C++ language
- 1. Language Elizabeth Pisarek, Cassie Baldus, & Dylan Eckstein
- 2. Basic knowledge of C++ ● Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup ● It is an extension of the C language. ● Possible to code C++ in a "C style" or "object- oriented style." ○ It can be coded in either way and is thus an effective example of a hybrid language ● It is considered an intermediate-level language ★ C++ is a collection of predefined classes, which are data types that can be instantiated multiple times
- 3. “Hello World” in C++ using namespace std; #include <iostream> // My first C++ program! int main(void) { cout << "hello world!" << endl; return 0; } Use the standard namespace Include standard iostream classes A C++ comment cout is an instance of ostream operator overloading (two different argument types!)
- 4. New Keywords In addition the keywords inherited from C, C++ adds: Exceptions catch, throw, try Declarations: bool, class, enum, explicit, export, friend, inline, mutable, namespace, operator, private, protected, public, template, typename, using, virtual, volatile, wchar_t Expressions: and, and_eq, bitand, bitor, compl, const_cast, delete, dynamic_cast, false, new, not, not_eq, or, or_eq, reinterpret_cast, static_cast, this, true, typeid, xor, xor_eq
- 5. Pointers in C++ int i; int *iPtr; // a pointer to an integer iPtr = &i; // iPtr contains the address of I *iPtr = 100; … 100 456FD4 456FD4 456FD0 i iPtr … variable value Address in hex
- 6. C++ Blocks ● Allow a section of code to have its own local vars whose scope is minimized. ● Such vars are stack dynamic, so they have their storage allocated when the section is entered and deallocated when the section is exited C++: for (...) { int index; ... } 6
- 7. C++ Binding ● Binding refers to the process that is to be used for converting functions and variables into machine language addresses. ● C++ supports two types: 1. Static/Early Binding 2. Dynamic/Late Binding 7
- 8. Static/Early Binding ● In static binding, there are similar function names that are used in many places, their references and their positions are indicated explicitly by the compiler. ● Their ambiguities are fixed at compile time. 8
- 9. Static/Early Binding Example class first // base class { int d; public: void display() {------} // base class member function }; class second : public first // derived class { int k; public: void display() {------} // member function of derived class } 9
- 10. Dynamic/Late Binding ● In the case of a few programs, it is impossible to know which function is to be called until run time. This is called dynamic binding. ● Dynamic binding of member functions in C++ can be done using the virtual keyword. The member function followed by the keyword is called a virtual function. 10
- 11. Dynamic/Late Binding Example class first // base class { int d; public: virtual void display() {------} // base class member function }; class second : public first // derived class { int k; public: virtual void display() {------} // member function of derived class } 11
- 12. C++ Static Scoping ● C++ variables are always statically scoped ● Binding of a variable can be determined by program text and is independent of the run-time function call stack. ● C++ doesn't use Dynamic scoping. 12
- 13. C++ Type checking ● Type Checking: Determining if data types make sense for the program and follow constraints ● Static Type Checking: Type checking is done when the program is compiled ● Dynamic Type Checking: Type checking is done at runtime ● C++ uses static type checking 13
- 14. C++ Run time environment ● There isn't a universal C++ runtime system, but in the typical OS the primary action of the C++ runtime is to dynamically link shared libraries to an executable. 14
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