Building a bridge between human-readable and machine-readable representations of biopolymers
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This document discusses approaches for representing biopolymers such as peptides in both human-readable and machine-readable formats. It describes names that are preferred by machines, such as SMILES and IUPAC condensed representations, as well as names preferred by humans using the standard 3-letter amino acid codes and other conventions. The document then discusses developing a naming system that is suitable for both humans and machines by text-mining peptide representations from literature to identify commonly used abbreviations, codes, and modifications. The goal is to develop a systematic naming approach that captures this real-world peptide terminology while also enabling computational interpretation and processing.
[C@H](CCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC
(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCCN)C(=O)N
CCCC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCNC(=O)[
C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@
H](N)CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCC
N)C(N)=O
PEPTIDE1{K.F.K.[Orn].L.K.K.L.K.[am]}|PEPTIDE2{K.F.K.[Orn].L}|PEPTIDE3{K.F}|PEPTIDE4{K.F}$PEPTIDE1,
PEPTIDE2,6:R3-5:R2|PEPTIDE2,PEPTIDE3,3:R3-2:R2|PEPTIDE1,PEPTIDE4,3:R3-2:R2$$$
HELM
SMILES](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oboyle-2018aug-biopolymerrepresentations-180821112756/85/Building-a-bridge-between-human-readable-and-machine-readable-representations-of-biopolymers-4-320.jpg)
![Names preferred by Humans
• IUPAC/IUBMB recommendations from 1983 describe
a three-letter system for peptides [1]
– L- by default, D-/DL- must be specified
– Side-chain substitutions like Ser(Ac), Asp(OMe)
– Terminal modifications like Ac-Tyr-OMe, Me2-Lys
– Backbone N substitution like Ala-(Me)Ala
– Cyclic peptides like cyclo(-Val-Orn-Leu-)
– Peptide analogs like Ala-[psi](NH-CO)-Ala
• See also Bachem nomenclature guide [2]
[1] http://www.sbcs.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/
[2] http://www.bachem.com/service-support/faq/nomenclature/
adrenorphin as H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Arg-Val-NH2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oboyle-2018aug-biopolymerrepresentations-180821112756/85/Building-a-bridge-between-human-readable-and-machine-readable-representations-of-biopolymers-5-320.jpg)
![• The recommendations use drawings of bonds to
indicate heterodetic cyclic peptides
• In practice, people either use free text or cyclo
– cyclo only handles simple situations; cannot handle
overlapping disulphide bridges for example
• We use ring closure bonds like in SMILES [1]
– H-Cys(1)-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys(1)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2
– H-Thr(1)-Gly-Gly-Gly-(1)
Describing Cycles without LINES
[1] Similar to that described in “Abbreviated nomenclature for cyclic and
branched homo- and hetero-detic peptides.” J. Peptide Res. 2005, 65, 550.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oboyle-2018aug-biopolymerrepresentations-180821112756/85/Building-a-bridge-between-human-readable-and-machine-readable-representations-of-biopolymers-6-320.jpg)
![Roger’s Recommendations [1]
• Don’t use a dictionary; create monomers from
building blocks and use systematic names
– Stereo, parent, backbone/sidechain substituents
• H-Ala-D-N(Bu)Phe(4-Cl)-OH
• Retain widely used 3-letter codes and use substituent
abbreviations or line formulae
• Consider aminoacids to have default substitution
locants, but have ability to specify
– Ser(Me), Phe(4-Cl)
• Implicit leaving groups
– Asp(OMe) – OH for acids, H otherwise
[1] https://www.slideshare.net/NextMoveSoftware/dallas-monomers](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oboyle-2018aug-biopolymerrepresentations-180821112756/85/Building-a-bridge-between-human-readable-and-machine-readable-representations-of-biopolymers-9-320.jpg)
![Unrecognised Peptide Analogs
(peptide bond) -psi(CH2NH)-
9 times
-psi-(CH2S)-
10 times
-psi(PO2CH2)-
7 times
-NH-CO-NH-
25 times
-psi[CH(OH)CH2]
7 times
E.g. Ala-psi(CH2NH)-Ala instead of Ala-Ala](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oboyle-2018aug-biopolymerrepresentations-180821112756/85/Building-a-bridge-between-human-readable-and-machine-readable-representations-of-biopolymers-16-320.jpg)
![HUMAN-READABLE → MACHINE-READABLE
• 16.4K oligopeptides* textmined from PubMed
Abstracts and converted to HELM
– 2.2K not converted, 1.6K as inline HELM, 12.6K as regular
HELM
* Containing at least 5 monomers
PEPTIDE1{Y.[dA].F.G.Y.P.S.[am]}$$$$
PEPTIDE1{D.[*C(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)OP(=O)(O)O)N* |$_R2;;;;;;;;;;;;_R1$|].P.A.K}$$$$
PEPTIDE1{[Glp].G.P.P.I.S.I.D.L.S.L.E.L.L.R.K.M.I.E.I}$$$$
PEPTIDE1{G.A.[Aib].P.A.[Aib].[Aib].E}$$$$
PEPTIDE1{[Nle].L.F.[Nle].Y.K}$$$$
PEPTIDE1{A.[dE].K.[dA].[dA]}$$$$
PEPTIDE1{[dF].C.Y.[dW].[Orn].T.[Pen].T.[am]}$$$$
PEPTIDE1{E.D.P.Q.G.(D,N).A.A}$$$$V2.0
PEPTIDE1{[ac].F.L.V.H.[am]}$$$$
PEPTIDE1{G.(D,N).(E,Q).S.T.C}$$$$V2.0
PEPTIDE1{[ac].M.E.E.K.L.K.K.T.K.I.I.F.V.V.G.G.P.G.S.G.K.G.T.Q.C.E.K.I.V.Q.K.Y.G.Y.T.H.L.S.T.G.D.L.L.R.S.E.V.S.S
.G.S.A.R.G.K.K.L.S.E.I.M.E.K.G.Q.L.V.P.L.E.T.V.L.D.M.L.R.D.A.M.V.A.K.V.N.T.S.K.G.F.L.I.D.G.Y.P.R.E.V.Q.Q.G.E.
E.F.E.R.R.I.G.Q.P.T.L.L.L.Y.V.D.A.G.P.E.T.M.T.R.R.L.L.K.R.G.E.T.S.G.R.V.D.N.E.E.T.I.K.K.R.L.E.T.Y.Y.K.A.T.E.P.V.I.A.
F.Y.E.K.R.G.I.V.R.K.V.N.A.E.G.S.V.D.E.V.F.S.Q.V.C.T.H.L.D.A.L.K}$$$$](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oboyle-2018aug-biopolymerrepresentations-180821112756/85/Building-a-bridge-between-human-readable-and-machine-readable-representations-of-biopolymers-25-320.jpg)
![IUPAC Names for PeptideS
(S)-N-((S)-1-((2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-1-
((4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19R)-19-amino-7-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-10-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-16-(4-
hydroxybenzyl)-13-isobutyl-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-
pentaazacycloicosane-4-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
(2S)-1-[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19R)-19-amino-7-(2-amino-2-oxo-ethyl)-10-(3-amino-3-oxo-
propyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-13-isobutyl-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-
5,8,11,14,17-pentazacycloicosane-4-carbonyl]-N-[(1S)-1-[(2-amino-2-oxo-ethyl)carbamoyl]-3-
methyl-butyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
(2S)-2-{[(2S)-1-[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19R)-19-amino-10-(2-carbamoylethyl)-7-
(carbamoylmethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-13-(2-methylpropyl)-6,9,12,15,18-
pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentaazacycloicosane-4-carbonyl]pyrrolidin-2-
yl]formamido}-N-(carbamoylmethyl)-4-methylpentanamide
L-cysteinyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-asparagyl-L-cysteinyl-L-prolyl-L-leucyl-
glycinamide (1->6)-disulphide
[Leu3]oxytocin](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oboyle-2018aug-biopolymerrepresentations-180821112756/85/Building-a-bridge-between-human-readable-and-machine-readable-representations-of-biopolymers-27-320.jpg)
![Analysis of PubChem
• Curated database of oligopeptides of biological
interest (currently 452 entries)
• 10.5% of the 170,708 peptides of length 5 or greater
in PubChem can be named as variants of these
– argipressin (1-8) vs H-Cys(1)-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys(1)-Pro-Arg-OH
– Cbz-cholecystokinin octapeptide (2-7) amide vs Cbz-
Tyr(SO3H)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-NH2
– [Ile1,Ser2,Ser8]cyphokinin vs H-Ile-Ser-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-
Pro-Phe-Arg-OH](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oboyle-2018aug-biopolymerrepresentations-180821112756/85/Building-a-bridge-between-human-readable-and-machine-readable-representations-of-biopolymers-29-320.jpg)
Building a bridge between human-readable and machine-readable representations of biopolymers
- 1. Building a bridge between human-readable and machine-readable representations of biopolymers Noel O’Boyle and Roger Sayle NextMove Software 256th ACS National Meeting Washington Aug 2018
- 2. Introduction
- 4. Names preferred by MACHINES CC(C)C[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCNC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC (=O)[C@@H](N)CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCCN)C(=O)N CCCC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCNC(=O)[ C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@ H](N)CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCC N)C(N)=O PEPTIDE1{K.F.K.[Orn].L.K.K.L.K.[am]}|PEPTIDE2{K.F.K.[Orn].L}|PEPTIDE3{K.F}|PEPTIDE4{K.F}$PEPTIDE1, PEPTIDE2,6:R3-5:R2|PEPTIDE2,PEPTIDE3,3:R3-2:R2|PEPTIDE1,PEPTIDE4,3:R3-2:R2$$$ HELM SMILES
- 5. Names preferred by Humans • IUPAC/IUBMB recommendations from 1983 describe a three-letter system for peptides [1] – L- by default, D-/DL- must be specified – Side-chain substitutions like Ser(Ac), Asp(OMe) – Terminal modifications like Ac-Tyr-OMe, Me2-Lys – Backbone N substitution like Ala-(Me)Ala – Cyclic peptides like cyclo(-Val-Orn-Leu-) – Peptide analogs like Ala-[psi](NH-CO)-Ala • See also Bachem nomenclature guide [2] [1] http://www.sbcs.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/ [2] http://www.bachem.com/service-support/faq/nomenclature/ adrenorphin as H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Arg-Val-NH2
- 6. • The recommendations use drawings of bonds to indicate heterodetic cyclic peptides • In practice, people either use free text or cyclo – cyclo only handles simple situations; cannot handle overlapping disulphide bridges for example • We use ring closure bonds like in SMILES [1] – H-Cys(1)-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys(1)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 – H-Thr(1)-Gly-Gly-Gly-(1) Describing Cycles without LINES [1] Similar to that described in “Abbreviated nomenclature for cyclic and branched homo- and hetero-detic peptides.” J. Peptide Res. 2005, 65, 550.
- 7. NAMES SUITABLE FOR HUMANS *AND* MACHINES H-Lys-Phe-(1).H-Lys-Phe-Lys(1)-Orn-Leu-Lys(2)-Lys-Leu-Lys-NH2.H-Lys-Phe-Lys(3)- Orn-Leu-(2).H-Lys-Phe-(3) IUPAC Condensed
- 9. Roger’s Recommendations [1] • Don’t use a dictionary; create monomers from building blocks and use systematic names – Stereo, parent, backbone/sidechain substituents • H-Ala-D-N(Bu)Phe(4-Cl)-OH • Retain widely used 3-letter codes and use substituent abbreviations or line formulae • Consider aminoacids to have default substitution locants, but have ability to specify – Ser(Me), Phe(4-Cl) • Implicit leaving groups – Asp(OMe) – OH for acids, H otherwise [1] https://www.slideshare.net/NextMoveSoftware/dallas-monomers
- 10. Monomer names, Choose wisely • S&S used some monomer names adapted from PDB monomer codes – Sometimes not used in practice in the field • For cysteine sulfinic acid – PDB has CSD, and S&S had Csd – Now changed to Cys(O2H) • For selenomethionine – PDB has MSE, and S&S had Mse – Now changed to SeMet
- 11. Monomer names, Choose wisely • 1-amino-cyclopentyl carboxylic acid – HELM 1.0 has Spg – S&S has Ac5c (Ac6c, etc.) – Vendors use Ac5c but also Cle • HELM 1.0 has Glc as a peptide N-terminal modifier – Representing glycolic acid – In sugar nomenclature, Glc is glucose, the most common monosaccharide
- 12. Text-Mining Human Representations • What three (or more) letter codes do people use? – For non-standard aminoacids – For sidechain substituents – For C- and N- terminal modifications – For non-standard connections between aminoacids • We can answer these questions by text-mining PubMed Abstracts or the patent literature – Using a grammar for IUPAC condensed notation
- 13. Mined the Gaps • Text-mining is usually for matching phrases that you know – How do you text-mine phrases that you don’t know? • Look at the gaps between text that is recognised (“entity extension”) – Filter for gaps that do not contain space – Sort the results by frequency to identify common abbreviations that were missed
- 15. Igl 2-indan-2-yl-glycine 19 times Aca ε-aminocaproic acid 9 times Dhb dehydrobutryine 21 times Bpa p-benzoyl phenylalanine 10 times Dpg α,α-diisopropylglycine 19 times
- 16. Unrecognised Peptide Analogs (peptide bond) -psi(CH2NH)- 9 times -psi-(CH2S)- 10 times -psi(PO2CH2)- 7 times -NH-CO-NH- 25 times -psi[CH(OH)CH2] 7 times E.g. Ala-psi(CH2NH)-Ala instead of Ala-Ala
- 17. Unrecognised N-terminus Prefixes • Extract text preceding recognised text – Must end with a hyphen – Stop at the first space dansyl- 121 times hippuryl- 39 times benzyloxycarbonyl- 530 times Suc-/succinyl- 329/167 times
- 18. Unrecognised N-terminus Prefixes • Extract text preceding recognised text – Must end with a hyphen – Stop at the first space dansyl- 121 times hippuryl- 39 times benzyloxycarbonyl- 530 times Suc-/succinyl- 329/167 times
- 19. Unrecognised C-terminus Suffixes • Extract text following any recognised text – First pass focused on text beginning with a hyphen up to the first space – Later analyses identified common space-separated phrases for esters -chloromethylketone (and variants) 270 times -fluoromethylketone (and variants) 607 times ethyl ester (already had –OEt) 30 times -beta-naphthylamide (and variants) 193 times
- 20. 3-letter codes • “A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds” – Ralph Waldo Emerson • No particular reason to stick to 3-letters – Eventually leads to ambiguities • Hyp as hydroxyproline or hypoxanthine • Xan as xanthen-9-yl or xanthosine • Unless an abbreviation is very common, favor longer names that are more descriptive – Igl vs Gly(indan-2-yl) – Dhb vs Abu(2,3-dehydro) – Bpa vs Phe(4-Bz)
- 21. Unrecognised SubStituents • Search for text containing any aminoacid followed by a bracketed expression – I used a regular expression Pxy, e.g. Lys(Pxy) pyridoxyl 7 times Mbh, e.g. Asn(Mbh) 4,4'-dimethoxybenzhydryl 8 times Mts, e.g. Arg(Mts) mesitylene-2-sulfonyl 7 times
- 22. Some care Needed • Not everything that looks like a peptide is a peptide – Ile-de-France (sheep) – Glyol, Leuol and Pheol • but not Tyrol, Lysol or Metol – Argal and Proal • but not Metal, Ileal, Penal or Seral • Even where it definitely is a peptide, it is necessary to check the details: – Is this abbreviation widely used? – Does it occur in different peptides? – Is it unambiguous?
- 23. Some care Needed • Dpa was found to occur 21 times in the gaps – Many times (but not always) in the same peptide • Inspection of the papers behind the abstracts and googling “Boc-Dpa-OH” indicated two potential meanings diaminopropionic acid aka Dap 3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-2,3- diaminopropionyl
- 24. HUMAN-READABLE → MACHINE-READABLE • 16.4K oligopeptides* textmined from PubMed Abstracts * Containing at least 5 monomers Tyr-d-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH(2) Asp-Thr(P)-Pro-Ala-Lys Pyr-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Ser-Ile-Asp-Leu-Ser-Leu-Glu-Leu-Leu-Arg-Lys-Met-Ile-Glu-Ile Gly-Ala-Aib-Pro-Ala-Aib-Aib-Glu Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys L-Ala-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 Glu-Asp-Pro-Gln-Gly-Asx-Ala-Ala Ac-Phe-Leu-Val-His-NH2 Gly-Asx-Glx-Ser-Thr-Cys Ac-Met-Glu-Glu-Lys-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Lys-Ile-Ile-Phe-Val-Val-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-Ser-Gly-Lys-Gly-Thr-Gln- Cys-Glu-Lys-Ile-Val-Gln-Lys-Tyr-Gly-Tyr-Thr-His-Leu-Ser-Thr-Gly-Asp-Leu-Leu-Arg-Ser-Glu-Val-Ser-Ser- Gly-Ser-Ala-Arg-Gly-Lys-Lys-Leu-Ser-Glu-Ile-Met-Glu-Lys-Gly-Gln-Leu-Val-Pro-Leu-Glu-Thr-Val-Leu-Asp- Met-Leu-Arg-Asp-Ala-Met-Val-Ala-Lys-Val-Asn-Thr-Ser-Lys-Gly-Phe-Leu-Ile-Asp-Gly-…….
- 25. HUMAN-READABLE → MACHINE-READABLE • 16.4K oligopeptides* textmined from PubMed Abstracts and converted to HELM – 2.2K not converted, 1.6K as inline HELM, 12.6K as regular HELM * Containing at least 5 monomers PEPTIDE1{Y.[dA].F.G.Y.P.S.[am]}$$$$ PEPTIDE1{D.[*C(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)OP(=O)(O)O)N* |$_R2;;;;;;;;;;;;_R1$|].P.A.K}$$$$ PEPTIDE1{[Glp].G.P.P.I.S.I.D.L.S.L.E.L.L.R.K.M.I.E.I}$$$$ PEPTIDE1{G.A.[Aib].P.A.[Aib].[Aib].E}$$$$ PEPTIDE1{[Nle].L.F.[Nle].Y.K}$$$$ PEPTIDE1{A.[dE].K.[dA].[dA]}$$$$ PEPTIDE1{[dF].C.Y.[dW].[Orn].T.[Pen].T.[am]}$$$$ PEPTIDE1{E.D.P.Q.G.(D,N).A.A}$$$$V2.0 PEPTIDE1{[ac].F.L.V.H.[am]}$$$$ PEPTIDE1{G.(D,N).(E,Q).S.T.C}$$$$V2.0 PEPTIDE1{[ac].M.E.E.K.L.K.K.T.K.I.I.F.V.V.G.G.P.G.S.G.K.G.T.Q.C.E.K.I.V.Q.K.Y.G.Y.T.H.L.S.T.G.D.L.L.R.S.E.V.S.S .G.S.A.R.G.K.K.L.S.E.I.M.E.K.G.Q.L.V.P.L.E.T.V.L.D.M.L.R.D.A.M.V.A.K.V.N.T.S.K.G.F.L.I.D.G.Y.P.R.E.V.Q.Q.G.E. E.F.E.R.R.I.G.Q.P.T.L.L.L.Y.V.D.A.G.P.E.T.M.T.R.R.L.L.K.R.G.E.T.S.G.R.V.D.N.E.E.T.I.K.K.R.L.E.T.Y.Y.K.A.T.E.P.V.I.A. F.Y.E.K.R.G.I.V.R.K.V.N.A.E.G.S.V.D.E.V.F.S.Q.V.C.T.H.L.D.A.L.K}$$$$
- 27. IUPAC Names for PeptideS (S)-N-((S)-1-((2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-1- ((4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19R)-19-amino-7-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-10-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-16-(4- hydroxybenzyl)-13-isobutyl-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17- pentaazacycloicosane-4-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (2S)-1-[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19R)-19-amino-7-(2-amino-2-oxo-ethyl)-10-(3-amino-3-oxo- propyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-13-isobutyl-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia- 5,8,11,14,17-pentazacycloicosane-4-carbonyl]-N-[(1S)-1-[(2-amino-2-oxo-ethyl)carbamoyl]-3- methyl-butyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (2S)-2-{[(2S)-1-[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19R)-19-amino-10-(2-carbamoylethyl)-7- (carbamoylmethyl)-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-13-(2-methylpropyl)-6,9,12,15,18- pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentaazacycloicosane-4-carbonyl]pyrrolidin-2- yl]formamido}-N-(carbamoylmethyl)-4-methylpentanamide L-cysteinyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-asparagyl-L-cysteinyl-L-prolyl-L-leucyl- glycinamide (1->6)-disulphide [Leu3]oxytocin
- 28. Names that show Relationships • Often better to describe a structure as a delta (or modification) of a known structure – Earlier, I showed Bpa versus Phe(4-Bz); reduces cognitive load; similarity of Phe(4-X) follows intuitively • If we apply this to whole peptides: – Name a peptide as a delta from a reference set of peptides – e.g. ‘known peptides’, or an in-house database • Modification nomenclature described in 1983 IUPAC- IUBMB recommendations
- 29. Analysis of PubChem • Curated database of oligopeptides of biological interest (currently 452 entries) • 10.5% of the 170,708 peptides of length 5 or greater in PubChem can be named as variants of these – argipressin (1-8) vs H-Cys(1)-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys(1)-Pro-Arg-OH – Cbz-cholecystokinin octapeptide (2-7) amide vs Cbz- Tyr(SO3H)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-NH2 – [Ile1,Ser2,Ser8]cyphokinin vs H-Ile-Ser-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser- Pro-Phe-Arg-OH
- 30. In Conclusion • Textmining using LeadMine • Biologic representations using Sugar&Splice THANKS! TOOLS USED • Machines can bridge the gap to humans by reading/writing human-readable representations of biopolymers • Appropriate monomer names can be found by mining the literature noel@nextmovesoftware.com