Breeding Objective and mutation breeding of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
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The document discusses the breeding techniques and methods for improving groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), a self-pollinating legume cultivated in many countries. It covers the objectives of development, such as creating high-yield and disease-resistant varieties, and details various breeding methods including mutation breeding and the pedigree method. It highlights the importance of genetic variability and the specific gene mutation processes utilized in groundnut breeding, along with the advantages and limitations of these methods.
Breeding Objective and mutation breeding of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
- 1. (Arachis hypogea) Submitted to:- Dr. Mukesh Kumar Singh Assist. Prof (Genetics) RGSC, BHU Submitted by: Jiwan Paudel B. Sc. (Ag) III year ID:16339
- 2. • Cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is commonly known as monkey nut and popularly called as magphooli. • “WONDER LEGUME” • It is a self pollinated, autotetraploid legume crop with 2n = 4x = 40 chromosomes • It is grown in nearly 100 countries among them, Major producer are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan. • Origin:- Brazil to Peru, Argentina and Ghana Ground nut isn’t a nut it’s a legume
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- 6. 1. To create variability. 2. To develop high yielding varieties. 3. To develop early maturing varieties. 4. To develop disease resistant varieties. 5. To evolve abiotic stress tolerant varieties. 6. To develop varieties with improve quality. Breeding objectives
- 7. BREEDING METHODS EMPLOYED FOR GROUNDNUT • Methods without artificial hybridization: involves selection in existing(land races)/introduced variability/variability created without sexual process( mutation breeding & genetic transformation) • Introduction: useful in bringing in additional genetic diversity in a breeding program Indian cultivars TMV2 & JL 24 introduced & released in Southeast Asia & Africa • Pure line/mass selection in introduced material: selection & subsequent seed increase for release as cultivars of single plants(pure line)/mass selected from introduced material & land races.eg: India(JL 24) Africa(makulu red, Apollo, Egypt), & USA(NEW MEXICO VALENCIA C)
- 8. • Mutation breeding: X-rays, gamma rays& various chemicals used to break specific linkages ,create variation for specific characters/use in conjunction with other breeding methods. BARC released 15 varieties like TG 19,TAG 24,TGB 38B,TGB 39 • Bulk selection:F1 plants space planted to produce as much F2 seed as possible,F3 seed harvested in bulk & a sample planted the next generation with process being repeated until F6 generation should be performed for few generations • Pedigree method: very commonly used method .individual plants are selected in space planted F2 generation, then F3,selection process repeated till F6/F7 generation. Most of the cultivars developed are F5 derived lines • Bulk pedigree : This method is a combination of pedigree and bulk method. Method allows retention of enough subtle variation in the resultant uniform looking bulk population for recipient breeders to exploit it while evaluating under local conditions.
- 9. • Single seed decent(SST): Modification of bulk method that can be used to inbreed populations in a shorter length of time i.e. 3 generations in 14 months in a glass house. • Backcross method: Mostly used for transferring desired traits from a donor source to existing cultivar. First used in Malawi(SA) to incorporate groundnut rosette virus disease resistence governed by 2 recessive genes into high • Genotype*environment interaction(G*E): Desirable quantitative traits usually have both genetic and environment components, separation of these components necessary to achieve maximum efficiency in breeding .
- 10. Why mutation breeding required? Variability is the most important requirement for success in plant breeding programme. In nature mutation are the main source of variability, although the occurrence of natural mutation is less. Breeder can select the desired types from the variability created through mutation for the improvement of crops.
- 11. Molecular basis of gene mutation Base substitution • Transition – substitution of ( A ↔ G or C ↔ T ) • Transversion - substitution of ( A or G ↔ C or T or U ) Base addition and deletion Insertion of one or more bases in DNA molecules is called base addition, while a loss of one or more bases in DNA molecules is known as base deletion. Both the addition and deletion lead to mutations .
- 12. Different mutagens used for groundnut mutagenesis
- 13. M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6-M8 i. Mutagen -treated seeds space planted ii. Seeds from individual plants harvested separately i. Individual plant progenies are grown ii. Fertile, vigorous, normal looking plants harvested separately i. Individual plant progenies from selected plants grown ii. Superior plants selected from superior progenies showing segregation iii. Homogeneous mutant progenies may be harvested in bulk i. Individual plant progenies from selected plants grown ii. Superior homogeneous lines harvested in bulk i. Preliminary yield trial with a suitable check ii. Superior lines selected i. Multi-location yield trial ii. Outstanding line released as new variety M9 i. Seed multiplication for distribution 9
- 14. Effect of Gamma ray and NaN3 on groundnut
- 15. Advantages • Possible to achieve instant progress in elite material • Single trait improvements can be made to an established variety preferred by producers, processors and/or consumers • Limited breeding effort required • Novel variation can be produced • Single gene mutants with no negative pleiotropic effects are possible • For some mutagenic treatments such as gamma and X-ray, there is neither residual radiation nor chemical contamination of the treated material. • The treated material is safe to handle Specific genes/traits can be targeted • Possible to calculate chances of success (mutation frequency)
- 16. Limitations • The process is generally random and unpredictable • Useful mutants are rare and predominantly recessive • Large population sizes and effective mass screening methods are required to select rare mutants • Mutants can have strong negative pleiotropic effects on other traits • Health risks: handling, chemical mutagens; radiations, fast neutrons treatments • Most mutants are of no use to breeding even if a large number of mutants can be produced
- 17. Future Thrust • Mutant genotypes will be utilized in future as suitable genetic source in breeding programme. • There is a need to induce seed dormancy in groundnut through mutation technique. • There is a need to increase beneficial mutation frequency through proper technique. • Irradiation of interspecific (distant) hybrid to produce translocations.
- 18. References.... Text books Plant breeding – B. D. Singh Plant Mutation Breeding and Biotechnology - Edited by Q.Y. Shu, B. P. Forster, H. Nakagawa Review papers Principle and application of plant mutagenesis in crop improvement: a review – By Oladosu et al., 2015 Mutagenesis - By Rajnikant Mishra (2012) Mutation breeding of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in UgandaBusolo-Bulafu, C.M. Review Paper on Mutation Breeding as Applied in Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea L.) Improvement Habtamu Alemu