollination is time consuming, cost intensive and inefficient because of tallness and difficult to handle trees and poor fruit set.
- #33: A Tool for Mango Breeding
- #34: Desirable parents can be selected from germplasm collections based on the presence of favorable alleles for the desired trait and used in either hand-pollination crosses or open pollination of the maternal parent to increase the efficiency of selection of improved material. The trait-associated SNP markers described here can be used to select progeny containing these favorable alleles by genotyping
- #35: The markers and map are a significant step toward improving the efficiency of both traditional breeding and selection through early identification of progeny with trait- and allele-associated genotypes.
- #37: and to discuss the future aspect of Mango Breeding in Bangladesh.
- #38: A Tool for Mango Breeding
- #41: The effect of cool weather adversely affects pollen tube growth, but this was not considered to be of major importance.
- #42: The studies indicate that the need for cross-pollination between mango cultivars is not critical, at least for most cultivars, but pollinating insects are needed to pollinate within cultivar to get satisfactory crop.
- #46: A Tool for Mango Breeding