C R B P I Executive Summary Mapping F I N A L

CHILDREN’S RIGHTS & BUSINESS PRINCIPLES INITIATIVE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF MAPPING OF LINKS BETWEEN BUSINESS AND
CHILDREN’S RIGHTS

21 April 2011

1. BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction
This document was prepared in order to frame the development of the Children’s Rights and
Business Principles. It aims to clarify the links between business and child rights and to provide
evidence for the view that children are a natural stakeholder for business. It was the outcome of
extensive analysis of literature from academia, child and development focussed civil society,
Corporate Responsibility (CR) organisations and initiatives, human rights watchdog organisations,
investors, the private sector, media and international human rights bodies1. It includes feedback
from the CR&BPI Expert Reference Group and from UNICEF’s Internal Reference Group.

It should be emphasised that the focus of this document, and of the research behind it, was on
identifying the links between business and child rights rather than on giving detailed guidance on
what business can do to respect and support children’s rights. This topic will be addressed later in
the process of developing the Children’s Rights and Business Principles.

This document first provides an outline of key aspects of children’s rights and then explores the
scope of business responsibility towards children. This focusses on both the ‘minimum’ standards for
business in terms of ensuring that no child is harmed by their actions, but also looks at actions which
go beyond this minimum which can help to create value for children, communities and business. It
then examines critical points where business and children’s rights interact organised by the following
seven themes:

1The research was led by a Save the Children consultant under the direction of the Steering Committee of
the Children’s Rights and Business Principles Initiative over a four-month period via desk research,
interviews, input from technical specialists at each of the partner organizations and a consultation with
business representatives from the UNGC’s local network in Zambia in December 2010. A list of sources
consulted is available on request.

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 Children’s rights and corporate governance;
 Workplace;
 Supply chain;
 Products and services;
 Environment and resources;
 Community investment; and
 Engaging with governments, children and other stakeholders.

1.2 What are Children’s Rights?
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) came into force in 1990 and articulates the
basic, non-negotiable human rights that all children have. It is the most widely ratified human rights
instrument in the world and is a core human rights treaty within the international human rights
system2. It recognises children as all those under 18 and represents a strong consensus and a shared
agenda on children’s rights across different cultures, and legal and political systems. As such it offers
business an ideal framework to use in order to understand and analyse its impact upon children.

The CRC is complemented by two additional Optional Protocols covering the involvement of children
in armed conflict and the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Other key
building blocks for understanding business and children’s rights are ILO Convention No. 138,
Concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, and No. 182, Concerning the Worst Forms
of Child Labour as well as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child which is the only
regional human rights instrument specifically for children and complements the CRC by placing
children’s rights into an African context.3 The UN Study on Violence against Children (2006) and the
follow up process associated with this Study provides us with a comprehensive, global overview of
all forms of violence against children in many different settings including the workplace.

All children have rights, everywhere and at all times. All children’s rights are equally important and
interrelated. The guiding principles of the CRC include the right to non-discrimination; the right to
have the best interests of the child as a primary consideration in all matters affecting children; the
right to survival and to develop to the fullest; and to participate fully in family, cultural and social
life. These are the underlying requirements for the CRC to become a reality for children.

The right to survival and development
Survival and development rights are the rights to the resources, skills and contributions necessary
for the survival and full development of the child. These include rights to adequate food, shelter,
clean water, formal education, play, health care, leisure and recreation, cultural activities and
information about their rights. Specific articles in the CRC address the needs of certain groups of
children such as child refugees, children with disabilities and children of minority or indigenous
groups.

2 The United States and Somalia are the only countries in the world not to have ratified the CRC although
both have signed it.
3 The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child has been ratified by nearly all Member

States of the African Union.

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Children have particular survival and developmental rights that differ from those of adults as a result
of their rapid physical and psychological development. Childhood is a crucial time and deprivations
of food, clean water, shelter, play, healthcare and education can have an irreversible impact that can
last for the rest of their lives; for example, inadequate nutrition can stunt mental and physical
development irreparably; lack of education and child labour can dramatically reduce a child’s
opportunities as an adult. Furthermore, the impact on children of pollution in the environment can
be more serious and long-lasting than on adults.

The right to protection from harmful acts and practices
Children are particularly vulnerable to violence, exploitation and abuse; for example, they are more
vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination in the work place, they are subject to commercial
sexual exploitation and child labour and can be more susceptible than adults to exposure to violent
media content as well as irresponsible marketing. Protection from violence, harmful influences,
exploitation and abuse is essential to ensuring children’s rights to survival, development and well-
being.

The right to participation in decisions affecting their lives
Children are entitled to the freedom to express opinions and to have a say in matters affecting them.
Children can be agents of change and can and do actively contribute to household, community and
society: they are not simply a vulnerable group but should be empowered to have a voice in
decisions which affect them, rather than being the passive objects of choices made on their behalf.
Although children’s rights are frequently directly affected by business activity, children themselves
are usually dependent on adults to influence company or government decisions.

1.3 States’ duty to protect children
As we have noted, the primary obligation for respecting, protecting and fulfilling children’s rights,
lies with the State. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child is the body charged with
monitoring how States implement the CRC and it also requires States: ‘to protect against third party
interference with rights, including by business enterprises4.’ According to the Committee, State
responsibilities to regulate business activities include: legislation to prevent and punish corporate
abuse; monitoring of violations; administrative measures such as proper departmental coordination;
promotion of the CRC amongst the private sector; and the provision of effective remedy for rights
violations (both judicial and non-judicial measures and including adequate reparation and physical
and psychological recovery and social reintegration). This concept is also a central plank of the John
Ruggie Policy Framework which asserts that States have a duty to protect against human rights
abuses by third parties, including business, through appropriate policies, regulation, and
adjudication.

1.4 Business has a responsibility to respect children’s rights
Regardless of the obligations or capacity of states, business everywhere has a responsibility to
respect children’s rights and to avoid complicity in children’s rights abuses. The term ‘corporate

4SRSG on business and human rights (2007) State Responsibilities to Regulate and Adjudicate Corporate
Activities under the United Nations’ core Human Rights Treaties - Individual Report on the United
Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocols Report No. 6 OHCHR Special
Procedures of the UN Human Rights Council

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responsibility to respect human rights’ has been defined by the Special Representative of the
Secretary-Global on Business and Human Rights as ‘avoiding the infringement of the rights of others
and addressing adverse impacts that may occur.’ It demands that companies ‘undertake human
rights due diligence to become aware of, prevent and address adverse human rights impacts.5’ This
is the common expectation of all companies in all situations.

Business responsibility to respect human rights has been widely accepted by governments, civil
society and the business community itself. It is reinforced in the three-part framework –‘Protect,
Respect, Remedy’- of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Business and Human
Rights, which has been welcomed by the UN Human Rights Council. It is also recognized by nearly
every voluntary business initiative and is stipulated in soft law instruments such as the ILO Tripartite
Declaration, the OECD Guidelines and the UN Global Compact.

In short business has a responsibility to ensure that no child is worse off in terms of his or her rights
because of their actions. This requires proactive efforts on the part of business to identify and
address its potential and actual impacts on boys and girls. This responsibility applies to a business’
own activities and throughout its relationships connected to those activities.

1.5 There are many benefits for business in supporting children’s rights6
Above and beyond the minimum expectation that business respects children’s rights, meaning that it
actively identify and address its impact on children’s rights, there are also additional activities which
companies may undertake to support children whether through strategic core business activity,
community investment programmes, philanthropy or otherwise. This is not a responsibility or
obligation as such but business increasingly realizes that supporting children’s rights in many
different areas is necessary to ensure the growth and sustainability of their own operations. The
following are some examples of how supporting children’s rights can benefit business.

a. Contributing to a stable and sustainable future: It is in no-one’s interests to do business in
an environment where the potential of future generations of workers and consumers is
compromised by child rights violations such as poverty, violence and abuse, a lack of access to health
and education and inadequate participation in society. Future sustainability relies in large part on
nurturing healthy, skilled, well-educated and creative workers and consumers. Business activity that
complies with both national and international laws relating to children’s rights helps to promote the
rule of law. It also helps to build strong, stable, non-violent, healthy, well-educated communities
and durable economic structures.

b. Improving recruitment, retention, and motivation of work-force: Providing a family-friendly
environment for employees with responsibility for children can improve recruitment, retention and

5 Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and
transnational corporations and other business enterprises, John Ruggie: Business and Human Rights:
Further steps toward the operationalization of the “protect, respect and remedy” framework
A/HRC/14/27, April 2010.
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/A.HRC.11.13.pdf
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Many of these ideas are explored in more detail in UNICEF’s Workbook: “Children’s Rights for the
Private Sector” which will be released in 2011.

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loyalty. Adopting and implementing explicit child rights policies sends a strong and tangible signal
internally and externally about what the company stands for; as such it can be a proxy for good
overall management of risk which will help in motivating the work-force.

c. Attracting investment: For investors, a failure to respect and support children’s rights and
complicity in child rights abuses can indicate a failure of corporate governance and lack of ability to
respond to risk in general. Respecting and supporting children’s rights on the other hand can build
confidence amongst investors that a business is working actively to mitigate risk. It can also attract
investment from the growing socially responsible investment market.

d. Reputational risk: A company’s reputation is a magnet to attract consumers, investors,
employees, suppliers and other business partners. If a business is hit by a scandal which involves
violations of any human rights then this can jeopardise reputation. However, the expectations
regarding avoiding complicity in abuse of children’s rights are extremely high and are intensified
because children can be voiceless and more vulnerable to abuse and exploitation than adults.
Experience shows that stakeholders will reward companies that ‘get it right’ regarding children and
punish those who get it wrong.

e. Building good will: A strong record on child rights builds confidence among vital
stakeholders upon whom a company’s legal and social licence to operate and future performance
may depend. This can include local children, community groups as well as local and international
civil society. It also appeals to governments who view responsible business practice as a measure of
suitability to operate in their territory. The intangible benefits of nurturing good will can include
increased understanding of and sensitivity to local needs and concerns as well as increased security
and competitive advantage.

f. Creating value for consumers: Children are important stakeholders for business as
customers and future customers, users of products and employees. As such they have significant
purchasing power and the ability and skills to assess when business is not acting in their best
interests. There is also an increasing consumer demand for ethically produced goods. Enterprises
that conduct due diligence regarding the impact of their activities on children’s rights, and show that
they take every reasonable step to avoid negative impacts, will be more responsive to the demands
of such consumers.

2. THEMATIC OVERVIEW
Based upon the research undertaken to date, we have categorized the critical points where business
interacts with children into seven thematic areas which are explored below:
 Children’s rights and corporate governance;
 Workplace;
 Supply chain;
 Products and services;
 Environment and resources;
 Community investment; and
 Engaging with governments, children and other stakeholders

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2.1 Children’s Rights and Corporate Governance
Compliance with national and international law and standards regarding children’s rights
There are numerous national and international legal provisions regarding children’s rights and many
States have incorporated the CRC into domestic law. It is an elementary principle of corporate good
governance that companies should always comply with the national law of the State where it
operates, as well as any relevant legislation of the State where it is domiciled. This is particularly the
case regarding the payment of fair taxes to generate revenues for economic growth and poverty
reduction and regarding compliance with laws on corruption since corrupt business practices can
have a very negative impact on children. Business should also refrain from any conduct that may
encourage a State to act in a way that is inconsistent with its obligations to children’s rights arising
from national and international human rights law.

Adopting and implementing policies on children’s rights
Business can ensure that it is respecting children’s rights in every aspect of its strategies and
operations by undertaking a gap analysis to see how existing policies and processes take into
account children’s rights. It can follow up on the results by revising policies and processes or
adopting new ones to address risks and opportunities relevant to children. Children’s rights policies
should include a child protection policy that applies to all employees and others associated with
operations.

Implementation will include assessing the impact, direct and indirect, of a company’s operations on
children’s rights and tracking performance, communicating performance and establishing viable
grievance mechanisms which are accessible for children. The CRC provides the ideal framework for
companies to understand, analyze and respond to how they impact on children’s rights. It should
be noted that the impact of business practices on boys and girls should be reassessed during
emergencies, such as armed conflicts and natural disasters, which can significantly increase the risk
of violations of children’s rights.

Establishing effective grievance mechanisms
Grievance mechanisms include those at company level, non-judicial mechanisms such as
Ombudspersons or National Human Rights Institutions, judicial remedies, international human rights
bodies, and complaints mechanisms which are part of voluntary initiatives. There are various
challenges which children face in seeking redress for violations by companies including lack of
resources; low levels of knowledge about grievance mechanisms; geographical, linguistic and
economic inaccessibility of mechanisms and lack of faith in their value. Business can overcome some
of these challenges by ensuring mechanisms are know about, providing children with multiple points
of entry, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, or e-mail.

2.2 Workplace
Family-friendly policies for employees
Business can support employees who care for children with family-friendly policies. Parents and
care-givers that have good working conditions and benefits, including access to good quality health-
care, will in turn be better able to care for their children. A living wage should mean that families

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can survive without depending on child labour. Specific areas requiring focus include protecting the
health of pregnant employees, enabling breast-feeding and supporting migrant and seasonal
workers in ‘distance parenting’.

Training for employees who have direct contact with children
Security staff, outreach workers, educators, child-care providers, and many other company-related
operational staff may enter into direct contact with children. Businesses should have stringent
recruitment processes for these employees and ensure they have adequate knowledge and ongoing
training regarding children’s rights. Specific areas requiring focus include ensuring that adequate
grievance mechanisms are in place for children to bring complaints against employees where there
are grounds to do so.

Considering the needs of working children
Business can play an important role in promoting youth employment by introducing children who
have reached the minimum working age into decent work. Where children are employed legally,
decisions about working hours, health and safety, education and the way that children are treated
all affect whether or not work violates children’s rights. Companies should prevent children and
their parents from being excluded from the workplace and treated badly within the workplace as a
result of direct and indirect discrimination owing to their ethnicity, gender, disability, HIV status, age
or other status. Specific areas requiring focus include: protecting working children from violence
including corporal punishment and sexual abuse by supervisors and co-workers; and consulting with
children regarding issues that affect them7.

Preventing and responding to child labour
The basic rules under international standards distinguish what constitutes acceptable or
unacceptable work for children at different ages and stages of their development. UNICEF estimates
that 150 million children aged 5–14 years old worldwide are engaged in child labour and 115 million
children aged 5-17 years old in the worst forms of child labour such as handling chemicals, heavy
loads or enduring long hours. 60% of child labour is in agriculture, 7% in industry, and 26% in
services. The complexity of the issue of child labour means that companies need to address the issue
sensitively, and must not take action which may force working children into more exploitative forms
of work. Steps must also be taken to ensure that child labour is not be used by subcontractors,
suppliers and other business affiliates.

Preventing and responding to the trafficking of children
According to the ILO some of the sectors in which human trafficking have been identified as a
significant problem, include: Agriculture and horticulture; Construction; Garments and textiles;
Travel and tourism; Hospitality and catering; Mining and logging; Food processing and packaging;
Transportation; Domestic service and other care and cleaning work and the Sex industry and
prostitution. Business can contribute to the prevention of child trafficking by implementing

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mechanisms to detect child trafficking in all its operations. They can ensure that supply chain
monitoring mechanisms prevent the transport and use of trafficked children. They can disseminate
information and create awareness among the workforce (and within the supply chain) so that they
can identify and report suspicious signs of abuse or exploitation of children.

Preventing and responding to the commercial sexual exploitation of children
There are three primary and interrelated forms of commercial sexual exploitation of children:
prostitution; pornography; and trafficking for sexual purposes. Four industries are particularly at risk
of involvement: Tourism and travel; Financial services; Media; and New technologies. Business can
implement mechanisms to detect exploitation in all its operations. It can ensure that supply chain
monitoring mechanisms preclude the commercial sexual exploitation of children. It can disseminate
information and create awareness among the workforce so that they can identify and report
suspicious signs of sexual abuse or exploitation of children, particularly in sectors such as transport
or hospitality.

2.3 Supply Chain
The scope of business responsibility to respect children’s rights extends to its relationship with other
parties. There is great potential for business to ensure that children’s rights are fully integrated and
implemented in the supply chain through the use of dialogue, contract conditions, self-assessment,
audit or capacity building to encourage suppliers to comply with their responsibilities towards
children. Business should ensure that it does not put pressures on suppliers that are likely to result
in abuses of children’s rights; for example, excessively low margins for suppliers may encourage use
of harmful child labour and failure to provide suppliers with good forecasting of demand may result
in excessive overtime and other pressures on workers to meet deadlines. They should develop
stable relationships with suppliers and build their capacity to respect children’s rights.

2.4 Products and Services
Product Safety and Research
Children are vulnerable to products that are unsafe: these could be products intended for children
such as toys or those they use incidentally such as household cleaning products. Business should
ensure that product safety and research and testing policies take children’s rights into account.

Marketing and advertising which promotes and strengthens children’s rights
Children are a vulnerable consumer group and are exposed to enormous commercial pressures.
Aggressive marketing of products in all media (including TV, print, mobile phone and on-line) which
are manifestly unhealthy for children such as cigarettes, alcohol and foods and drinks high in
saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, free sugars, or salt can violate their right to health, life, survival and
development. Another important issue is the sexualisation of children, particularly girls, within
advertising at increasingly earlier ages as well as promotion of unrealistic body images. Business can
protect children by creating marketing and advertising which promotes children’s rights; for
example, by promoting healthy life-styles and children’s citizenship.

Protecting children from harmful media content
More and more children have access to media diversions of many kinds – on television, via computer
gaming, on the Internet, and in mobile telephones. This has created increased potential for children

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to access harmful content such as depictions of violence, pornography and discriminatory depictions
of girls, women and minorities which is an important issue for companies particularly in the media
and ICT sectors. Business can do a great deal to protect children from harmful content whilst at the
same time acknowledging their right to information and freedom of expression, such as joining
together in industry initiatives to strengthen children’s information literacy; teaching responsible
behaviour online; enhancing awareness of web-related safety issues; deploying filter software and
providing hotlines.

Using technology to further children’s rights
Digital interactive technologies, such one-to-one SMS, net and mobile phone-based social networks,
have an enormous power and potential to further children’s rights. However, they can also
encourage children to participate in risky behaviour in the ‘real’ world and to fall prey to on-line
bullying and solicitation of sexual services. Business can work closely with other stakeholders such
as law enforcement agencies, teachers and children themselves to protect them and teach them
responsible behaviour online.

Private sector provision of critical services
The role of business in the provision of public services such as detention facilities, energy, education,
transport or water remains contentious. Children are particularly at risk when services are not
delivered in an equitable and universal manner. Poor children are most at risk of not having access
to utilities such as water as they often live in areas where establishing infrastructure is physically and
financially challenging. Critical services must be provided in compliance with children’s rights, and in
particular in a manner that is culturally appropriate and in which availability, accessibility and quality
are guaranteed for all.

2.5 Environment and resources
Environmental impact
In terms of climate change we know that the actions of business today will determine the future that
later generations inherit, on an unprecedented scale which raises the question of violation of rights
of future generations of children. Furthermore, children are at greater risk from environmental
hazards than adults because of their physical size, immature organs, behaviour, natural curiosity and
lack of knowledge. Growing environmental degradation and contamination from deforestation,
desertification, soil erosion, over grazing, over-use of fertilisers and pesticides, lack of watershed
management and dumping of wastes often compromise household food security and health,
especially for children.

Land acquisition
Children are particularly affected by land acquisitions for large industrial, agricultural and mining
projects and resulting displacements yet are least likely to be consulted about the impact on their
lives either informally within families or communities or formally as part of companies’
consultations. Business should take children’s rights and in particular the right to education, health
and an adequate standard of living into account when considering resettlement and compensation
for communities. Both girls and boys and, particularly vulnerable groups of children such as those
belonging to an ethnic, religious, indigenous or linguistic minority, should be involved in ongoing
engagement and discussions between business and the community regarding land acquisition.

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2.6 Community Investment
Children’s rights should be core to companies' structures and operation plans not peripheral to
them. There are also activities which business can undertake to support child rights whether
through strategic core business activity, community investment programmes, philanthropy or
otherwise. Such interventions should focus on the best interests of the child and assist boys as well
as girls. They must listen to and learn from children, make a long-term commitment and tackle the
root causes of child rights’ violations so that lasting, sustainable change can be achieved. They
should be planned and implemented in close cooperation with government to ensure that they are
complementary to government efforts to fulfill children’s rights8.

2.7 Engaging with governments and other stakeholders
Business can use its considerable influence to encourage and support governments to meet their
obligations to realise children’s rights. Dialogue with governments and others might include:
-Speaking out against violations of children’s rights
-Encouraging and supporting investigation of children’s rights abuse
-Supporting specific programmes such as improving standards in education and health
-Supporting legislation on issues such as environmental protection, health and safety and non-
discrimination which takes children’s rights into account.

Business should ensure that all lobbying for business interests is mindful and not undermining of
children’s rights and work with a range of partners to further children’s rights including schools,
trade unions and civil society. Business has an important role to play in ensuring that children’s
voices are heard and acted upon in business decisions which affect them, for example by
establishing proper channels for children and young workers’ representation in the workplace
Consultations with children should always be done in a meaningful and ethical manner which takes
into account the best interests of the children concerned.

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