Building Services_Interior Design_Module 1_Lighting_Design.pdf

1
BUILDING SERVICES
• Module 1
• Quality & Quantity of Light, various methods /
types of lighting, various types of lamps currently
available in the market - incandescent, fluorescent,
HID, LED’s, etc..

2
Introduction
• Light: electromagnetic waves in space
❖ Light is defined as the electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths
between 380 and 750 nm which is visible to the human eye.
Basic Theory
The electromagnetic spectrum

3
❖ In a vacuum, visible light travels at the speed of approximately 299
792 458 metres per second (m/s). This is known as the speed
of light.
❖ Light has the properties of waves. Light waves have crests and
troughs.
❖ The distance between one crest and the next, which is the same as
the distance between one trough and the next, is called the
wavelength.

❖ The frequency of a wave is the number of crests (or troughs) that
pass a point in one second.
❖ The wavelength multiplied by the frequency equals the speed
at which the wave travels.
❖ These different colours of light have different wavelengths and
frequencies. Red light has the longest wavelength, and the lowest
frequency of the visible spectrum. Violet has the shortest
wavelength, and the highest frequency of the visible spectrum.
4

❖ An alternative physical description of light is to consider radiation as
being emitted as discrete parcels of energy, called photons, which
have dual nature – that of a particle and a wave.
❖ The fundamental parameter that distinguishes one part of the
electromagnetic spectrum from another is the wavelength.
❖ Photons’ energy levels are determined by measuring their
wavelength.
❖ The energy of a photon is directly proportional to the photon’s
frequency, and inversely proportional to its wavelength.
So, γ rays consist of very high-energy photons with shorter
wavelengths and higher frequencies compared to radio waves.
5

❖ In addition, light is characterized by its intensity.
For example, the blindingly intensive red light on a theater stage
may consist of photons of the same energy and wavelength as the
red stoplight at a street corner; however, stage light is different in
terms of the quantity of photons emitted.
❖ The higher the number of photons irradiated, the higher the
amplitude (the height) of the wave of these photons. The figure
below shows photons of the same wavelength (λ), frequency and
energy which have two different levels of intensity:
❖ The amplitude is a quantitative characteristic of light, while
wavelength (intrinsically linked to photons’ energy and frequency)
characterises the nature of light qualitatively.
6

❖ Another important property of light is that light travels in a straight
line. We get shadows when light is blocked by an object. Light can
pass through some but not all objects. We call objects and materials
that light can pass through transparent. We call objects and
materials that light cannot pass through opaque. We call objects
that let some, but not all light pass through translucent.
7

8
● Types of light sources:
❖ Light is a form of energy, which is produced from a source. These
sources are called light sources.
❖ The two main categories are natural sources and artificial sources.
❖ Natural Light Sources - Some things present in nature that have
the ability to emit light on their own are the Sun, stars, certain
natural phenomenons such as lightning and volcanic eruptions and
some living organism like fireflies, glow worms and jellyfish, etc.
❖ Artificial Light Sources - Light can also be artificially produced.
The are three categories light can be produced or emitted through.

9
● Light is emitted through:
a) Incandescence
b) Electric discharge
c) Electro / Photo luminescence
a) Incandescent Sources
❖ Under incandescent sources, solids and liquids are heated to a high
temperature (about 1000K) till they begin to emit light. In this
process, both infrared and visible lights are produced.
❖ An incandescent light source is the most common type of source in
which Sun, light bulbs and fires can be included.

10
❖ A common example of the incandescent light source is when a
metal is heated, the atoms present in the metals gets vibrated and
emit photons which emit radiation to make it visible to the human
eye by raising the wavelength in the spectrum.
❖ As the temperature increases, the intensity increases and the
appearance becomes whiter.
b) Discharge Sources
❖ Under discharge sources, electric current is passed through a
certain gas at very low pressure causing the atoms and the
molecules to emit light.
❖ Its examples include sodium lamps, mercury lamps, argon lamps
and neon lamps.

11
c) Luminescent sources
❖ Luminescence emission occurs after an appropriate material has
absorbed energy from a source such as ultraviolet or X-ray
radiation, electron beams, chemical reactions, and so on. The
absorbed energy lifts the atoms of the material into an excited
state, and then, because excited states are unstable, the material
undergoes another transition, back to its original ground state, and
the absorbed energy is liberated in the form of either light or heat or
both.
❖ Electro Luminescence - Light is generated when electric current is
passed through certain solids such as semiconductor or phosphor
materials.
❖ Photo Luminescence - is the emission of light from a substance as
a result of absorption of electromagnetic radiation. Radiation at one
wavelength is absorbed, usually by a solid, and re-emitted at a
different wavelength. The emitted light usually has a longer
wavelength than the incident radiation. When the re-emitted
radiation is visible the phenomenon may be termed either
fluorescence or phosphorescence.

13
Definitions and Common terms
● Wattage - the amount of electrical power consumed by
a lamp or light fixture is measured in “watts”
● Volt - is the unit of electric potential. One volt is defined
as the electric potential between two points of a
conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere
dissipates one watt of power between those points.
● Ampere - is a unit of measure of the rate of flow of
current in an electrical conductor. One ampere of current
represents one coulomb of electrical charge(amount of
energy) (6.24 x 1018 charge carriers) moving past a
specific point in one second.
Watts = Volts x Amps

14
● Luminous Flux - is the measure of the perceived
power of light. The SI unit of luminous flux is the lumen
(lm).
➢ Lumen - is the photometric equivalent of the watt.
In simple terms, Lumens are a measure of the total
amount of visible light (to the human eye) from a lamp or
light source. The higher the lumen rating the “brighter”
the lamp will appear.
● Lux - is the metric unit of measure for illuminance on a
surface. One lux is the amount of illumination provided
when one lumen is evenly distributed over an area of
one square metre.
1 lux = 1 lumen / m2
Lux therefore takes into account the area over which the
luminous flux is spread.

15
● Efficacy - is a measure of how much light a light source produces
for the energy put into it. This is normally expressed in lm/W
(lumens per watt)
● The Color Rendering Index (CRI) - measures a light
source's ability to accurately render colors compared to a
standard reference source. It's quantified on a scale from 0 to
100, with higher values indicating better color rendering. CRI is
crucial for applications like retail, art galleries, and photography,
where accurate color representation is essential. A high CRI
ensures that colors appear vibrant and true to life under the given
light source.

19
Types of Lamps
• Incandescent lamps
• Tungsten Halogen Lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High pressure sodium lamps
• Low pressure sodium lamps
• Mercury vapour
• Metal halide
• LED lamps
HID lamps

20
Incandescent Lamps
• Bulb contains vacuum or gas
filling
• Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt
• Color rendering index:
1A(90-100)
• Color temperature: 2500 –
2700 K
• Lamp life <2000 hrs

21
Incandescent Lamps
● Incandescent lamps are traditional light bulbs that produce light by
heating a tungsten filament.
● The filament, enclosed in a glass bulb with vacuum or inert gas
filling, heats up when electricity passes through it, emitting light.
● Known for their warm color temperature, they offer a cozy
ambiance similar to natural sunlight.
● incandescent bulbs are less energy-efficient compared to CFLs
and LEDs.
● An incandescent lamp emits radiation as a 'grey body', meaning it
emits a broad spectrum of radiation with most of it falling within the
visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This characteristic
results in the production of visible light when the lamp is powered
on.

22
Incandescent Lamps
● The bulb of an incandescent lamp contains either a vacuum or an
inert gas filling, such as argon or nitrogen. This gas filling serves
two primary purposes: it prevents oxidation of the tungsten
filament, which could cause it to deteriorate rapidly, and it provides
an environment conducive to the incandescent process.
● Despite the absence of oxygen in the bulb, the tungsten filament
can still undergo evaporation due to the high temperatures
generated during operation. This evaporation gradually reduces the
filament size and can eventually lead to its failure.
● When the bulb is filled with an inert gas, the evaporation of the
tungsten filament is suppressed. The effectiveness of this
suppression depends on the molecular weight of the gas used, with
heavier gases being more successful in preventing evaporation.

23
Incandescent Lamps
● Gas-filled lamps typically incorporate fuses in the lead wires. These
fuses serve as a safety mechanism to prevent electrical discharge
in the event of a small break or fault in the circuit. Without these
fuses, such faults could result in the lamp drawing very high
currents, potentially causing damage or posing a safety hazard.
● As filament fracture is a common cause of lamp failure, it would not
be convenient for the fuses in the lamp's sub-circuits to fail
prematurely. Therefore, the design ensures that the fuses remain
intact even if the filament fractures, allowing for safe operation and
preventing further damage to the lamp or associated circuits.

24
Fluorescent Lamps
• 3 – 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent lamps and last
10 – 20 times longer
• Electricity passes through a gas or metallic vapor and causes
radiation
(BEE India, 2005)

25
Fluorescent Lamps
● Fluorescent lamps are significantly more efficient than standard
incandescent lamps, typically about 3 to 5 times more efficient.
They also have a much longer lifespan, lasting approximately 10 to
20 times longer than incandescent bulbs.
● Fluorescent lamps operate by passing electricity through a gas or
metallic vapor, causing the gas to emit electromagnetic radiation at
specific wavelengths. This radiation depends on the chemical
composition and pressure of the gas. Fluorescent tubes contain
low-pressure mercury vapor, which emits blue-green radiation
when energized.
● The inside surface of the glass tube in a fluorescent lamp is coated
with a thin layer of phosphor. This phosphor coating serves a
crucial role in the operation of the lamp. It absorbs the ultraviolet
(UV) radiation emitted by the mercury vapor and then re-emits it in
the visible region of the spectrum. This process of converting UV
light into visible light is approximately 50% efficient.

26
Fluorescent Lamps
● Fluorescent tubes are classified as "hot cathode" lamps. This
designation refers to the method used to initiate the lamp's
operation. The cathodes, which are electrodes within the tube, are
heated as part of the starting process. These cathodes consist of
tungsten filaments coated with a layer of barium carbonate.
● In summary, fluorescent lamps operate by exciting mercury vapor
to emit UV radiation, which is then converted into visible light by a
phosphor coating inside the tube. They are highly efficient and
long-lasting compared to incandescent lamps, making them
popular for various applications such as residential lighting,
commercial lighting, and industrial lighting. However, fluorescent
lamps do have some drawbacks, including the presence of
mercury, which requires proper disposal methods, and potential
flickering and humming issues.

28
HID Lamps
● A general group of lamps consisting of mercury, metal halide, high
pressure sodium, and low pressure sodium lamps are referred to
as high intensity discharge or HID lamps. In these lamps an arc
passes between two electrodes in a pressurized tube causing
various metallic additives to vaporize and release large amounts of
light.
● - HID lighting utilizes metal-halide salts to emit bright, white light
akin to natural daylight. Its components include a gas mixture
(mercury vapor and xenon gas), an arc tube, and electrodes.
● - HID lamps, available in types like metal halide and high-pressure
sodium, serve specific purposes such as outdoor sports fields and
street lighting.
● - These lamps operate by passing electricity through a gas-filled
arc tube, creating plasma that generates ultraviolet light, exciting a
phosphor coating to produce visible light.

29
HID Lamps
● - Offering high energy efficiency and a long lifespan (up to 20,000
hours), HID lighting is versatile and cost-effective, suitable for
diverse applications.
● - While prevalent in automotive, industrial, and commercial settings,
HID fixtures are less common in homes, usually limited to
workshops or garages due to their high-intensity lumens.

31
LED Lamps
• Light Emitting Diode (LED): A semiconductor device
that emits light when electrical current is applied.

32
LED Lamps
● An LED is a type of semiconductor diode that emits light when an
electric current passes through it. Unlike traditional light sources
such as incandescent bulbs or fluorescent lamps, which rely on
heating a filament or exciting gas molecules to produce light, LEDs
generate light through a process called electroluminescence.
● Light-emitting diodes are heavily doped p-n junctions. Based on the
semiconductor material used and the amount of doping, an LED
will emit coloured light at a particular spectral wavelength when
forward biased. As shown in the figure, an LED is encapsulated
with a transparent cover so that emitted light can come out.

34
LED Lamps
● The circuit consists of an LED, a voltage supply and a resistor to
regulate the current and voltage.
● An LED, like a normal diode, consists of a chip of semiconducting
material impregnated, or doped, with impurities to create a p-n
junction. This junction allows current to flow easily from the p-side,
or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction.
Charge-carriers—electrons and holes—flow into the junction from
electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole,
it falls into a lower energy level and releases energy in the form of a
photon.
● the choice of semiconducting materials for LEDs is crucial because
the band gap energy determines the wavelength and color of the
emitted light.

35
LED Lamps
● The band gap energy refers to the energy difference between the
valence band (where electrons normally reside) and the conduction
band (where electrons can move freely) in a semiconductor
material. This energy determines how easily electrons can move
from the valence band to the conduction band.
● Aluminium alloys are used to obtain red, orange and yellow light,
and indium alloys are used to get green, blue and white light. Slight
changes in the composition of these alloys change the colour of the
emitted light.
● LED lights are used in residential, commercial, outdoor, automotive,
and specialized lighting applications due to their energy efficiency,
long lifespan, versatility and low to no maintenance costs.

37
Incandescent Halogen Fluorescent Metal Halide White LED
Efficacy
(Im/W)
7 - 20 15 - 20 50 - 100 80 - 110 70 - 110
Life time
(hrs)
750 –
2,000
2,000 – 4,000 9,000 – 20,000 5,000 – 20,000 50,000+
CCT
(K)
2,500 –
3,000
2,800 – 3,150 2,700 – 7,500 4,000 2,700 – 10,000
CRI ≥ 95 100 70 - 85 70 70 - 85
LED versus Other Lamps
These are only the source efficacies, not the entire luminaire.

38
• Day-lighting
• Artificial Lighting
Types of Lighting
DAYLIGHT
• depends on the amount and
direction of sunlight, cloud
cover, local terrain, and the
season
• the amount of daylight
entering the workplace can
be controlled with tinted
glass, window blinds,
curtains, and awnings
• Day Lighting utilizes sunlight through windows, skylights, or light
tubes, providing a dynamic and visually pleasing illumination that
enhances occupant well-being and reduces reliance on artificial
lighting during daytime.

39
DAYLIGHT
• Direct sunlight penetrates directly into a space, providing high
levels of illumination and warmth but may cause glare and uneven
lighting distribution without proper shading or diffusing techniques.
• direct sunlight can be scattered and got into a space indirectly,
either through diffusing materials or reflected off surfaces, creating
a softer and more even illumination that minimizes glare and
enhances visual comfort.
• Day light can be harvested by incorporating daylight-responsive
controls and sensors to optimize the use of artificial lighting,
reducing energy consumption.
• Daylighting Design Strategies that we use are orientation/ direction,
window size and placement, shading devices, light shelves, and
interior finishes to maximize daylight penetration, minimize glare,
and promote energy efficiency and increase the comfort of
occupants in the buildings.

40
There are three basic types
of lighting:
• general,
• localized-general, and
• local (or task).
General lighting provides
fairly uniform lighting. An
example would be ceiling
fixtures that light up large
areas.
Types of Lighting 1

41
These types cater to different lighting needs, from overall brightness
to focused illumination for specific tasks.
General lighting
provides overall illumination to a space, typically with a uniform
distribution of light. It aims to illuminate the entire area evenly,
ensuring visibility and comfort.
Localized-general lighting
combines elements of both general and task lighting. It provides
overall illumination to a space while also focusing on specific areas
or tasks within that space.
Task lighting
is designed to provide focused illumination for specific activities or
tasks. It illuminates localized areas where detailed work is
performed, such as reading, cooking, or crafting. It enhances visual
clarity and reduces eye strain.
Types of Lighting 1

42
✔ Direct Lighting
✔ Direct – Indirect Lighting
✔ In-direct Lighting
• No single type of light fixture is appropriate in
every situation.
• The amount and quality of lighting required for a
particular workstation or task will determine which
light fixture is most suitable.
Types of Lighting 2

43
Classification of types of lights can be made based on their emission
and distribution of light, and function and purpose of the use of lighting.
● Direct Lighting: Emit light downward onto a surface or area
Illuminating specific areas directly. Used for task-oriented
environments requiring focused illumination like reading or cooking.
Examples: Pendant lights over dining tables, track lighting in art
galleries, downlights for general lighting.
● Indirect Lighting: Emit light upward or towards walls, reflecting off
surfaces and creating a soft, diffused glow. Used in spaces where
comfortable and visually appealing illumination is desired. Ideal for
creating ambiance and reducing glare and shadows.
Examples: Wall sconces in living rooms, cove lighting in bedrooms,
uplights for accent lighting.
Types of Lighting 2

44
● Direct-Indirect Lighting: Combines both upward and downward
light emission for balanced illumination. Direct-indirect lighting
offers the benefits of both direct and indirect lighting, making it a
popular choice for environments that require both functional and
ambient illumination.
This type of lighting is commonly used in settings where flexibility
and adaptability are key, such as offices, conference rooms, and
commercial spaces.
Examples: include linear pendant lights with both upward and
downward light emission, suspended luminaires with adjustable
light distribution, and architectural lighting systems designed to
integrate seamlessly into the built environment.
Types of Lighting 2

45
✔ Ambient Lighting
✔ Task Lighting
✔ Accent Lighting
✔ Decorative Lighting
Further classification of types of
lighting

46
● Ambient Lighting:
Function: to Provide overall illumination and create a comfortable
and inviting atmosphere, to Ensure basic visibility and brightness
throughout a space.
Design Considerations: When designing ambient lighting, factors
such as the size and layout of the space, the color temperature of
the light, and the intensity of the illumination should be taken into
account to create a balanced and comfortable environment.

47
● Task lighting:
Task lighting directs bright, focused light to specific areas,
enhancing clarity, reducing eye strain, and boosting productivity
and comfort.
In task lighting, the light produced is brighter and more intense
compared to ambient lighting, ensuring optimal visibility for tasks
that require close attention to detail.
Design Considerations: When designing task lighting, factors such
as the color temperature of the light, the flexibility and adjustability
of the fixtures, and the positioning of the light source relative to the
task area should be considered to ensure optimal performance and
comfort.
Overall, task lighting plays a crucial role in providing functional
illumination for specific activities, enhancing productivity, and
promoting visual comfort. It complements ambient lighting by
addressing the lighting needs of individual tasks, contributing to a
well-lit and ergonomic environment.

48
● Accent Lighting:
is used to highlight and emphasize specific architectural features,
artwork, or decor elements within a space, adding depth,
dimension, and visual interest.
Basically, it is used to draw attention to focal points, create
contrast, and enhance the overall aesthetic appeal of a room. It
adds drama and sophistication by illuminating key elements and
creating focal points of interest, creating highlights and shadows to
accentuate texture and form.
Design Considerations: When designing accent lighting, factors
such as the color temperature of the light, the angle of illumination,
and the positioning of the fixtures relative to the target area should
be considered to achieve the desired effect. Careful placement and
layering of accent lighting can create a dynamic and visually
appealing environment.
Overall, accent lighting complements ambient and task lighting by
adding layers of illumination, resulting in a well-balanced and
visually captivating environment.

49
● Decorative lighting:
It serves primarily aesthetic purposes, enhancing the visual appeal
and ambiance of a space through stylish and visually striking
fixtures. The main purpose of decorative lighting is to add
personality, style, and ambiance to complement the overall decor
and design scheme of a room. It serves as a focal point and
contributes to the overall atmosphere and mood of the space.
Decorative lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes,
and styles, ranging from elegant chandeliers and statement
pendant lights to whimsical table lamps and sculptural floor lamps.
They often feature intricate designs, ornate details, and decorative
elements such as crystals, beads, or artistic glass shades.
Design Considerations: When selecting decorative lighting, factors
such as the style, scale, and proportion of the fixture should be
considered to ensure it complements the overall decor and
architectural elements of the space. The placement of decorative
lighting can also impact the ambiance and visual flow of the room.

50
What is expected in Lighting Drawings?

53
How to make a ‘lighting’ drawing?

63
THUMB RULES OF LIGHTING DESIGN
• Layering: Use a mix of ambient, task, and accent lighting for depth
and functionality.
• Placement: Position fixtures to avoid glare and shadows, ensuring
even illumination.
• Place lighting fixtures strategically to avoid glare and shadows.
• Position ambient lighting sources evenly throughout the space
for balanced illumination.
• Direct task lighting onto specific areas where focused
illumination is needed, such as work surfaces or reading nooks.
• Use accent lighting to highlight architectural features, artwork,
or decor elements.
• Scale: Choose fixtures proportionate to the room size for visual
balance.

64
• Color Temperature: Select warm or cool lighting to set the desired
mood.
• Choose warmer color temperatures (2700K-3000K) for a cozy
and inviting atmosphere in living areas and bedrooms.
• Opt for cooler color temperatures (4000K-5000K) in
task-oriented spaces like kitchens and offices to promote
alertness and productivity.
• Consider the color rendering index (CRI) to ensure accurate
color representation, especially for tasks that require visual
accuracy.
• Dimming: Incorporate dimmable fixtures for flexibility and control
• Incorporate dimmable lighting fixtures to adjust the brightness
according to the time of day, task requirements, or mood
preferences.
• Dimming capability adds versatility and energy efficiency by
reducing electricity consumption and extending the lifespan of
bulbs.

65
• Energy Efficiency: Opt for LED lighting for longevity and
sustainability.
• Functionality: Tailor lighting to suit the activities in each space.
• Aesthetics: Select fixtures that match the style and decor of the
room.

66
Inverse Square Law Of Light

67
Application in Interior space

68
Thumb Rule 1
this formula is specifically for calculating the placement of recessed lights that use adjustable trims for
the purpose of highlighting a painting or object on the wall.

69
● The optimal aiming
angle to minimize
glare is 30-degrees
from the ceiling, so
that will be the
starting point.
a: Side a=(Side b√3)/3.
The rule for this type of
triangle is that the sides
always have a ratio of 1 : 2
: √3.
This type of triangle is
known as a “30-60-90” right
triangle.

73
Point Source Illuminance Calculation
Lux [lx] = luminous flux [lm] / area [m2]
or
Lux [lx] = luminous intensity [cd] / radius or distance squared

74
Lighting Calculations By Lumen Method
STEPS
1. Find required LUX level
2. Select Luminaire
3. Determine room index
4. Determine no. of fixtures

75
Lux Level Recommendations for a Residence

76
Its value lies between 0.4 and 0.6 for direct fittings it varies from
0.1 to 0.35 for indirect fittings

78
Lighting Calculations By Lumen Method
STEPS
5. Determine minimum spacing between luminaire
6. Determine number of rows of luminaire required along
the width of the room
7. Determine number of luminaire in each row

79
Calculating Placement For General Lighting

80
The distance between the lights is always double what it is at the ends.
Light shines down from a recessed light fixture in the
shape of a cone. In order to provide an even
distribution of light, each cone should intersect at the
surface you are illuminating.
A common mistake is to install recessed lighting with equal spacing
between the lights and the walls.
When the spacing from the wall to the first light is
the same as the spacing between the lights, you
end up with bright spots between the lights and dark
edges.

81
Calculating Placement For General Lighting
1. Determine the desired “area” that is to be illuminated (It may be the whole
room, a section of a larger room, or a work surface).
2. Measure the length of the area and write down your answer.
3. Divide the length of the area by twice (2x) the number of lights to be placed
in that row and write down your answer. This will be the distance from the
wall to your first light in that row.
4. Double (2x) your answer from the previous step and write down your
answer. This will be the distance between the rest of the lights in that row.
So remember, the distance between your lights is always twice (2x) the
distance from the wall to the first light.[divider]
5. Now do the same for the width of the area: Measure the width of the area
and write down your answer.
6. Divide the width of the area by twice (2x) the number of lights to be placed
in that row and write down your answer. This will be the distance from the
wall to your first light in that row.
7. Double (2x) your answer from the previous step and write down your
answer. This will be the distance between the rest of the lights in that row.

Building Services_Interior Design_Module 1_Lighting_Design.pdf

More Related Content

Similar to Building Services_Interior Design_Module 1_Lighting_Design.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Building Services_Interior Design_Module 1_Lighting_Design.pdf