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Digital Instant Download
Author(s): W. H. Inmon
ISBN(s): 9780471270485, 0471270482
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 1.46 MB
Year: 2002
Language: english

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NEW YORK • CHICHESTER • WEINHEIM • BRISBANE • SINGAPORE • TORONTO
Wiley Computer Publishing
W. H. Inmon
Building the
Data Warehouse
Third Edition

Building the
Data Warehouse
Third Edition

Publisher: Robert Ipsen
Editor: Robert Elliott
Developmental Editor: Emilie Herman
Managing Editor: John Atkins
Text Design & Composition: MacAllister Publishing Services, LLC
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all
instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial cap-
ital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more com-
plete information regarding trademarks and registration.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2002 by W.H. Inmon. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as
permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior
written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee
to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978)
750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Depart-
ment, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212)
850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject
matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in professional ser-
vices. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent pro-
fessional person should be sought.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN: 0-471-08130-2
Printed in the United States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To Jeanne Friedman—a friend for all times

CO NTE NTS
Preface for the Second Edition xiii
Preface for the Third Edition xiv
Acknowledgments xix
About the Author xx
Chapter 1 Evolution of Decision Support Systems 1
The Evolution 2
The Advent of DASD 4
PC/4GL Technology 4
Enter the Extract Program 5
The Spider Web 6
Problems with the Naturally Evolving Architecture 6
Lack of Data Credibility 6
Problems with Productivity 9
From Data to Information 12
A Change in Approach 15
The Architected Environment 16
Data Integration in the Architected Environment 19
Who Is the User? 19
The Development Life Cycle 21
Patterns of Hardware Utilization 22
Setting the Stage for Reengineering 23
Monitoring the Data Warehouse Environment 25
Summary 28
Chapter 2 The Data Warehouse Environment 31
The Structure of the Data Warehouse 35
Subject Orientation 36
Day 1-Day n Phenomenon 41
Granularity 43
The Benefits of Granularity 45
An Example of Granularity 46
Dual Levels of Granularity 49
vii

Exploration and Data Mining 53
Living Sample Database 53
Partitioning as a Design Approach 55
Partitioning of Data 56
Structuring Data in the Data Warehouse 59
Data Warehouse: The Standards Manual 64
Auditing and the Data Warehouse 64
Cost Justification 65
Justifying Your Data Warehouse 66
Data Homogeneity/Heterogeneity 69
Purging Warehouse Data 72
Reporting and the Architected Environment 73
The Operational Window of Opportunity 74
Incorrect Data in the Data Warehouse 76
Summary 77
Chapter 3 The Data Warehouse and Design 81
Beginning with Operational Data 82
Data/Process Models and the Architected Environment 87
The Data Warehouse and Data Models 89
The Data Warehouse Data Model 92
The Midlevel Data Model 94
The Physical Data Model 98
The Data Model and Iterative Development 102
Normalization/Denormalization 102
Snapshots in the Data Warehouse 110
Meta Data 113
Managing Reference Tables in a Data Warehouse 113
Cyclicity of Data-The Wrinkle of Time 115
Complexity of Transformation and Integration 118
Triggering the Data Warehouse Record 122
Events 122
Components of the Snapshot 123
Some Examples 123
Profile Records 124
Managing Volume 126
Creating Multiple Profile Records 127
CO NTE NTS
viii

Going from the Data Warehouse to the Operational
Environment 128
Direct Access of Data Warehouse Data 129
Indirect Access of Data Warehouse Data 130
An Airline Commission Calculation System 130
A Retail Personalization System 132
Credit Scoring 133
Indirect Use of Data Warehouse Data 136
Star Joins 137
Supporting the ODS 143
Summary 145
Chapter 4 Granularity in the Data Warehouse 147
Raw Estimates 148
Input to the Planning Process 149
Data in Overflow? 149
Overflow Storage 151
What the Levels of Granularity Will Be 155
Some Feedback Loop Techniques 156
Levels of Granularity-Banking Environment 158
Summary 165
Chapter 5 The Data Warehouse and Technology 167
Managing Large Amounts of Data 167
Managing Multiple Media 169
Index/Monitor Data 169
Interfaces to Many Technologies 170
Programmer/Designer Control of Data Placement 171
Parallel Storage/Management of Data 171
Meta Data Management 171
Language Interface 173
Efficient Loading of Data 173
Efficient Index Utilization 175
Compaction of Data 175
Compound Keys 176
Variable-Length Data 176
Lock Management 176
CONTENTS ix

Index-Only Processing 178
Fast Restore 178
Other Technological Features 178
DBMS Types and the Data Warehouse 179
Changing DBMS Technology 181
Multidimensional DBMS and the Data Warehouse 182
Data Warehousing across Multiple Storage Media 188
Meta Data in the Data Warehouse Environment 189
Context and Content 192
Three Types of Contextual Information 193
Capturing and Managing Contextual Information 194
Looking at the Past 195
Refreshing the Data Warehouse 195
Testing 198
Summary 198
Chapter 6 The Distributed Data Warehouse 201
Types of Distributed Data Warehouses 202
Local and Global Data Warehouses 202
The Technologically Distributed Data Warehouse 220
The Independently Evolving Distributed Data Warehouse 221
The Nature of the Development Efforts 222
Completely Unrelated Warehouses 224
Distributed Data Warehouse Development 226
Coordinating Development across Distributed Locations 227
The Corporate Data Model-Distributed 228
Meta Data in the Distributed Warehouse 232
Building the Warehouse on Multiple Levels 232
Multiple Groups Building the Current Level of Detail 235
Different Requirements at Different Levels 238
Other Types of Detailed Data 239
Meta Data 244
Multiple Platforms for Common Detail Data 244
Summary 245
Chapter 7 Executive Information Systems and the Data Warehouse 247
EIS-The Promise 248
A Simple Example 248
Drill-Down Analysis 251
CO NTE NTS
x

Supporting the Drill-Down Process 253
The Data Warehouse as a Basis for EIS 254
Where to Turn 256
Event Mapping 258
Detailed Data and EIS 261
Keeping Only Summary Data in the EIS 262
Summary 263
Chapter 8 External/Unstructured Data and the Data Warehouse 265
External/Unstructured Data in the Data Warehouse 268
Meta Data and External Data 269
Storing External/Unstructured Data 271
Different Components of External/Unstructured Data 272
Modeling and External/Unstructured Data 273
Secondary Reports 274
Archiving External Data 275
Comparing Internal Data to External Data 275
Summary 276
Chapter 9 Migration to the Architected Environment 277
A Migration Plan 278
The Feedback Loop 286
Strategic Considerations 287
Methodology and Migration 289
A Data-Driven Development Methodology 291
Data-Driven Methodology 293
System Development Life Cycles 294
A Philosophical Observation 294
Operational Development/DSS Development 294
Summary 295
Chapter 10 The Data Warehouse and the Web 297
Supporting the Ebusiness Environment 307
Moving Data from the Web to the Data Warehouse 307
Moving Data from the Data Warehouse to the Web 308
Web Support 309
Summary 310
CONTENTS xi

Chapter 11 ERP and the Data Warehouse 311
ERP Applications Outside the Data Warehouse 312
Building the Data Warehouse inside the ERP Environment 314
Feeding the Data Warehouse through ERP and Non-ERP
Systems 314
The ERP-Oriented Corporate Data Warehouse 318
Summary 320
Chapter 12 Data Warehouse Design Review Checklist 321
When to Do Design Review 322
Who Should Be in the Design Review? 323
What Should the Agenda Be? 323
The Results 323
Administering the Review 324
A Typical Data Warehouse Design Review 324
Summary 342
Appendix 343
Glossary 385
Reference 397
Index 407
CO NTE NTS
XII

Introduction xiii
Databases and database theory have been around for a long time. Early rendi-
tions of databases centered around a single database serving every purpose
known to the information processing community—from transaction to batch
processing to analytical processing. In most cases, the primary focus of the
early database systems was operational—usually transactional—processing. In
recent years, a more sophisticated notion of the database has emerged—one
that serves operational needs and another that serves informational or analyti-
cal needs. To some extent, this more enlightened notion of the database is due
to the advent of PCs, 4GL technology, and the empowerment of the end user.
The split of operational and informational databases occurs for many reasons:
■
■ The data serving operational needs is physically different data from that
serving informational or analytic needs.
■
■ The supporting technology for operational processing is fundamentally dif-
ferent from the technology used to support informational or analytical
needs.
■
■ The user community for operational data is different from the one served
by informational or analytical data.
■
■ The processing characteristics for the operational environment and the
informational environment are fundamentally different.
Because of these reasons (and many more), the modern way to build systems is
to separate the operational from the informational or analytical processing and
data.
This book is about the analytical [or the decision support systems (DSS)] envi-
ronment and the structuring of data in that environment. The focus of the book
is on what is termed the “data warehouse” (or “information warehouse”), which
is at the heart of informational, DSS processing.
The discussions in this book are geared to the manager and the developer.
Where appropriate, some level of discussion will be at the technical level. But,
for the most part, the book is about issues and techniques. This book is meant
to serve as a guideline for the designer and the developer.
PREFACE FOR THE SECOND EDITION
xiii

When the first edition of Building the Data Warehouse was printed, the data-
base theorists scoffed at the notion of the data warehouse. One theoretician
stated that data warehousing set back the information technology industry 20
years. Another stated that the founder of data warehousing should not be
allowed to speak in public. And yet another academic proclaimed that data
warehousing was nothing new and that the world of academia had known
about data warehousing all along although there were no books, no articles, no
classes, no seminars, no conferences, no presentations, no references, no
papers, and no use of the terms or concepts in existence in academia at that
time.
When the second edition of the book appeared, the world was mad for anything
of the Internet. In order to be successful it had to be “e” something—e-business,
e-commerce, e-tailing, and so forth. One venture capitalist was known to say,
“Why do we need a data warehouse when we have the Internet?”
But data warehousing has surpassed the database theoreticians who wanted to
put all data in a single database. Data warehousing survived the dot.com disas-
ter brought on by the short-sighted venture capitalists. In an age when technol-
ogy in general is spurned by Wall Street and Main Street, data warehousing has
never been more alive or stronger. There are conferences, seminars, books,
articles, consulting, and the like. But mostly there are companies doing data
warehousing, and making the discovery that, unlike the overhyped New Econ-
omy, the data warehouse actually delivers, even though Silicon Valley is still in
a state of denial.
The third edition of this book heralds a newer and even stronger day for data
warehousing. Today data warehousing is not a theory but a fact of life. New
technology is right around the corner to support some of the more exotic needs
of a data warehouse. Corporations are running major pieces of their business
on data warehouses. The cost of information has dropped dramatically because
of data warehouses. Managers at long last have a viable solution to the ugliness
of the legacy systems environment. For the first time, a corporate “memory” of
historical information is available. Integration of data across the corporation is
a real possibility, in most cases for the first time. Corporations are learning how
PREFACE FOR THE THIRD EDITION
xiv

to go from data to information to competitive advantage. In short, data ware-
housing has unlocked a world of possibility.
One confusing aspect of data warehousing is that it is an architecture, not a
technology. This frustrates the technician and the venture capitalist alike
because these people want to buy something in a nice clean box. But data ware-
housing simply does not lend itself to being “boxed up.” The difference between
an architecture and a technology is like the difference between Santa Fe, New
Mexico, and adobe bricks. If you drive the streets of Santa Fe you know you are
there and nowhere else. Each home, each office building, each restaurant has a
distinctive look that says “This is Santa Fe.” The look and style that make Santa
Fe distinctive are the architecture. Now, that architecture is made up of such
things as adobe bricks and exposed beams. There is a whole art to the making
of adobe bricks and exposed beams. And it is certainly true that you could not
have Santa Fe architecture without having adobe bricks and exposed beams.
But adobe bricks and exposed beams by themselves do not make an architec-
ture. They are independent technologies. For example, you have adobe bricks
throughout the Southwest and the rest of the world that are not Santa Fe
architecture.
Thus it is with architecture and technology, and with data warehousing and
databases and other technology. There is the architecture, then there is the
underlying technology, and they are two very different things. Unquestionably,
there is a relationship between data warehousing and database technology, but
they are most certainly not the same. Data warehousing requires the support of
many different kinds of technology.
With the third edition of this book, we now know what works and what does
not. When the first edition was written, there was some experience with devel-
oping and using warehouses, but truthfully, there was not the broad base of
experience that exists today. For example, today we know with certainty the
following:
■
■ Data warehouses are built under a different development methodology
than applications. Not keeping this in mind is a recipe for disaster.
■
■ Data warehouses are fundamentally different from data marts. The two do
not mix—they are like oil and water.
■
■ Data warehouses deliver on their promise, unlike many overhyped tech-
nologies that simply faded away.
■
■ Data warehouses attract huge amounts of data, to the point that entirely
new approaches to the management of large amounts of data are required.
But perhaps the most intriguing thing that has been learned about data ware-
housing is that data warehouses form a foundation for many other forms of
Preface for the Third Edition xv

processing. The granular data found in the data warehouse can be reshaped and
reused. If there is any immutable and profound truth about data warehouses, it
is that data warehouses provide an ideal foundation for many other forms of
information processing. There are a whole host of reasons why this foundation
is so important:
■
■ There is a single version of the truth.
■
■ Data can be reconciled if necessary.
■
■ Data is immediately available for new, unknown uses.
And, finally, data warehousing has lowered the cost of information in the orga-
nization. With data warehousing, data is inexpensive to get to and fast to
access.
Databases and database theory have been around for a long time. Early rendi-
tions of databases centered around a single database serving every purpose
known to the information processing community—from transaction to batch
processing to analytical processing. In most cases, the primary focus of the
early database systems was operational—usually transactional—processing. In
recent years, a more sophisticated notion of the database has emerged—one
that serves operational needs and another that serves informational or analyti-
cal needs. To some extent, this more enlightened notion of the database is due
to the advent of PCs, 4GL technology, and the empowerment of the end user.
The split of operational and informational databases occurs for many reasons:
■
■ The data serving operational needs is physically different data from that
serving informational or analytic needs.
■
■ The supporting technology for operational processing is fundamentally dif-
ferent from the technology used to support informational or analytical
needs.
■
■ The user community for operational data is different from the one served
by informational or analytical data.
■
■ The processing characteristics for the operational environment and the
informational environment are fundamentally different.
For these reasons (and many more), the modern way to build systems is to sep-
arate the operational from the informational or analytical processing and data.
This book is about the analytical or the DSS environment and the structuring of
data in that environment. The focus of the book is on what is termed the data
warehouse (or information warehouse), which is at the heart of informational,
DSS processing.
What is analytical, informational processing? It is processing that serves the
needs of management in the decision-making process. Often known as DSS pro-
Preface for the Third Edition
xvi

Preface for the Third Edition xvii
cessing, analytical processing looks across broad vistas of data to detect
trends. Instead of looking at one or two records of data (as is the case in oper-
ational processing), when the DSS analyst does analytical processing, many
records are accessed.
It is rare for the DSS analyst to update data. In operational systems, data is con-
stantly being updated at the individual record level. In analytical processing,
records are constantly being accessed, and their contents are gathered for
analysis, but little or no alteration of individual records occurs.
In analytical processing, the response time requirements are greatly relaxed
compared to those of traditional operational processing. Analytical response
time is measured from 30 minutes to 24 hours. Response times measured in this
range for operational processing would be an unmitigated disaster.
The network that serves the analytical community is much smaller than the one
that serves the operational community. Usually there are far fewer users of the
analytical network than of the operational network.
Unlike the technology that serves the analytical environment, operational envi-
ronment technology must concern itself with data and transaction locking, con-
tention for data, deadlock, and so on.
There are, then, many major differences between the operational environment
and the analytical environment. This book is about the analytical, DSS environ-
ment and addresses the following issues:
■
■ Granularity of data
■
■ Partitioning of data
■
■ Meta data
■
■ Lack of credibility of data
■
■ Integration of DSS data
■
■ The time basis of DSS data
■
■ Identifying the source of DSS data-the system of record
■
■ Migration and methodology
This book is for developers, managers, designers, data administrators, database
administrators, and others who are building systems in a modern data process-
ing environment. In addition, students of information processing will find this
book useful. Where appropriate, some discussions will be more technical. But,
for the most part, the book is about issues and techniques, and it is meant to
serve as a guideline for the designer and the developer.

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5. Make another handle on opposite side of bag in
same way.
Note.—In fastening ends of threads, be sure to pull
the last stitch very tight before cutting off the ends.
When Mary Frances had finished making the little
bag, she hung it on the dolly’s arm.
“Doe to tool! Doe to tool, now!” cried Mary Marie.
“Not in your bathrobe and slippers, darling!”
“Den what s’all I do?” asked Mary Marie. “I’se
tired of ball! Wish I had a dolly!”

HE poor little dear!” exclaimed Fairly Flew,
“a doll she shall have, and I will tell you
how to make it myself—a doll that looks ever so
much like Mary Frances’ own dolly, our dear Yarn
Baby!”
Then she told the little girl—
How to Make an Infant Yarn Doll
Material: White knitting worsted.[G] A
strand of coarse red embroidery cotton. Two
blue beads for eyes. (See picture, page 122.)
Directions:
1. Cut about 20 strands of yarn, each 8
inches long. Lay them together side by side.
2. Tie them together in the middle with a
short piece of yarn. Fold them over in the
middle where tied.

Dinah Doll and Infant
3. About ½ inch below the fold, tie in the same way
as you did the tassel on doll’s slippers. (See picture No.
3 on Plate 3.) This forms the infant’s head.
4. To make the arms, take hold of 4 strands of the
yarn and tie a knot close to the neck. This forms the
shoulder. About ½ inch below the shoulder knot, trim
off the 4 strands. Tie the 4 strands together with a
short piece of yarn to form the hand.
5. Make the other arm opposite in the same way.

6. About ¾ of an inch below the neck, tie
the long strands together to form infant’s
waist.
7. Sew two small blue beads in head for
eyes, and take a stitch with red embroidery
cotton to form the mouth.
“Baby! Baby!” cried Mary Marie as
soon as Mary Frances had it finished.
“How she loves that doll!” cried Crow
Shay. “She ought to have a nurse-maid
to help her care for it.”
“Indeed she ought to,” declared the
Yarn Baby. “I would like to tell the little
Miss how to make a Dinah Doll.”
“Do tell her now,” said Fairly Flew.

So the Yarn Baby began:
How to Make a Colored Yarn Doll
Material: Black knitting worsted.[H] White knitting
worsted. A strand of coarse red embroidery cotton.
Two white beads for eyes. (See page 122.)
Directions:
1. Cut about 50 strands of black
worsted 12 inches long. Tie them
together in the middle and fold.
2. Tie them again about 1½ inches
below the fold to form Dinah’s head.
3. At each side of the body, close to
the neck, take 8 strands and tie
together in a knot to form shoulders
and arms.
4. Trim off the strands about 2 inches below the
knots, and tie with white yarn near ends—to form
hands.
5. Cut 30 strands of white yarn about 8 inches long.
Lay them together, side by side. Tie them together

very loosely in the middle, fold them in the middle,
where tied. Tie the bundle of strands around doll’s
neck to form front of dress.
6. Follow direction No. 5 and tie in back of doll to
form back of dress.
7. Cut a piece of black yarn about 8 inches long and
tie it in a bow knot around the doll about 1½ inches
from the neck, to form the doll’s waist.
8. At the bottom, with a short piece of white yarn,
tie together about 6 strands of black yarn, to form a
foot.
9. Make another foot in the same way.
10. Trim off the other strands of yarn at the bottom
about ½ inch above the feet.
11. Sew two white beads in place for eyes, and take
two stitches with red embroidery cotton to form the
mouth.
Sew infant doll in place in Dinah’s arm.
To make the hair, cut 25 short strands of black
worsted and sew with black thread to top of Dinah’s
head.
Trim hair with bow made of narrow red ribbon.
When Mary Frances finished the funny colored
doll, she sewed the white infant baby in the arm, to
the delight of Mary Marie and the Knitting People.
Soon Mary Marie’s eyelids began to droop; then
Mary Frances carried her off to bed, and she went to

sleep with the dolls in her arms.
“Oh, how I wish that I could tell mother about my
lovely times,” thought Mary Frances. “Maybe when all
my lessons are finished I shall be able to tell her. She
would not worry about my being lonely if she knew
how busy I am, and how happy now since I know
that dear father is getting well.”
Just then Billy called her and she
hurried downstairs.
“Here is a letter from mother for you,”
said Billy, meeting her at the foot of the
stairs. “Hurry and read it. I want to hear
about father.”
So Mary Frances opened it and read:
Dear Mary Frances:

You will be glad to hear that father is safe in the
hospital and improving very rapidly. His leg was broken
just above the ankle, and he is suffering from the
shock of the accident. The doctors say that it will be a
week or ten days, perhaps longer, before we can bring
him home.
I am sending a newspaper which tells about the
train wreck and explains how it happened.
You and Billy are in my thoughts every hour of the
day and many times at night, too; but I am not
worried because I know that Katie will take good care
of you both.
Father says that he is racing with
time to get well enough to return home
to you dear children, and that he will
tell you the whole story when he
arrives.
Aunt Maria sends love and says that
she will teach you to crochet when she
comes—and that you may practice the
stitches which she has already taught
you.

I shut my eyes and see you in my mind’s eye, but I
want to be able soon to see you really and truly.
Hugs and kisses from
Mother.
“Good news!” exclaimed Billy as Mary Frances
finished reading; “but it’s no fun to have a broken
leg.”
“Oh, Billy, think how much worse it might have
been,” cried Mary Frances. “Won’t we be glad to see
father and mother back—and Aunt Maria?” and she
caught him by the arm and waltzed him around the
big hall.

DO wonder what the Crochet People have
planned for the next lesson,” thought Mary
Frances as she went upstairs after breakfast the next
morning.
When she went into the playroom she
was surprised to find Mary Marie sitting
on the side of her bed, trying to put on
her little slippers.
“What!” exclaimed Mary Frances.
“Awake so early—and trying to dress
yourself?”
“’Es, Mamma,” answered Mary Marie.
“I’se detting weady to doe to tool.”
“Bless your little heart!” cried Mary Frances.
“Here, let me help you!” and she soon put on Mary

Marie’s little shoes and stockings, and dressed her.
“What shall I wear wound me,
Mamma?” asked the dolly. “It’s too
warm for a toat, and too told to doe
wifout somet’ing wound me.”
“Let me see,” said Mary Frances,
thinking hard.
“If Mary M’rie only had a twetter!”
sighed the wise young lady.
Mary Frances caught her up in her arms. “The
very thing!” she cried. “Let us go see the Crochet
People.”
Just as she sat Mary Marie on the table, Crow
Shay began:

“For young or old,
When it is cold,
Nothing is better
Than a sweater.”
“Oh!” exclaimed Mary Frances. “Oh, Crow Shay,
how did you ever guess what we want so much?”
“Every doll in the world ought to have a sweater,”
he declared. “And the sooner Fairly Flew comes, the
sooner Mary Marie will get one.”
So Mary Frances said the magic rhyme:
“Fairy Fairly Flew,
Please come, for I need you;”
and the fairy helper came.
“What do you wish for?” she asked, seating
herself in the doll’s rocking-chair.
“A sweater for Mary Marie, dear Fairly Flew,” Mary
Frances answered.

“A twetter! A twetter!” laughed the
little doll, looking up. “Doe to tool.”
“Bless her heart—and yours, too,
little girl,” said Fairly Flew; “she shall
have not only a sweater, but a whole
outfit to keep her warm when she goes
to school, for I myself will give you
directions for making a—
Teddy Bear Suit
Consisting of Sweater, Tam, and Long
Leggings
(See picture opposite page 168—color plate.)
Material: “Old blue” or peacock blue knitting
worsted.
Bone crochet hook No. 5.
Doll’s Crocheted Sweater
(Be sure to make the articles already described in
this story before attempting to make the Teddy Bear
Outfit.)

Directions:
This work is begun with the front.
1. Make 26 chain stitches.
2. Make 25 single crochet stitches.
3. Make 1 chain to turn. Always
make 1 chain stitch to use in turning,
unless told to do otherwise.
4. Make 12 rows (in all) of 25
single crochet stitches, taking up both
loops of stitches below.
5. On the thirteenth row, make
only 15 single crochets. Make only 15
single crochets for 6 rows (in all). These rows come
under the arm of the doll. You will then have made 18
rows.
6. On the nineteenth row, make 15 single crochets
and 11 chain stitches.
7. On the twentieth row, make 25 single crochets.
8. Make 21 rows of 25 single crochets for the back
of the sweater. This makes 39 rows from the

beginning.
9. On the fortieth row make 15 single crochets for 6
rows, under arm.
10. On the forty-seventh row, add 11 chains, and
crochet 12 rows of 25 single crochet stitches.
To Make Armholes
Thread a zephyr needle with the worsted, and sew
6 rows of the front to 6 rows of the back (A to A, B to
B. See picture, page 130). Do the same to the other
side.

To Make Border on Edge around Sweater
1. Hold the outside of the sweater toward
you. Starting at the left side of the neck, take
up both loops of each stitch with single
crochet all around sweater to right side of
neck.
Note.—In turning corners at bottom use 3
single crochets in 1 stitch.
2. Make 1 chain stitch to use in turning,
and make another row of single crochet in
the same way all around sweater. This will
bring you back to the starting stitch of
border.
3. Make 1 chain to use in turning, and
make third row, putting only 2 single crochet
stitches in corners at the bottom.
To Make Collar Band
1. Hold right side of front of sweater toward you,
and take up each stitch across the neck with single
crochet.

2. Make 5 rows of single crochet, using 1 chain
stitch to turn.
Make slip stitches all around sweater taking up back
thread only of the stitches.
To Fasten Sweater
The sweater is fastened with loops and buttons.
To Make Loops
1. On the right-hand side of the sweater,
commencing at the bottom, make 4 slip stitches.
3. Skip 2 stitches in the row below, and make 4
more slip stitches. The chain stitches form the loops.
4. Continue doing this until the neck is reached.
5. Make 1 loop on the end of the collar. Sew buttons
on the left side opposite the loops.

To Make the Sleeves
2. Make 8 single crochet stitches.
3. Always make 1 chain stitch to use in
turning single crochet.
4. Second row: Taking up both threads of
the row of single crochets just made, make 2
single crochets in the first stitch, and 1 in
each stitch to the end of the row. This will
make 9 stitches.
5. Make 3 chains, and turn the work.
6. Third row: Make 1 single crochet in each of the
two chain stitches, and single crochets to the end of
the row, making 11 stitches in all. Make 1 chain to
turn.
7. Fourth row: Make 2 single crochets in the first
stitch and single crochets to the end of row, making 12
stitches in all.

8. Fifth row: Make 5 chain stitches. Make 4 single
crochets in the chain stitches, and single crochets to
the end of row, making 16 stitches.
9. Sixth row: Make 2 single crochet
stitches in the first stitch and single
crochets to the end, making 17
stitches.
10. Seventh row: Make 17 single
crochets.
11. Eighth row: Make 2 single
crochets in first stitch and single
crochets to the end of row, making 18
stitches.
12. Make 6 rows of 18 single crochet stitches.
13. On the fifteenth row, make single crochets, but
skip next to the last stitch, making 17 single crochet
stitches.
14. Sixteenth row: Make 17 single crochet stitches.
15. Seventeenth row: Make single crochets across
row, but skip next to the last stitch, making 16
stitches.
16. Eighteenth row: Make 16 single crochet stitches.

17. Nineteenth row: Make slip stitches in the first
four stitches. Single crochet to the end, skipping next
to the last stitch, making 11 stitches.
18. Twentieth row: Make 11 single crochet stitches.
19. Twenty-first row: Make 2 slip stitches, and single
crochet to the end of row, skipping next to the last
stitch, making 8 stitches.
20. Twenty-second row: Make 8 single crochets.
Break off and fasten the yarn.
Make another sleeve like this one.
21. Sew up the sleeves.
22. Pin seam to the front corner of the armhole (A)
and sew in place. (See picture, page 131.)
23. Put 2 rows of single crochet around the end of
sleeve at wrist.
Add one row of slip stitches below these. Do not
make this row of slip stitches very tight.
To Make the Pockets

2. Make 7 rows of 6 single crochets.
3. Put 1 row of single crochet across the top
of pocket.
4. Put 1 row of slip stitches across top of
pocket.
Make another pocket in same way.
Sew pockets on the sweater, about 1 inch from
bottom and 1 inch from sides.
Doll’s Crocheted Tam
(See picture on page 136)
Material: Old blue or peacock blue
knitting worsted.
Bone crochet hook No. 5.
Directions:
2. Join the chain in a ring with slip stitch.
3. Make 10 single crochets into the center
of the ring.
4. Tie a piece of white sewing thread to the tenth
single crochet stitch, to mark the beginning of the next
row around.

5. Second round. Make 2 single crochets in each
stitch, taking up back loop of thread in each stitch of
row just finished.
Doll’s Crocheted Tam
6. Third row: Make 2 single crochets in
the first stitch, 1 single crochet in the next
stitch, and continue making 2 single
crochets in the next stitch and 1 single
crochet in the next stitch to the end of the
round.
7. Fourth round. “Increase,” or put 2
single crochet stitches in every third stitch.
Make 1 single crochet in the other stitches.
8. Fifth round. Increase in every fifth
stitch.

9. Sixth round. Make 1 single crochet in each stitch.
10. Repeat fifth and sixth rounds until there are 11
full rows.
The work should measure about 5 inches across.
11. Twelfth round. Begin to “decrease,” or narrow,
the tam to fit the head of doll.

BABY BLUE AND BABY PINK
For Directions for Making Knitted Articles Shown in this
Illustration See
Bedroom Slippers—108 Crocheted Socks—228 Crocheted
Cap—229
Crocheted Sacque, No. 2—232 Cape and Hood—236 Baby’s
Ball—107
How to “Decrease” in Crocheting
Pull a loop through of each of 2 stitches, and take
them off the crochet needle as if they were one loop,
thus forming a single crochet; that is, pull a loop
through the 3 loops then on the needle. (See picture
below.)
On the twelfth round of the tam, decrease
on the first 2 stitches, then make 5 single
crochet stitches. Then decrease on next 2
stitches and make 5 single crochets. Continue
decreasing in this way until tam fits doll’s
head.
About 4 rows of decreasing will be needed,
which makes 15 full rows from starting place.
Do not break off yarn, but learn how—

To Make the Head Band
Make 4 rows of single crochet, taking up both
threads of stitches in rounds just finished. Break off
the yarn and fasten the end by making a slip stitch and
pulling end all the way through the last loop.
To Make the Tassel
1. Cut a strip of cardboard, making it 1½
inches wide and about 2 inches long.
2. Cut off 2 pieces of yarn, each
measuring 1 yard, lay them together, side
by side.
3. Wind the 2 pieces of yarn over the
narrower part of the cardboard.
4. Tie as in making tassels for doll’s
slippers. (See Plate 3.)
5. Make 18 chain stitches, and fasten tassel to the
chain as on runner for doll’s slippers. Put the other end
of the chain through the hole in the center of the top
of the tam, and sew it down in place on the wrong
side.

Crocheted Teddy Bear Leggings
(See pictures on pages 139 and 140.)
Material: Old blue or peacock blue knitting worsted.
Bone or celluloid crochet hook No. 5.
Directions:
This work is begun at the waist line.
2. Join chain with slip stitch and make 1 chain stitch
to use in turning.
3. Make 1 single crochet in each stitch of the chain,
making 50 single crochets. Join last single crochet
stitch to first single crochet with slip stitch. Make 1
chain stitch to use in turning.
4. Make 5 rows of single crochet stitches, taking up
both loops of each stitch in row below. Join end stitch
with first as explained in direction No. 3.
5. On the sixth row, in order to form the fullness in
the seat, make 38 single crochet stitches. Turn without
making a chain stitch. Make 26 single crochets. Turn
again without a chain stitch, and continue making
single crochet to end of row, or joining point.

Front of Leggings
6.
Make
the
sevent
h,
eighth,
ninth,
tenth
rows
of
single
crochet stitches.
7. Make the
eleventh row in
the same way as
you made the
sixth row. (See
direction No. 5.)
8. Make the
twelfth row of
single crochet.
9. On the
thirteenth row begin to
decrease the stitches, or
to narrow the work.
When you reach the
twelfth stitch, take off 2
stitches as one. Do the
rest of the row in single
crochet except when you
reach the thirty-eighth
stitch, when you take off
2 stitches as one. There

Back of Leggings
should be 48 single crochet
stitches in the thirteenth
row.
10. Continue to make
48 stitches in each row
until there are 18 rows in
front. Do not break off the
yarn. You will have a loop
on the crochet needle.
You will use this loop in
making the separation for
the leg part of the Teddy
Bear Leggings.
11. With
the loop on
the crochet
needle, put
the hook
through
the twenty-
fourth
single
crochet
stitch, on
the opposite side, throw the yarn over
the hook, and pull it through both stitches. Now you
will work in a circle around the leg.
12. Make 24 single crochet stitches, and join the
twenty-fourth to the first stitch in the leg part, with a
slip stitch. Make 1 chain to turn. This is the nineteenth
row of the garment.

13. Make the twentieth row of single
crochet and join last and first stitches.
On the twenty-first row, begin to narrow
the leg. Make single crochet stitches until
you reach the eleventh stitch. Then take off
2 stitches as one. Continue with single
crochet to end of row and join stitches.
14. The twenty-second, twenty-third and
twenty-fourth rows are of single crochet.
15. The twenty-fifth row is like the
twenty-first row.
16. The twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh and twenty-
eighth rows are of single crochet.
17. The twenty-ninth row is like the twenty-first row.
There should be 21 single crochet stitches in the
twenty-ninth row.
18. Continue to make 21 single crochet stitches in
each row until you have 47 rows from the waist line in
front.
19. Next you will make the strap underneath the
doll’s foot.
Make 5 chain stitches, and join the last one to the
ninth single crochet stitch with a slip stitch.

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