Building Distributed Systems
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The document serves as a comprehensive decision guide for building distributed systems, discussing their architecture, components, and challenges such as availability, scalability, and security. It covers concepts such as concurrency, synchronization, and various system architectures, providing practical examples and code snippets in Ruby. Finally, it discusses messaging systems and frameworks for implementing these distributed systems, while hinting at future topics on algorithms and patterns.
![Microcosm ->
Macrocosm
Middleware
[ * ] Process
Host
Network](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/buildingdistributedsystems-151225081202/85/Building-Distributed-Systems-68-320.jpg)
![require 'thread'
class RaceCondition
def initialize(resource, concurrency_level)
@resource = resource
@concurrency_level = concurrency_level
end
def perform
@concurrency_level.times do
threads << Thread.new { action }
end
threads.each(&:join)
end
private
def threads
@threads ||= []
end
def action
@resource += 1
puts @resource
end
end
RaceCondition.new(0, 10).perform
# 12
# 3
# 5
# 6
# 7
# 8
# 910
# 4](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/buildingdistributedsystems-151225081202/85/Building-Distributed-Systems-70-320.jpg)
![require 'thread'
class Sycnhronizer
def initialize(resource, concurrency_level)
@resource = resource
@concurrency_level = concurrency_level
end
def perform
@concurrency_level.times do
threads << Thread.new { action }
end
threads.each(&:join)
end
private
def threads
@threads ||= []
end
def action
lock.synchronize do
@resource += 1
puts @resource
end
end
def lock
@lock ||= Mutex.new
end
end
Sycnhronizer.new(0, 10).perform
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5
# 6
# 7
# 8
# 9
# 10](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/buildingdistributedsystems-151225081202/85/Building-Distributed-Systems-71-320.jpg)
![Microcosm ->
Macrocosm
Process
[ * ] Host
NetworkMiddleware](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/buildingdistributedsystems-151225081202/85/Building-Distributed-Systems-72-320.jpg)
![Microcosm ->
Macrocosm
Process
Host
[ * ] NetworkMiddleware](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/buildingdistributedsystems-151225081202/85/Building-Distributed-Systems-80-320.jpg)
![require "bunny"
conn = Bunny.new
conn.start
ch = conn.create_channel
q = ch.queue("hello")
puts " [*] Waiting for messages in #{q.name}. To exit press CTRL+C"
q.subscribe(:block => true) do |delivery_info, properties, body|
puts " [x] Received #{body}"
# cancel the consumer to exit
delivery_info.consumer.cancel
end
require "bunny"
conn = Bunny.new(:hostname => "rabbit.local")
conn.start
ch = conn.create_channel
q = ch.queue("hello")
ch.default_exchange.publish("Hello World!", :routing_key => q.name)
puts " [x] Sent 'Hello World!'"
conn.close](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/buildingdistributedsystems-151225081202/85/Building-Distributed-Systems-82-320.jpg)
![require "bunny"
conn = Bunny.new
conn.start
ch = conn.create_channel
x = ch.fanout("logs")
msg = ARGV.empty? ? "Hello World!" : ARGV.join(" ")
x.publish(msg)
puts " [x] Sent #{msg}"
conn.close
require "bunny"
conn = Bunny.new
conn.start
ch = conn.create_channel
x = ch.fanout("logs")
q = ch.queue("", :exclusive => true)
q.bind(x)
puts " [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C"
begin
q.subscribe(:block => true) do |delivery_info, properties, body|
puts " [x] #{body}"
end
rescue Interrupt => _
ch.close
conn.close
end](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/buildingdistributedsystems-151225081202/85/Building-Distributed-Systems-83-320.jpg)
Building Distributed Systems
- 2. Oleksiy Kurnenkov Core Infrastructure Domain lead OnApp
- 5. Distributed system is a set of interconnected functional units with separate runtime context
- 6. MONOLITH : DISTRIBUTED 1 Runtime context Coroutines Threads Process N Runtime contexts Nodes Components Clusters Grids
- 7. SCALE Small -> Middle -> Global -> OS, LAN LAN WAN
- 9. CDN
- 10. Grid
- 12. Cloud
- 13. Cluster
- 14. Enterprise
- 18. It grows and shrinks Scalability
- 19. U ain’ gonna crack it >:| Security
- 20. It is open for development and integration Opennes
- 23. Less know - less depend Transparency
- 25. Fallacies The network is reliable Latency is zero Bandwidth is infinite The network is secure Topology doesn't change There is one administrator Transport cost is zero The network is homogeneous
- 27. Mechanics I Membership Concurrency / Parallelism Synchronization Coordination Consensus Clustering
- 29. Membership Heartbeats Up-2-date list of nodes
- 30. We are Legion Concurrency / Parallelism
- 31. Concurrency / Parallelism Actors Process Calculi Shared memory
- 35. Coordination Leader election Orchestration the ‘Two Generals Problem’
- 36. Deal Consensus
- 37. Consensus Quorum Consistency Availability Partition tolerance
- 43. Failover Data | State Accessibility Resource allocation Spare Capacity Business Continuity
- 46. Apache YARN Apache Zookeeper Apache Mesos Apache Drill Google Chubby CoreOS Google Kubernetes Google Dremel
- 48. Client - Server
- 49. N-tier
- 52. P2P
- 53. Context
- 57. Fractal
- 59. Subsystem -> Component -> Process -> Object
- 60. Subsystem -> Component -> Process -> Object
- 61. Subsystem -> Component -> Process -> Object
- 62. Communication Infrastructure aka Middleware IPC ----------------------------- Remote Invocation Group Communication Messaging
- 64. Remote Invocation Request - Reply RPC RMI
- 65. Group Communication { Uni | Multi | Broad } cast Publish | Subscribe
- 66. Messaging Message Queue Message Broker Pipe | Filter | Translator
- 68. Microcosm -> Macrocosm Middleware [ * ] Process Host Network
- 69. Within a process Threads Shared memory Mutex | Monitor
- 70. require 'thread' class RaceCondition def initialize(resource, concurrency_level) @resource = resource @concurrency_level = concurrency_level end def perform @concurrency_level.times do threads << Thread.new { action } end threads.each(&:join) end private def threads @threads ||= [] end def action @resource += 1 puts @resource end end RaceCondition.new(0, 10).perform # 12 # 3 # 5 # 6 # 7 # 8 # 910 # 4
- 71. require 'thread' class Sycnhronizer def initialize(resource, concurrency_level) @resource = resource @concurrency_level = concurrency_level end def perform @concurrency_level.times do threads << Thread.new { action } end threads.each(&:join) end private def threads @threads ||= [] end def action lock.synchronize do @resource += 1 puts @resource end end def lock @lock ||= Mutex.new end end Sycnhronizer.new(0, 10).perform # 1 # 2 # 3 # 4 # 5 # 6 # 7 # 8 # 9 # 10
- 72. Microcosm -> Macrocosm Process [ * ] Host NetworkMiddleware
- 73. Within a host Processes MQ | Shared memory | Pipes | UNIX Socket Semaphore
- 74. # http://bogomips.org/ruby_posix_mq/ require 'posix_mq' class Producer attr_reader :mq def initialize(mq_name) @mq = POSIX_MQ.new("/foo", :rw) end def send(message, prio = 0) puts "Send: #{message}. Priority #{prio}" mq.send("#{message} #{prio}", prio) end end p = Producer.new("/test_ipc") p.send("Hello from #{Process.pid}", 10) p.send("Hello from #{Process.pid}", 2) p.send("Hello from #{Process.pid}", 0) p.send("Hello from #{Process.pid}", 1) p.send("Hello from #{Process.pid}", 20) # ruby posix_mq/producer.rb # # Send: Hello from 12635. Priority 10 # Send: Hello from 12635. Priority 2 # Send: Hello from 12635. Priority 0 # Send: Hello from 12635. Priority 1 # Send: Hello from 12635. Priority 20
- 75. # http://bogomips.org/ruby_posix_mq/ require 'posix_mq' class Consumer attr_reader :mq def initialize(mq_name) @mq = POSIX_MQ.new("/foo", :rw) end def receive mq.receive.first end def receive_non_block mq.nonblock = true begin receive rescue Errno::EAGAIN mq.nonblock = false puts "Nothing" end end def shift mq.tryshift end end c = Consumer.new("/test_ipc") while m = c.shift puts "got: #{m}" end # ruby posix_mq/consumer.rb # got: Hello from 12635 10 # got: Hello from 12635 20 # got: Hello from 12635 2 # got: Hello from 12635 1 # got: Hello from 12635 0
- 76. # https://github.com/pmahoney/process_shared require 'process_shared' mutex = ProcessShared::Mutex.new mem = ProcessShared::SharedMemory.new(:int) mem.put_int(0, 0) pid1 = fork do puts "in process 1 (#{Process.pid})" 10.times do sleep 0.01 mutex.synchronize do value = mem.get_int(0) sleep 0.01 puts "process 1 (#{Process.pid}) incrementing" mem.put_int(0, value + 1) end end end pid2 = fork do puts "in process 2 (#{Process.pid})" 10.times do sleep 0.01 mutex.synchronize do value = mem.get_int(0) sleep 0.01 puts "process 2 (#{Process.pid}) decrementing" mem.put_int(0, value - 1) end end end Process.wait(pid1) Process.wait(pid2) # ruby shm.rb # # in process 1 (8038) # in process 2 (8041) # process 1 (8038) incrementing # process 2 (8041) decrementing # process 1 (8038) incrementing # process 2 (8041) decrementing # process 1 (8038) incrementing # process 2 (8041) decrementing # process 1 (8038) incrementing # process 2 (8041) decrementing # process 1 (8038) incrementing # process 2 (8041) decrementing # process 1 (8038) incrementing # process 2 (8041) decrementing # process 1 (8038) incrementing # process 2 (8041) decrementing # process 1 (8038) incrementing # process 2 (8041) decrementing # process 1 (8038) incrementing # process 2 (8041) decrementing # process 1 (8038) incrementing # process 2 (8041) decrementing # value should be zero: 0
- 77. rd_child, wr_parent = IO.pipe rd_parent, wr_child = IO.pipe pid = fork do rd_parent.close wr_parent.close wr_child.puts "sent from child process" puts rd_child.gets end rd_child.close wr_child.close wr_parent.write "sent from parent process" puts rd_parent.gets # ruby pipes/pipes.rb # # sent from child process # sent from parent process
- 78. require 'eventmachine' module UnixServer def receive_data(data) puts data EM.stop if data.chomp == "exit" send_data("Server #{Process.pid}: Got #{data.chomp} from you") close_connection_after_writing end end EM.run do puts "Started UNIX socket server on /tmp/sock" EM::start_unix_domain_server("/tmp/sock", UnixServer) end # ruby server.rb # # Started UNIX socket server on /tmp/sock # # HELLO! My pid is 13847
- 79. require 'socket' UNIXSocket.open("/tmp/sock") do |c| c.write("HELLO! My pid is #{Process.pid}") puts c.read end # ruby client.rb # # Server 13843: Got HELLO! My pid is 13847 from you
- 80. Microcosm -> Macrocosm Process Host [ * ] NetworkMiddleware
- 81. Over the Network { TCP | UDP } Socket HTTP Client - Server Async messaging
- 82. require "bunny" conn = Bunny.new conn.start ch = conn.create_channel q = ch.queue("hello") puts " [*] Waiting for messages in #{q.name}. To exit press CTRL+C" q.subscribe(:block => true) do |delivery_info, properties, body| puts " [x] Received #{body}" # cancel the consumer to exit delivery_info.consumer.cancel end require "bunny" conn = Bunny.new(:hostname => "rabbit.local") conn.start ch = conn.create_channel q = ch.queue("hello") ch.default_exchange.publish("Hello World!", :routing_key => q.name) puts " [x] Sent 'Hello World!'" conn.close
- 83. require "bunny" conn = Bunny.new conn.start ch = conn.create_channel x = ch.fanout("logs") msg = ARGV.empty? ? "Hello World!" : ARGV.join(" ") x.publish(msg) puts " [x] Sent #{msg}" conn.close require "bunny" conn = Bunny.new conn.start ch = conn.create_channel x = ch.fanout("logs") q = ch.queue("", :exclusive => true) q.bind(x) puts " [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C" begin q.subscribe(:block => true) do |delivery_info, properties, body| puts " [x] #{body}" end rescue Interrupt => _ ch.close conn.close end
- 86. Next time To be continued: Algorithms, patterns, code!
- 87. Thank you! Q&A