Brief introduction to petroleum upstream industries
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The document provides an overview of upstream oil and gas exploration and production processes in India. It discusses key steps in the exploration cycle including surveys, drilling, reservoir analysis, and production. It covers geological concepts like source rocks, migration, traps, and basin formation. Key methods are outlined, such as seismic acquisition and different trap types. The importance of inputs from geology, geophysics, geochemistry is highlighted. Drilling and production activities are also summarized. India has 26 sedimentary basins but only 7 have yielded commercial oil and gas discoveries to date.
Brief introduction to petroleum upstream industries
- 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UPSTREAM INDUSTRIES AND PRESENT INDIAN SCENARIO India’s only Energy Company in Fortune’s ‘World’s Most Admired’ List
- 2. EXPLORATION CYCLE • The following methods are sequentially used in the exploration for crude oil and gas Introducton to Petroleum Exporation2 Gravity / Magnetic Surveys Geological Field Mapping/ Remote Sensing Seismic Data API (2D/3D) Prospect Identification Drilling Reservoir Studies Production Well Logs & VSP BHS & Simulation
- 3. GEOLOGY Even where the organic matter can become mature, not all of it becomes petroleum. In a typical case a normal marine shale with only 1% original organic matter will have less than a third of it converted to the hydrocarbon molecules that make up oil and natural gas (Waples, 1981). The rest remains behind as an insoluble organic residue
- 4. GEOLOGY • However, the least efficient step is yet to come. • Of all the petroleum generated, only a small part, usually less than 1% (Hunt, 1977), is able to undergo migration out of the source bed to accumulate within a porous and permeable reservoir. • The majority of petroleum, or even in some cases all of it, will be dispersed for lack of a good arrangement of strata to trap it, or will leak out to the surface, for lack of a good impermeable seal or caprock.
- 5. GEOLOGY • If any one of these factors is missing or inadequate, the prospect will be dry and the exploration effort will be unrewarded. • Not surprisingly then, less than half of the world's explored sedimentary basins have proved productive (Huff, 1980) and typically only a fraction of 1% of the petroleum basin's area, and at most 5% to 10%, is actually prospective (Weeks, 1975).
- 6. GEOLOGY • A trap is a geometric configuration of structures &/or strata, in which permeable rock types (the reservoir) are surrounded & confined by impermeable rock types (the seal). • Most traps fall into one of three categories: structural traps, stratigraphic traps, or combination traps
- 9. Geological inputs • Remote Sensing • Geological map • Cross section • Sediment thickness • Type of fill • Subsidence history
- 10. GEOPHYSICAL DATA ACQUISITION Data Acquisition Data Interpretation & Data Processing Reservoir Estimation
- 11. GEOPHYSICAL DATA ACQUISITION Layering of sediments above the earth’s surface can be seen from Geological outcrops But how do we “see” the picture that is hidden below?
- 12. ANTICLINE Anticline Outcrop (Cross Section View)
- 13. GEOPHYSICAL DATA ACQUISITION • Seismic surveys allow geophysicists to see beneath the surface and map areas that are not visible.
- 14. On land Seismic Data Acquisition
- 15. Offshore Seismic Data Acquisition
- 16. Pre-drilling Inputs Prospecting Geological Geophysical Geochemical Geological mapping & traversing Gravity, Magnetic & Seismic Geobotanical Microbial survey
- 17. geophysical prospecting Gravity prospecting includes measuring a field of force in the earth that is not generated by the observer. The Field instruments are designed to measure differences in gravity. The Variation in gravity depend on lateral changes in the density of earths materials. Most sedimentary rocks have densities lower than basement rocks, make possible to map boundaries and determine approximate depth distribution of sedimentary basins. Magentic prospecting gives information to determine the depth to basement rocks to locate and define extent of sedimentary basins. The Sedimentary rocks exert small magnetic effects compared to igneous rocks. All variations in magnetic intensity measurable at surface result from topographic or lithologic changes associated with basement or igneous intrusives
- 18. geophysical prospecting • The seismic methods for exploration utilizes the fact that the reflecting surfaces between two rock beds have different lithology and density. The main purpose is to know depth of subsurface sedimentary beds and their alignment and structure like horizontal beds, inclined beds, folds faulted beds etc. Sound energy is either generated through a dynamite blast within a shot hole or a vibrater or a airgun (in case of marine surveys). The elastic waves (P- waves or primary waves) while propagating through sedimentary beds, part of energy will bounce back whenever they strike boundaries of rock beds having different densities of hardness. These reflections are received by geophones which in turn recorded along with time of their arrival which is called seismogram.
- 19. Geochemical Modelling Surface & subsurface seeps Organic richness of sediments Thermal history Identification of maturation window
- 20. Requirements for exploring a Basin • Geological map • Cross section • Sediment thickness • Type of fill • Sequence stratigraphic model • Subsidence history Surface & subsurface seeps Organic richness of sediments Thermal history Identification of maturation window Identification of reservoir facies Seal integrity Possible traps Migration paths
- 21. It is the science / art of making hole or bore in an object. Since we are concerned with petroleum, so we can define drilling as a science of making a hole in earth’s crust (called as an oil / gas well) down to a desired depth in search of petroleum (oil or gas). DRILLING
- 22. DRILLING To study the science of drilling we have to divide it into two categories: Drilling Engineering. Drilling Technology
- 23. PRODUCTION, PROCESSING & TRANSPORTATION Well Fluid Processing Tankage Value Addition
- 24. Well Completion. Well Testing. Well Stimulation. Artificial Lift Systems. Workover Operations. Oil/Gas processing. Pressure maintenance. Production Activities
- 25. Operation & Maintenance of Production facilities & pipelines. Production of Value Added Products. Transportation of Oil/Gas. Design/Construction of Onshore/Offshore Production Facilities. Production Activities
- 26. Effective Gas utilisation. Short/Long term production plans and implementation. Implementation of EOR schemes. Safety in Production Operations. Production Activities
- 27. ARTIFICAL LIFT
- 30. SEDIMENTARY BASIN • “An unit of lithosphere which subsided as a function of time and received sedimentary succession unique to it.” More than 600 basins- identified globally. Active hydrocarbon exploration - in about 400 basins world wide. About 180 basins- under commercial production. The ultimate H/C resources of the world - about 620 billion tonnes. 85% of reserves - confined to only in 30 basins.
- 31. INDIA • India is having vast land area covered with sedimentary rocks. • Geologically they are subdivided into 26 sedimentary basins covering about 3.14 million sq. km.
- 32. Indian Sedimentary Basins 1958: Cambay Basin 1967: Rajasthan Basin 1889: Assam Shelf 1974: Mumbai Offshore 1980: KG Basin 1973: A&AA FB 1985: Cauvery Basin Out of 26 Basins 7 are petroliferous