Burn Injuries and Its Management
- 1. BURN INJURIES & ITS MANAGEMENT Dr Ibraheem Bashayreh, RN, PhD 4/1/2011 1
- 2. BURNS Wounds caused by exposure to: 1. Excessive heat 2. Chemicals 3. Fire/steam 4. Radiation 5. Electricity 4/1/2011 2
- 3. BURNS Results in 10-20 thousand deaths annually Survival best at ages 15-45 Children, elderly, and diabetics Survival best burns cover less than 20% of TBA 4/1/2011 3
- 4. TYPES OF BURNS Thermal exposure to flame or a hot object Chemical exposure to acid, alkali or organic substances Electrical result from the conversion of electrical energy into heat. Extent of injury depends on the type of current, the pathway of flow, local tissue resistance, and duration of contact Radiation result from radiant energy being transferred to the body resulting in production of cellular toxins 4/1/2011 4
- 7. BURN WOUND ASSESSMENT Classified according to depth of injury and extent of body surface area involved Burn wounds differentiated depending on the level of dermis and subcutaneous tissue involved 1. superficial (first-degree) 2. deep (second-degree) 3. full thickness (third and fourth degree) 4/1/2011 7
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- 9. SUPERFICIAL BURNS (FIRST DEGREE) Epidermal tissue only affected Erythema, blanching on pressure, mild swelling no vesicles or blister initially Not serious unless large areas involved i.e. sunburn 4/1/2011 9
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- 13. DEEP (SECOND DEGREE) *Involves the epidermis and deep layer of the dermis Fluid-filled vesicles –red, shiny, wet, severe pain Hospitalization required if over 25% of body surface involved i.e. tar burn, flame 4/1/2011 13
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- 17. FULL THICKNESS (THIRD/FOURTH DEGREE) Destruction of all skin layers Requires immediate hospitalization Dry, waxy white, leathery, or hard skin, no pain Exposure to flames, electricity or chemicals can cause 3rd degree burns 4/1/2011 17
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- 20. CALCULATION OF BURNED BODY SURFACE AREA Calculation of Burned Body Surface Area 4/1/2011 20
- 21. TOTAL BODY SURFACE AREA (TBSA) Superficial burns are not involved in the calculation Lund and Browder Chart is the most accurate because it adjusts for age Rule of nines divides the body – adequate for initial assessment for adult burns 4/1/2011 21
- 22. LUND BROWDER CHART USED FOR DETERMINING BSA 4/1/2011 22Evans, 18.1, 2007)
- 23. RULES OF NINES Head & Neck = 9% Each upper extremity (Arms) = 9% Each lower extremity (Legs) = 18% Anterior trunk= 18% Posterior trunk = 18% Genitalia (perineum) = 1% 4/1/2011 23
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- 25. VASCULAR CHANGES RESULTING FROM BURN INJURIES Circulatory disruption occurs at the burn site immediately after a burn injury Blood flow decreases or cease due to occluded blood vessels Damaged macrophages within the tissues release chemicals that cause constriction of vessel Blood vessel thrombosis may occur causing necrosis Macrophage: A type of white blood that ingests (takes in) foreign material. Macrophages are key players in the immune response to foreign invaders such as infectious microorganisms. 4/1/2011 25
- 26. FLUID SHIFT Occurs after initial vasoconstriction, then dilation Blood vessels dilate and leak fluid into the interstitial space Known as third spacing or capillary leak syndrome Causes decreased blood volume and blood pressure Occurs within the first 12 hours after the burn and can continue to up to 36 hours 4/1/2011 26
- 27. FLUID IMBALANCES Occur as a result of fluid shift and cell damage Hypovolemia Metabolic acidosis Hyperkalemia Hyponatremia Hemoconcentration (elevated blood osmolarity, hematocrit/hemoglobin) due to dehydration 4/1/2011 27
- 28. FLUID REMOBILIZATION Occurs after 24 hours Capillary leak stops See diuretic stage where edema fluid shifts from the interstitial spaces into the vascular space Blood volume increases leading to increased renal blood flow and diuresis Body weight returns to normal See Hypokalemia 4/1/2011 28
- 29. CURLING’S ULCER Acute ulcerative gastro duodenal disease Occur within 24 hours after burn Due to reduced GI blood flow and mucosal damage Treat clients with H2 blockers, mucoprotectants, and early enteral nutrition Watch for sudden drop in hemoglobin 4/1/2011 29
- 30. PHASES OF BURN INJURIES Emergent (24-48 hrs) Acute Rehabilitative 4/1/2011 30
- 31. EMERGENT PHASE *Immediate problem is fluid loss, edema, reduced blood flow (fluid and electrolyte shifts) Goals: 1. secure airway 2. support circulation by fluid replacement 3. keep the client comfortable with analgesics 4. prevent infection through wound care 5. maintain body temperature 6. provide emotional support 4/1/2011 31
- 32. EMERGENT PHASE Knowledge of circumstances surrounding the burn injury Obtain client’s pre-burn weight (dry weight) to calculate fluid rates Calculations based on weight obtained after fluid replacement is started are not accurate because of water-induced weight gain Height is important in determining body surface area (BSA) which is used to calculate nutritional needs Know client’s health history because the physiologic stress seen with a burn can make a latent disease process develop symptoms 4/1/2011 32
- 33. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN THE EMERGENT PHASE Clients with major burn injuries and with inhalation injury are at risk for respiratory problems Inhalation injuries are present in 20% to 50% of the clients admitted to burn centers Assess the respiratory system by inspecting the mouth, nose, and pharynx Burns of the lips, face, ears, neck, eyelids, eyebrows, and eyelashes are strong indicators that an inhalation injury may be present Change in respiratory pattern may indicate a pulmonary injury. The client may: become progressively hoarse, develop a brassy cough, drool or have difficulty swallowing, produce expiratory sounds that include audible wheezes, crowing, and stridor Upper airway edema and inhalation injury are most common in the trachea and mainstem bronchi Auscultate these areas for wheezes If wheezes disappear, this indicates impending airway obstruction and demands immediate intubation4/1/2011 33
- 34. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Cardiovascular will begin immediately which can include shock (Shock is a common cause of death in the emergent phase in clients with serious injuries) Obtain a baseline EKG Monitor for edema, measure central and peripheral pulses, blood pressure, capillary refill and pulse oximetry 4/1/2011 34
- 35. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Changes in renal function are related to decreased renal blood flow Urine is usually highly concentrated and has a high specific gravity Urine output is decreased during the first 24 hours of the emergent phase Fluid resuscitation is provided at the rate needed to maintain adult urine output at 30 to 50- mL/hr. Measure BUN, creat and NA levels 4/1/2011 35
- 36. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Sympathetic stimulation during the emergent phase causes reduced GI motility and paralytic ileus Auscultate the abdomen to assess bowel sounds which may be reduced Monitor for n/v and abdominal distention Clients with burns of 25% TBSA or who are intubated generally require a NG tube inserted to prevent aspiration and removal of gastric secretions 4/1/2011 36
- 37. SKIN ASSESSMENT Assess the skin to determine the size and depth of burn injury The size of the injury is first estimated in comparison to the total body surface area (TBSA). For example, a burn that involves 40% of the TBSA is a 40% burn Use the rule of nines for clients whose weights are in normal proportion to their heights 4/1/2011 37
- 38. IV FLUID THERAPY Infusion of IV fluids is needed to maintain sufficient blood volume for normal CO Clients with burns involving 15% to 20% of the TBSA require IV fluid Purpose is to prevent shock by maintaining adequate circulating blood fluid volume Severe burn requires large fluid loads in a short time to maintain blood flow to vital organs Fluid replacement formulas are calculated from the time of injury and not from the time of arrival at the hospital Diuretics should not be given to increase urine output. Change the amount and rate of fluid administration. Diuretics do not increase CO; they actually decrease circulating volume and CO by pulling fluid from the circulating blood volume to enhance diuresis 4/1/2011 38
- 39. COMMON FLUIDS Protenate or 5% albumin in isotonic saline (1/2 given in first 8 hr; ½ given in next 16 hr) LR (Lactate Ringer) without dextrose (1/2 given in first 8 hr; ½ given in next 16 hr) Crystalloid (hypertonic saline) adjust to maintain urine output at 30 mL/hr Crystalloid only (lactated ringers) 4/1/2011 39
- 40. NURSING DIAGNOSIS IN THE EMERGENT PHASE Decreased CO Deficient fluid volume r/t active fluid volume loss Ineffective Tissue perfusion Ineffective breathing pattern 4/1/2011 40
- 41. ACUTE PHASE OF BURN INJURY • Lasts until wound closure is complete • Care is directed toward continued assessment and maintenance of the cardiovascular and respiratory system • Pneumonia is a concern which can result in respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation • Infection (Topical antibiotics – Silvadene) • Tetanus toxoid • Weight daily without dressings or splints and compare to pre-burn weight • A 2% loss of body weight indicates a mild deficit • A 10% or greater weight loss requires modification of calorie intake • Monitor for signs of infection 4/1/2011 41
- 42. LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC SIGNS OF INFECTION- GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA Pseudomonas, Proteus May led to septic shock Conversion of a partial-thickness injury to a full-thickness injury Ulceration of health skin at the burn site Erythematous, nodular lesions in uninvolved skin Excessive burn wound drainage Odor Sloughing of grafts Altered level of consciousness Changes in vital signs Oliguria GI dysfunction such as diarrhea, vomiting Metabolic acidosis 4/1/2011 42
- 43. LAB VALUES Na – hyponatremia or Hypernatremia K – Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia WBC – 10,000-20,000 4/1/2011 43
- 44. NURSING DIAGNOSIS IN THE ACUTE PHASE Impaired skin integrity Risk for infection Imbalanced nutrition Impaired physical mobility Disturbed body image 4/1/2011 44
- 45. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION Nonsurgical management: removal of exudates and necrotic tissue, cleaning the area, stimulating granulation and revascularization and applying dressings. Debridement may be needed 4/1/2011 45
- 46. DRESSING THE BURN WOUND After burn wounds are cleaned and debrided, topical antibiotics are reapplied to prevent infection Standard wound dressings are multiple layers of gauze applied over the topical agents on the burn wound 4/1/2011 46
- 47. REHABILITATIVE PHASE OF BURN INJURY Started at the time of admission Technically begins with wound closure and ends when the client returns to the highest possible level of functioning Provide psychosocial support Assess home environment, financial resources, medical equipment, prosthetic rehab Health teaching should include symptoms of infection, drugs regimens, f/u appointments, comfort measures to reduce pruritis 4/1/2011 47
- 48. DIET Initially NPO Begin oral fluids after bowel sounds return Do not give ice chips or free water lead to electrolyte imbalance High protein, high calorie 4/1/2011 48
- 49. GOALS Prevent complications (contractures) Vital signs hourly Assess respiratory function Tetanus booster Anti-infective Analgesics No aspirin Strict surgical asepsis Turn q2h to prevent contractures Emotional support 4/1/2011 49
- 50. DEBRIDEMENT Done with forceps and curved scissor or through hydrotherapy (application of water for treatment) Only loose eschar removed Blisters are left alone to serve as a protector – controversial 4/1/2011 50
- 51. SKIN GRAFTS Done during the acute phase Used for full-thickness and deep partial- thickness wounds 4/1/2011 51
- 52. POST CARE OF SKIN GRAFTS Maintain dressing Use aseptic technique Graft should look pink if it has taken after 5 days Skeletal traction may be used to prevent contractures Elastic bandages may be applied for 6 mo to 1 year to prevent hypertrophic scarring 4/1/2011 52