Brownfields and Geenfields are Landforms
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The document discusses brownfield sites, which are former industrial or commercial sites affected by real or perceived environmental contamination, as well as efforts to redevelop them. It notes that redeveloping brownfields can help reduce vehicle miles traveled and emissions compared to developing uncontaminated greenfield sites. Redeveloping brownfields also helps save greenfield lands from development. However, brownfield redevelopment can be complicated by the need to treat various contaminants and remediate health threats. The document examines statistics on brownfield sites and redevelopment programs in various states and cities, as well as the economic and environmental benefits of brownfield redevelopment.
Brownfields and Geenfields are Landforms
- 1. Brownfields to Greenfields By: Sean Christofferson
- 2. How does Your State compare?
- 3. 20 - 40% VMT-related air emissions and greenhouse gases saved from compact urban redevelopment, including brownfields (vs greenfields) - Urban Land Institute, 2008
- 4. Total Brownfield sites: 450,000 to 1,000,000 Estimated number of vacant/contaminated sites, nationally – U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004
- 6. What is a Brownfield? A former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination. Real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.
- 7. Land Revitalization Lands are often contaminated with various harmful substances that require expensive procedures to treat. In some instances, toxic waste sites are shown to pose a direct threat to human health.
- 8. Almost 50,000 sites have completed state Voluntary cleanup Programs (VCP) since inception in the mid-1990’s Cleanup Map/Identified Need for Reduced Threat to Public Health
- 9. The current pace is addressing, at best, 1.4% of the inventory, annually. - NEMW Institute (July 2008)
- 10. Even though these sites may not be especially toxic, their oftentimes poor aesthetic quality combined with their additional need for special treatment in order to be re-developed causes the surrounding area to be an undesirable place to live or work.
- 11. What is a Greenfield? An undeveloped site, esp. one being evaluated and considered for commercial development or exploitation
- 12. Wisconsin is among the 81st percentile or higher in State Brownfield rankings
- 13. 4.5 Acres of Greenfields saved per one acre brownfields redeveloped - Source: George Washington University, 2001
- 14. Linchpin Effect In some instances, brownfields redevelopment is the catalyst or the linchpin that creates a positive environment for new investment and leads to transformation of entire neighborhoods and districts.
- 15. Density Mixing of uses/internal design Location near city center Degree of connectedness to the existing grid Access to transit Factors that determine the greater and lesser VMT savings attributable to urban compact redevelopment
- 16. Milwaukee • A Study of 64 brownfield projects supported with City of Milwaukee funds between 1995 and 2000 found that they created or retained over 2,200 full- and part-time jobs. • The amount of subsidy for brownfields-related site preperation, and not all public subsidies, was $4,600 to produce one job. The corresponding number for 63 projects in Milwaukee County $4,800. - De Sousa, 2005
- 17. Property Value Increases Due to Brownfields Redevelopment Type project Milwaukee Geog. Scope = 4,000 ft. Minneapolis Geog. Scope = 2,500 ft. Residential projects 8.6% 3.1% Commercial projects 15.8% 4.6% Parks projects 11.7% 4.4% Industrial projects 4.7% 3.2% All sample (net) 11.4% 2.7% Research by De Sousa, Wu, and Westphall in progress measuring and comparing the impact of different forms of publicly- assisted brownfields redevelopment (greenspace, industrial, commercial, and residential) on the value of single family homes (pre- and post-redevelopment) in Milwaukee projects analyzed and 58 Minneapolis projects analyzed. - De Sousa, C., “Residential Development Activity on Urban Brownfields in Milwaukee and Chicago: An Examination of Redevelopment Trends, Developer Perceptions, and future Prospects,” September, 2006 http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CED/publications/desousa_ 906.pdf
- 18. Areas in red are additions to the city’s inventory of industrial land since 1998 • These areas were not zoned industrial in 1998 but had been rezoned for industrial use by 2011. Areas shaded blue on the map experienced no change in zoning during this time • These were zoned industrial in 1998 and still zoned industrial in 2011. Gray areas represent losses of industrial land • These areas were zoned industrial in 1998 but were no longer zoned industrial by 2011. Milwaukee Industrial Zoning 1998 and 2011
- 19. 74% Reduced runoff due to density (8 DU/acre vs. 1DU/acre) Richards, Lynn, June, 2006
- 20. Worldwide Causes of Soil Degradation by Region in Susceptible Drylands and Other Areas
- 21. Mumbai, India For three centuries, beginning with the era of British rule, Mumbai has been in an adversarial relationship with the sea and the monsoon season’s winds, heavy rains and floods. The British began the practice of “shoring up,” of building seawalls and embankments, reclaiming land from the sea while, in theory at least, flood-proofing the city with deeper channels, overflow ditches and concrete levees. This engineering was designed to keep the sea at bay and to drain floodwaters from the land as quickly as possible. Mumbai, India For three centuries, beginning with the era of British rule, Mumbai has been in an adversarial relationship with the sea and the monsoon season’s winds, heavy rains and floods. The British began the practice of “shoring up,” of building seawalls and embankments, reclaiming land from the sea while, in theory at least, flood-proofing the city with deeper channels, overflow ditches and concrete levees. This engineering was designed to keep the sea at bay and to drain floodwaters from the land as quickly as possible. Mumbai, India
- 22. Redfields to Greenfields? Click Below for Video All videos created by Alex Fischer & Timothy Whitney External Links: rftgf.org www.rftgf.org Red Fields to Green Fields is a national research effort that analyzes the effects of acquiring RED FIELDS (financially distressed properties) and converting them into GREEN FIELDS (public parks and adjacent land “banked” for future sustainable development).
- 23. Sources Bélanger, Robert. "Urban geology," in Access Science, ©McGraw-Hill Education, 2004, http://www.accessscience.com Blatt, Harvey. "Environmental geology," in Access Science, ©McGraw-Hill Education, 2012, http://www.accessscience.com De Sousa, C., “Residential Development Activity on Urban Brownfields in Milwaukee and Chicago: An Examination of Redevelopment Trends, Developer Perceptions, and future Prospects,” September, 2006. George Washington University, “Public Policies and Private Decisions Affecting the Redevelopment of Brownfields: An Analysis of Critical Factors, Relative Weights and Areal Differentials,” 2001. Higgins, Andrew G. F. (2013). Evaluating intervention options to achieve environmental benefits in the residential sector. Sustainability Science. Northeast Midwest Institute, “The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Brownfields Redevelopment, Working Draft for Distribution,” July, 2008. Sasaki, Takeshi J. I. (2012). "Object-based classification of land cover and tree species by integrating airborne LiDAR and high spatial resolution imagery data" . Landscape and Ecological Engineering. Skelly, David. "Landscape ecology," in Access Science, ©McGraw-Hill Education, 2012, http://www.accessscience.com