C R C T Study Guide Gr1

CRCT
Study
Grade 1

Guide
Reading
English/Language Arts
Mathematics

Georgia Department of Education
Kathy Cox, State Superintendent of Schools
Copyright © December 2009 • All rights reserved

Table of Contents

Using the CRCT Study Guide 1

About the CRCT Overview of the CRCT 2
What is the CRCT?
What does the CRCT measure?
How are CRCT questions scored?

Preparing for the CRCT 4
Test-Taking Strategies
Related Links

Chapter 1 Reading 9
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Practice Quiz
Solutions

Chapter 2 English/Language Arts 22
Grammar/Phonological Awareness/Phonics
Sentence Construction
Research
Practice Quiz
Solutions

Chapter 3 Mathematics 35
Number and Operations
Measurement
Geometry
Data Analysis and Probability
Practice Quiz
Solutions


Using the CRCT Study Guide

This Study Guide focuses on the knowledge and skills that are tested on
the Georgia Criterion-Referenced Competency Tests (CRCT). It is designed for
teachers to use with their students and for parents to use with their children.
Go to www.gadoe.org/ to find further information about and support for
the CRCT.

Use the following section of this guide, About the CRCT, for an overview of the
CRCT and for test-taking strategies to review with your students.

– The content tested on the CRCT is based on the Georgia Performance
Standards, which describe what all students should know, understand,
and be able to do.

The chapters of this guide are organized by subject. In each chapter you can
explore the skills needed to succeed in a specific, tested domain (grouping of
similar content standards). The subject chapters include a snapshot of each
domain, instructional Activities that address covered skills, and a Practice
Quiz with annotated Solutions to help assess student progress.

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About the CRCT

Overview of the CRCT

What is the CRCT?
The CRCT is a series of state-mandated achievement tests for students in Grades
1 through 8. In Grades 1 and 2, the subject areas of reading, English/language
arts, and mathematics are covered.

What does the CRCT measure?
The CRCT measures how well students have learned the knowledge and
skills outlined by the state curriculum for their grade level. A new statewide
curriculum, known as the Georgia Performance Standards (GPS), sets academic
standards and expectations for all students in Georgia’s public schools. The
CRCT corresponds to the new standards.

The tests accomplish the following:

– Ensure that students are learning.
– Provide data to teachers, schools, and school
districts so they can make better instructional decisions.
– Measure accountability, including Adequate Yearly
Progress (AYP) as measured by the federal No Child Left Behind Act.

CRCT results measure the academic achievement of students, classes, schools,
school systems, and the state. This information can be used to identify individual
student strengths and weaknesses or, more generally, to measure the quality of
education throughout Georgia.

How are CRCT questions scored?
The CRCT currently uses only selected-response (multiple-choice) questions.
In Grades 1 and 2, there are three choices for each question, labeled A, B, and C.

Students are not compared to each other. Each student is measured
on his or her achievement in meeting the standards. Scores are reported
according to three performance levels: Does Not Meet the Standard,
Meets the Standard, and Exceeds the Standard. For more information,
visit www.gadoe.org/ci_testing.aspx?PageReq=CI_TESTING_CRCT
and click the link for “2008 CRCT Interpretive Guide.”

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About the CRCT
Since the spring of 2006, performance on the reading portion of the CRCT has
been linked to the Lexile scale. Visit www.gadoe.org/lexile.aspx for more
information on this national reading measure.

What steps were taken to ensure the
age-appropriateness of the CRCT?
To ensure that test results from younger students are reliable and accurate, the
state reviewed educational research and surveyed how other states tested
students in the early grades. Key factors in age-appropriate testing include the
number of answer choices, breaks during testing, and having sections of the test
read aloud by teachers.

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About the CRCT

Preparing for the CRCT

Test-Taking Strategies
Weeks Tell students about the test they will be taking. Make sure students
Before know what to expect on the day of the test.
the Test
Give students a chance to practice filling in bubbles before the
test day.

Help students develop strategies for matching questions to the
correct set of bubbles on the answer grid.

Day Before Remind students to get a good night’s rest.
the Test
Give students a chance to talk about how they are feeling about
the test.

Remind students that this test is only one way for them to show
what they know.

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About the CRCT
Preparing for the CRCT

During Remind students of the following strategies to use during the test:
the Test
Relax by taking slow, deep breaths.

Listen carefully to the teacher’s instructions.

Look at each question carefully.

Look at each answer choice for a question, then choose the one
you think is best.

Fill in the whole circle next to your choice.

Don’t try to find a pattern in the circles you fill in. There isn’t one!

Leave a question blank if you are unsure of the answer, then go
back to it at the end.

Don’t spend too much time on one question.

Only change an answer if you are sure you picked the wrong one
before. Then erase the old answer completely.

Answer all of the questions, even if you aren’t sure every answer
is correct.

Related Links
Below are links to important resources that contain information related
to the CRCT.

Georgia Performance Standards:
www.georgiastandards.org/

CRCT Content Descriptions:
http://www.gadoe.org/ci_testing.aspx?PageReq=CI_TESTING_CRCT

Lexile Framework for Reading:
www.gadoe.org/lexile.aspx

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Best practices in education indicate that
teachers should first model new skills
for students. Next, teachers should provide
opportunities for guided practice. Only then
should teachers expect students to successfully
complete an activity independently.

The activities in this guide are no exception.
They are designed to be used by teachers
and parents to help students with the skills
on the Georgia CRCT.

Since different students have different strengths
and needs, the activities in this study guide
can be scaffolded for students who need more
support, extended to challenge advanced
students, or presented as is (with appropriate
modeling) for grade-level students.

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Reading


Chapter 1

Reading

Students who enter Grade 1 from kindergarten continue phonological
development, making major growth in learning to read. They develop more
advanced phonics skills and begin to build a bank of sight words. Grade 1
students continue to learn as their ability to read grows. They read, listen to, and
discuss more complex stories, and they begin to make connections between what
they read and hear and the experiences of their lives. Students in Grade 1 begin
to monitor and self-correct their reading, and they expand their listening and
speaking vocabularies by reading and hearing a wide variety of texts.

The Reading activities focus on some of the concepts that are assessed on the
Grade 1 CRCT Reading domains. These domains are as follows:

1˜Vocabulary
2˜Comprehension

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Chapter One
Reading

Activities 1 Vocabulary
Georgia Performance Standards ELA1R5 and ELA1R6

Within the Vocabulary domain, Grade 1 students will learn the skills necessary to
read, interpret, and acquire new vocabulary in a variety of texts. They will recognize
grade-level words with multiple meanings, and identify both antonyms (opposites),
and synonyms (words that have similar meanings). To understand the meanings of
words, students in Grade 1 will identify the component parts of compound words,
as well as word parts such as roots, suffixes (e.g., –er, –est, –y), and inflectional
endings (e.g., –s, –es, –ed, –ing).

The following activities develop skills in this domain:

– To increase students’ understanding of words with multiple meanings, play
Talking Dictionary. Prepare ten sentences that use ten grade-level words with
multiple meanings. Underline each target word. Next, prepare definition cards
that list the multiple meanings of each underlined word. For each sentence,
call on two students to come to the front of the class. One student will role-
play the dictionary, and the other will role-play the student who is unsure of
a word’s meaning. The latter will read one of the sentences and ask the
“dictionary” what the underlined word means. The student role-playing the
dictionary will look at the word’s definition card and read the meaning he
or she thinks is used in the sentence. If the student role-playing the
dictionary reads the correct definition, he or she can take on the dictionary
role for the next sentence. If he or she gets it wrong, a new student will play
the dictionary until the correct definition is identified.

– To help students identify antonyms and synonyms, play Make a Match. Write
antonyms and synonyms on index cards, one word per card (see tables
below). Scramble the cards and place them face up in front of the students.
First, students should look for antonyms. Students who correctly identify a
pair of opposites will get to keep both words. Only one pair can be earned
per turn. Next, students should look for synonyms. Students who correctly
identify words with similar meanings will get to keep both words. The student
who has collected the most pairs by the end of the game wins. For variation,
cards may also be arranged face-down, like in the game Concentration.

Antonyms

big/small heavy/light short/tall
black/white high/low slow/fast
false/true hot/cold stop/go
fat/thin left/right strong/weak
flat/round night/day up/down
give/take old/new work/play

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Chapter One
Reading

good/bad out/in wrong/right
happy/sad real/fake young/old
Synonyms

angry/mad fresh/new quick/speedy
beautiful/pretty happy/content scared/afraid
begin/start hard/difficult seek/search
child/kid hide/cover shout/yell
chilly/cold huge/gigantic soft/low
correct/right hurry/rush speak/talk
fake/pretend laugh/chuckle tag/tap
finish/end look/see try/attempt

– To develop students’ understanding of how suffixes affect the meanings of
root words, students should practice adding suffixes to roots. For this activity,
create three-part posters. Think of words with the suffixes –er and –est, and
write their roots on strips of paper (e.g., big, small, tall, long, deep). Give each
student one word and explain how to fold a piece of paper into three vertical
sections. Students should write their words at the bottom-left sections of
their papers. Next, they should add the suffixes –er and –est to their words
and write the newly formed words (e.g., long, longer, longest) at the bottom of
the middle and right sections of their papers. Students with short vowel
words that end in single consonants will double the final consonants before
adding the suffixes (e.g., bigger, biggest). Students with words that end in y
will change the y to an i before adding the suffixes (e.g., funnier, funniest).
Above each word, students should draw pictures that show the relative
meaning of their words. Students should then present their work to the class.

– To introduce students to inflectional endings, reread a book you have read
together and hunt for plural nouns. (A plural noun is more than one person,
place, thing, or idea.) Students should raise their hands when they see or hear
a plural noun (e.g., ducks or boxes). List the words they find on the board and
explain that the words are plurals. Students should look at the list and see if
they notice a common spelling pattern. Prompt students to look at word
endings by saying, Do any of these words end with the same letters? Students
should notice that some of the words end in –s and some of the words end in
–es. Create a chart to group all of the plurals ending in –s and all the plurals
ending in –es. Students should choose one of the words from either list, write
it on a piece of paper, underline the inflectional ending, and draw a picture of
what the word means. A student who writes the word foxes, for example,
would draw a picture of more than one fox.

Further support can be found in the GPS Reading Framework available at
http://www.georgiastandards.org/

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Chapter One
Reading

Activities 2 Comprehension
Georgia Performance Standard ELA1R6

The Comprehension domain addresses students’ abilities to read, recall,
comprehend, and explore literary texts (e.g., narratives, stories, poems, fables),
and a wide variety of informational articles. Students in Grade 1 will make
predictions using prior knowledge, distinguish fact from fiction, and recognize
cause-and-effect relationships in texts. They will recognize the plot, setting, and
characters within a literary text, and compare these elements among texts they
have read or heard. They will ask and answer questions about these and other
narrative elements (e.g., beginning-middle-end, story events, problem/resolution).
Grade 1 students will retell stories read independently or with a partner. They will
identify the main idea and supporting details of informational articles, and they
will recognize and use graphic features (e.g., menus, charts, diagrams, calendars,
maps) to understand informational text.


– To help students analyze characters and predict their feelings in the context
of a story, create and use two-sided emotion puppets. Students should cut
out two large circles from a piece of heavy paper. On one circle, they should
draw a happy face. On the other, they should draw a sad face. Give each
student a popsicle stick. Students should glue the two circles together with
the popsicle stick in the middle. When the emotion puppets are dry, read a
story together and stop when (or just before) something happens that would
affect the way a character feels (e.g., when Cinderella finds out she can’t go
to the ball). Students should use their puppets to show whether they think
characters would feel good or bad. Students should explain their choices and
relate the event to the context of the whole story. For example: Cinderella will
feel bad when her stepsisters go the ball. She will imagine being stuck doing
housework while her sisters enjoy themselves.

– To develop students’ abilities to put events in the correct sequence and
tell a story, students should practice ordering events of stories. Photocopy
illustrations that represent the main events of a text. Glue each one to a
separate piece of cardstock and present them to students in random order.
Students should put the pictures in the order that they occurred in the text.
Once all of the pictures are in order, students should retell the events of the
story in their own words.

– To help students analyze story elements and recognize that all stories have
basic structures, create story maps. (See example below). After reading
a story, give each student a copy of the story map. First, students should
draw a picture of the setting. Next, they should name the characters. Finally,
students should draw pictures to show the main events that happened in the
beginning, middle, and end of the story. Students should compare their story
maps with those of other students.
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Chapter One
Reading

– To build students’ understanding of graphic features in informational texts,
students should practice interpreting charts, diagrams, and graphs. Read an
informational article with an accompanying diagram. For example, a science
article about the muscles of the human body may contain a diagram of the
muscular system. Pose questions that challenge students to interpret the
text and diagram together, such as Which muscle in the human body is the
strongest? Which muscle is the longest? How do muscles attach to bone? What
would the human body look like if people didn’t have muscles? What could
people do without muscles? Students should explain their answers and use
the diagram to show what they mean. Finally, ask students questions that
pertain to the usefulness of the diagram, such as Is this diagram helpful in
teaching about the human body? Why or why not? Is there anything you
learned from the diagram that you didn’t learn from the text?

Further support can be found in the GPS Reading Framework available at

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Chapter One
Reading

Practice Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

Quiz Rain, Rain, Rain
My name is Juan, and I like rain.
Want to know why? Let me explain.

The rain makes a funny sound.
I hear it falling on the ground.

I like to play in the rain with friends,
We hope and wish the rain never ends.

I wear a raincoat and a hat,
I jump in puddles: splish, splash, splat!

I do my best to stay nice and dry,
But I get wet, no matter how I try.

Rain taps my head, my toes, my feet,
It drips and drops all over the street.

My mom wants the rain to go away,
She wishes today were a sunny day.

But, I am glad the rain is here,
I sing a song and give a cheer.

Rain helps plants grow big and strong,
Sometimes rain falls the whole day long.

When the rain ends, I won’t cry.
I’ll find a puddle and make mud pie!

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Chapter One
Reading

1 What is Juan doing FIRST in the poem?
A coloring
B playing soccer
C listening to the rain

2 On the next rainy day, what will Juan MOST LIKELY do?
A go outside and play
B watch television
C eat a snack

3 According to the poem, which sentence is correct?
A Juan is good at sports.
B Juan likes rain.
C Juan has a dog.

4 What will Juan do when the rain stops?
A Put on a coat.
B Go into the house.
C Make a mud pie.

5 According to the poem, which sentence is correct?
A Juan’s mother cheers for the rain.
B Juan’s mother likes sunny days.
C Juan’s mother wants to plant flowers.

6 Which sentence describes Juan?
A He gets a new coat.
B He plays in the rain.
C He likes to swim.

7 What is the main idea of the poem?
A Plants need rain to grow.
B Rain falls all over the ground.
C Juan loves rain.

8 Why does Juan sing a song and give a cheer?
A He is glad the rain is here.
B He thinks the rain will never end.
C He wants to see the plants grow.

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Chapter One
Reading

9 Which word means the OPPOSITE of glad?
A nice
B unhappy
C smile

10 Which of these words is made from two words?
A puddle
B flowers
C raincoat

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Chapter One
Reading

Solutions Correct
Number Answer Explanation
1 C Asks and answers questions about essential narrative
elements (e.g., beginning-middle-end, setting, characters,
problems, events, resolution) of a read-aloud or
independently read text. (ELA1R6c)
The correct answer is Choice (C) listening to the rain. In
the first two sentences, Juan thinks, “the rain makes
a funny sound” and hears “it falling on the ground.”
Choices (A) and (B) are incorrect because the poem
says nothing about coloring or playing soccer.

2 A Makes predictions using prior knowledge. (ELA1R6b)
The correct answer is Choice (A) go outside and play.
Throughout the poem, Juan tells readers that he enjoys
playing in the rain. Choice (B) is incorrect because the
poem says nothing about Juan’s interest in television.
Choice (C) is incorrect because the poem says nothing
about eating a snack.

3 B Asks and answers questions about essential narrative
The correct answer is Choice (B) Juan likes rain.
Throughout the poem, Juan tells readers that he likes
rain—its sound, the puddles, the mud, etc. Choice (A)
is incorrect because the poem says nothing about Juan’s
sports skills. Choice (C) is incorrect because the poem
says nothing about Juan having a dog.

4 C Asks and answers questions about essential narrative
The correct answer is Choice (C) Make a mud pie. At the
end of the poem, Juan says, “When the rain ends,
I won’t cry. / I’ll find a puddle and make a mud pie!”
Choice (A) is incorrect because, according to the poem,
Juan will “wear a raincoat” in the rain, not after the rain
ends. Choice (B) is incorrect because the poem says
nothing about going into the house.

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Chapter One
Reading

Correct
5 B Asks and answers questions about essential narrative
The correct answer is Choice (B) Juan’s mother likes
sunny days. According to the poem, Juan’s mother
“wants the rain to go away, / She wishes today were
a sunny day.” Choice (A) is incorrect because only Juan
cheers for the rain. Choice (C) is incorrect because
the poem says nothing about Juan’s mother’s desire to
plant flowers.

6 B Retells stories read independently or with a partner.
(ELA1R6d)
The correct answer is Choice (B) He plays in the rain.
In the poem, Juan says that he plays in the rain: “I jump
in puddles: splish, splash, splat!” Choice (A) is incorrect
because the poem says nothing about Juan getting a new
coat. Choice (C) is incorrect because the poem doesn’t
say he likes to swim.

7 C Identifies the main idea and supporting details of
informational text read or heard. (ELA1R6g)
The correct answer is Choice (C) Juan loves rain. In the
poem, Juan shows that he loves the rain. He says, “I like
to play in the rain,” “We hope and wish that it never
ends,” and “I am glad the rain is here, / I sing a song and
give a cheer.” Choice (A) is incorrect because the poem
focuses mainly on Juan’s feelings about rain; it does not
focus on plants. Choice (B) is incorrect because the poem
is mostly about Juan; it doesn’t focus on the rain falling
all over the ground.

8 A Recognizes cause-and-effect relationships in text.
(ELA1R6i)
The correct answer is Choice (A) He is glad the rain is
here. In the poem, Juan says, “I am glad the rain is here!”
Choice (B) is incorrect. Juan “hope[s] and wish[es]” that
the rain will never end, but he does not think that will
happen. Choice (C) is also incorrect. Juan seems pleased
that “Rain helps plants grow big and strong.” However,
he says nothing about seeing the plants grow.

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Chapter One
Reading

Correct
9 B Identifies words that are opposites (antonyms) or have
similar meanings (synonyms). (ELA1R5c)
The correct answer is Choice (B) unhappy. Choice (A) is
incorrect because the opposite of the word nice is mean,
uncomfortable, or unfriendly. Choice (C) is incorrect
because the word smile is the opposite of frown.

10 C Identifies word parts to determine meanings. (ELA1R6j)
The correct answer is Choice (C) raincoat. The word
raincoat is made up of two words: rain and coat. Choices
(A) and (B) are incorrect because neither puddle nor
flowers can be divided into two words.

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Chapter 2


Given the importance of reading and writing in every aspect of our society,
students in Grade 1 must begin to build strong literacy skills. In Grade 1, students
continue to produce text through speaking and writing. They make major
advances in learning to write a story that shows focus and organization. The
conventions of language gain importance to students as they develop a desire
for neatness and correctness. They learn to expand sentences and recognize
paragraphs, and they begin to learn the rules of language and spelling. They are
moving towards mastery of language use in order to read and write both for
information and pleasure. When writing, students can create complete sentences
with subject-verb agreement and use different types of sentences (simple/
compound). Students can correctly spell most words, understand basic writing
conventions (capitalization and punctuation), and correctly use nouns and
pronouns. When gathering information, students can use a variety of resources
to read and write about a topic.

The English/Language Arts activities are focused on some of the concepts that
are assessed on the Grade 1 CRCT English/Language Arts domains. These
domains are as follows:

1˜Grammar/Phonological Awareness/Phonics
2˜Sentence Construction
3˜Research

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Chapter Two

Activities 1 Grammar/Phonological Awareness/
Phonics
Georgia Performance Standards ELA1W1 and ELA1R2

Within this domain, students should begin to demonstrate competency in the
writing process by working with words in sentences, especially singular and
plural nouns, as well as personal and singular-possessive pronouns. Students
should begin to apply the conventions of Standard English by using common
rules of spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. In addition, students should
demonstrate the ability to pull out and change individual sounds within words.
Finally, students should distinguish between long and short vowel sounds.


– In order to help students learn to use correct spelling, capitalization, and
punctuation, create “morning messages.” Write messages (or parts of
messages) on the board or on a family calendar. Whenever possible, students
should dictate, or say aloud, the messages to be posted. Students should also
help write the words and correct mistakes. For example, students can work
with the following morning message:

Good Morning! Today is [day of the week], [month and day], [year].
[Name] has a birthday soon. (Can be a celebrity or a relative)
Today we will be working on [list the activities of the day].

– Understanding vowel sounds is an important concept for students who are
learning how to spell. Play with words using word-cards and letter-tiles.
These should be made ahead of time using index cards or cut-up construction
paper. Students will sort word-cards into categories, such as rhyming words,
words with the same initial letter, words with the same vowel sound, or
nouns. Students will use letter-tiles to create words of different types (new
words, rhyming words, etc.).

– In order to help students understand and use long and short vowel sounds,
students will create a “word ladder.” Students should say aloud the first word
on the ladder. Then they should change, add, or remove one letter to create a
new word, and have another student pronounce the new word. Conduct this
activity in small groups, or simply trade words back and forth with the
student. Make the longest ladder possible. For example: start with the word
map; change p to t to make mat; change m to b to make bat; change a to e to
make bet; change t to g to make beg; change b to l to make leg; change e to o
to make log.

Further support can be found in the GPS English/Language Arts Framework at

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Chapter Two

Activities 2 Sentence Construction
Georgia Performance Standard ELA1W1

Within the Sentence Construction domain, students should begin to demonstrate
competency in using, writing, and recognizing the parts of sentences. Students
should use nouns (singular and plural) correctly and begin to use personal
pronouns (I, me, we) in place of nouns. Students can identify and write complete
sentences with correct subject-verb agreement, and begin to write different
types of sentences. These include simple sentences and compound sentences,
as well as telling and asking sentences.


– To help students identify correctly written sentences, play Circle It! Write
groups of three sentences on the board or on a piece of paper. Two of the
sentences should be incorrect, with mistakes in subject-verb agreement or
spelling. Students should take turns circling the sentence with no errors.
Students should also explain their choices and correct the errors.

– In order to help students use nouns, personal pronouns, and sentence
structure correctly, use the following interactive writing exercise. Students
should choose a topic and receive as much or as little help as required to
dictate a short piece of text. If needed, provide students with a prompt, such
as, Tell about something that happened in the park. Then talk with students
about the words and sentences of the text. Identify nouns and pronouns, and
look for subject-verb agreement. Tack the text on a wall, the bulletin board,
or the refrigerator.

– Identifying and creating different types of sentences is an important part
of becoming a good writer. Create two sentence stations in the room by
placing signs on opposite walls that say telling sentence and asking sentence.
Be sure to move desks or other obstructions out of the way. Explain that you
will write a sentence on the board (or on a poster) while you say it aloud. The
students will move to the correct sentence station to show what kind of
sentence it is. (Examples of telling and asking sentences include: We’re having
pizza for lunch. What should we have for lunch?) Play this game again using
stations for simple sentences (Example: The cat ran away.) and complex
sentences (Example: While doing his homework, James drank cocoa.).

– In order to help students learn subject-verb agreement, create two piles
of index cards or small sheets of blank paper. One pile will include a variety
of subject words and the other will feature verbs. Students will pick one
card from the subject pile and find a verb card that agrees with it to create
a sentence. For example, if a student selects a card from the pile that says
Jasper and Sonya, he or she will need to locate an agreeing verb such as the
plural verb watch. Then the student will complete the sentence and say it
aloud. Similarly, if a student selects a singular subject, such as Mrs. Wendell,
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Chapter Two

he or she will need an agreeing verb, such as the singular verb sleeps.
If a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular and will generally
have an s at the end. If a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural and
will generally not have an s at the end.


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Chapter Two

Activities 3 Research
Georgia Performance Standards ELA1W1

Students should decide which reference source to use when presented with a
variety of choices. Examples of these choices include picture dictionaries, the
Internet, and books, as well as other sources of information. Students should
start to think about how to use the information they find. In addition, students
should be able to use a dictionary or glossary to find word meanings.


– To help students choose the right dictionary definition for multiple-meaning
words, students will play Pick One! Choose a one-page reading selection and
underline three words in the selection with multiple meanings. Next, copy
simple dictionary entries (containing definitions for all meanings) for each of
the three words, either on the board or on a piece of paper. After reading the
selection, students will mark the appropriate definitions for each word as it is
used in the text. Students should discuss their choices with each other before
marking the correct definitions.

– To help students use dictionaries and glossaries, students will make a
definition chart. Use a simple, two-column chart with a list of four words
from students’ reading materials. (See the sample below.) Once students
have selected words for the first column, help them use a dictionary to find
a definition for each word to place in the second column. Assist students by
showing them how the guide words at the top of each dictionary page help
locate words. The first guide word is the first defined word on the page; the
second is the last defined word on the page. All other words located on the
page are found alphabetically between the two guide words. Point students
to the correct word on the page. Provide as much or as little help as students
need to complete the chart. A picture dictionary is ideal for this activity. When
students are successful at this task, they should include a second definition
for words that have more than one meaning.

Word Short definition Second definition

1.
2.
3.
4.

– Using a variety of resources to conduct research is an important step in
understanding persuasive writing. Each student will write a postcard to a
friend on a topic of his or her choice. (Some examples include an unusual
animal, a famous athlete, a place they would like to visit, or an ancient
civilization.) With guidance, each student should use available reference

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Chapter Two

books, preferably in the student section of a library, and find a fact to include
in the postcard. To help students choose the correct reference books for their
purposes, put sentences like the following on the board. Students should
offer suggestions to answer the questions:
– Which book will help us find information about where a koala bear lives?
(encyclopedia)
– Which book will name the capital of Mexico? (atlas, encyclopedia)

– To help students think about finding information from reference resources,
students will imagine that they are reporters for a local newspaper. Tell
students to imagine that they need to gather information for a big story about
the mayor or a local celebrity. Students should think about and discuss how
they might do the research. Ask guiding questions such as, Would you try to
interview someone who knows the mayor? or Would a dictionary help? Why or
why not? The important part of this exercise is to get the students thinking
about good research options and resources.


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Chapter Two

Practice 1 Which word BEST completes the sentence?

Quiz ________ bike is new.

A My
B Hers
C Mine

2 Which sentence uses commas correctly?
A Keesha saw a duck, a goat, and a cow.
B Keesha, saw a duck, a goat and a cow.
C Keesha saw, a duck a goat, and a cow.

3 Which word in the sentence needs a capital letter?

I will visit my friend in november.

A my
B friend
C november

4 What is the correct spelling of the word that completes the sentence?

I _______ my book bag!

A fuond
B found
C fownd

5 What is the plural noun in the sentence?

Chris has two shells.

A Chris
B has
C shells

6 Which word can BEST be used in place of the underlined words in the
sentence?

Ben gave hugs to my mom and me.

A them
B us
C we

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Chapter Two

7 Which sentence tells something?
A Malik smiles at me.
B Why are you sad?
C How is your brother?

8 Which word BEST completes the sentence?

My shirt ______ five buttons.

A has
B have
C having

9 Which page has information about baby eagles?

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: What Eagles Eat .................................2
Chapter 2: Building Nests .................................11
Chapter 3: Young Eagles ....................................18
Chapter 4: How Eagles Fly ................................23

A page 2
B page 11
C page 18

10 Use the information in the box to answer the question.

bright:
1. smart
2. shiny
3. cheerful

Which definition of bright is used in the sentence?

The sun is very bright today.

A definition 1
B definition 2
C definition 3

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Chapter Two

Solutions Correct
1 A Use singular-possessive pronouns. (ELA1W1h)
The correct answer is Choice (A) My. This word properly
completes the sentence with the correct singular-
possessive pronoun. Choices (B) and (C) are incorrect
because the pronouns mine and hers are used to modify
the noun bike.

2 A Use commas in a series of items. (ELA1W1m)
The correct answer is Choice (A) Keesha saw a duck,
a goat, and a cow. This sentence properly uses
commas in a series. Choice (B) is incorrect because
there is an unnecessary comma between Keesha and
the verb saw. In addition, the sentence is missing a
comma after the second item in the series. Choice (C) is
incorrect because there is an unnecessary comma after
the verb saw. Also, the sentence is missing a comma
after the first word in the series.

3 C Use appropriate end punctuation (period and question
mark) and correct capitalization of initial words and
common proper nouns (e.g., personal names, months).
(ELA1W1l)
The correct answer is Choice (C) november. This word
names a month and therefore requires a capital letter.
Choice (A) is incorrect because my does not require
capitalization in this sentence because it is not a proper
noun. Choice (B) is incorrect because friend does not
require a capital letter. It is not the first word in the
sentence or a proper noun.

4 B Begin to use common rules of spelling. (ELA1W1j)
The correct answer is Choice (B) found. This is the
correct spelling of the word. Choice (A) is incorrect
because the two vowels are reversed. Choice (C) is
incorrect. Students may choose this answer because
the vowels in this spelling do make the same sound as
the vowels in the word.

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Chapter Two

Correct
5 C Use nouns (singular and plural) correctly. (ELA1W1f)
The correct answer is Choice (C) shells. Shells is the only
plural noun in the sentence. Choice (A) is incorrect
because Chris is a proper singular noun. Choice (B) is
incorrect because has is a singular verb, not a noun.

6 B Begin to use personal pronouns (e.g., I, me, we, us) in
place of nouns. (ELA1W1g)
The correct answer is Choice (B) us. This personal
pronoun is an indirect object in the sentence. Choice (A)
is incorrect because the pronoun them would not include
the person saying or writing the sentence. Choice (C) is
incorrect because the subjective we should only be used
when the pronoun is the subject of a sentence, as in
We received hugs.

7 A Begin to write different types of sentences (e.g., simple/
compound and declarative/interrogative). (ELA1W1i)
The correct answer is Choice (A) Malik smiles at me.
This sentence provides information rather than asks for
information. Choices (B) and (C) are both incorrect
because they ask questions.

8 A Write in complete sentences with correct subject-verb
agreement. (ELA1W1e)
The correct answer is Choice (A) has. This verb completes
the sentence with the correct subject-verb agreement.
Choice (B) is incorrect because the subject my shirt is
singular but the verb have is plural. Choice (C) is incorrect
because having is linked to time, and this form of the verb
doesn’t make sense.

9 C Begin to use a variety of resources (picture dictionaries,
the Internet, books) and strategies to gather information
to write about a topic. (ELA1W1k)
The correct answer is Choice (C) page 18. The chart
shows a table of contents. The title of Chapter 3, Young
Eagles, would include baby eagles. Choice (A) is incorrect
because the chapter beginning on page 2 is about what
eagles eat. Choice (B) is incorrect because the chapter
beginning on page 11 is about building nests.

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Chapter Two

Correct
10 B Begin to use dictionary and glossary skills to determine
word meanings. (ELA1R6k)
The correct answer is Choice (B) definition 2. Shiny is
the most accurate definition of bright when referring to
the sun. Choices (A) and (C) are incorrect because in this
context, neither smart nor cheerful makes sense.

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Mathematics


Chapter 3

Mathematics

By the end of Grade 1, students will understand and use the concept of ones and
tens in the place value number system. They will add and subtract small numbers
with ease. Students will represent quantity with numbers, models, diagrams, and
number sentences. They will begin to use tools for measuring; observe, create,
and decompose (break apart) geometric shapes; and solve simple problems
including those involving spatial relationships. Students will pose questions,
record data, and interpret simple charts and picture graphs.

The Mathematics activities focus on some of the concepts that are assessed on
the Grade 1 CRCT Mathematics domains. These domains are as follows:

1˜Number and Operations
2˜Measurement
3˜Geometry
4˜Data Analysis and Probability
The Mathematical Process Skills are integrated throughout the domains. These
are skills used to acquire and apply content knowledge.

Mathematical Process Skills refer to students’ dexterity in applying concepts and
skills in the context of authentic problems and understanding concepts, rather
than merely following a sequence of procedures. Process skills are used to
acquire and apply content knowledge. Process skills include solving problems
that arise in Mathematics and other contexts; reasoning and evaluating
mathematical arguments; communicating mathematically; making connections
among mathematical ideas and to other content areas; and representing
mathematical ideas in multiple ways.

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Chapter Three
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Activities 1 Number and Operations
Georgia Performance Standards M1N1, M1N2, M1N3, and M1N4

Within the Number and Operations domain, students will understand numbers
in multiple representations and compare and order numbers using symbols,
sequences, the number line, and the hundreds chart. Students will demonstrate
an understanding of equivalent quantities and working with coins and bills.
Students will demonstrate understanding of addition and subtraction, and apply
those skills in problem-solving situations. Therefore, students will cultivate an
understanding of how addition and subtraction affect quantities and are related
to each other. They will estimate, model, compare, order, and represent whole
numbers up to 100. Students will use concrete representations to build number
patterns. Students will solve and create word problems involving addition and
subtraction to 100 without regrouping. Students will divide groups into equal
parts and relate fractions as equal parts of a whole. In addition, they will be
introduced to multiplication and division situations and operations.


– Students will use collections of small objects to identify one more/less than
and ten more/less than a given amount. Gather several collections of small
objects and assign each collection a name or letter. Show one collection to
students, who will count the objects and write down the number for later
comparison. Provide a visual representation of the amounts by recording each
on a number line. This activity will also reinforce counting on and counting
back. Repeat this with each collection. Students should then determine which
collections have one more (or one less) than other collections. Repeat the
exercise with larger collections of objects so students can identify which
collections of objects have ten more (or ten less) than others.

– To develop students’ skills with skip counting by 2s, 5s, and 10s, both forward
and backward, use number lines and a hundreds chart. Skip counting is an
important step in creating the foundation for understanding multiplication.
Students who can recite sequences such as, 2, 4, 6, 8… may not make the
connection that each number is a consistent amount greater than the one
before it. Students will use number lines or a hundreds chart (see examples
on the next page) to practice skip counting, which offers a concrete visual
connection to the concepts. Students should describe the patterns they see
on the number line or hundreds chart; patterns derived by skip counting are
more obvious when colored on a hundreds chart. Students should count
forward and backward from one number to the next to understand that the
patterns are the same in either direction. Students should try to identify
numbers that show up in more than one skip-counting pattern (e.g., students
will count the number 6 when they are skip counting by 2 and by 3).

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Chapter Three
Mathematics

Number Line

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Hundreds Chart

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

– Students can reinforce concepts of even and odd, as well as develop
strategies to share objects evenly in groups of 2 to 5, by playing the Groups
Game. Start with the full group of students. Play music and have the students
walk around the classroom. Stop the music suddenly and call out, Even! or
Odd! Students should break up into groups accordingly. Any group that
doesn’t have the appropriate number of members (whether even or odd) will
sit out until the next round. Continue until only a few students remain. For a
variation, create stations numbered 2, 3, 4, and 5, indicating the number of
students who will work at each station. Place a number of small objects at
each station so that the objects can be divided evenly by the number of the
students at the station. For example, a station numbered 3 could have 6 items
(2 per student) or 12 items (4 per student) but not 13 items (since 3 doesn’t
divide evenly into 13). Repeat stations as needed so that there are enough
stations for all students. For instance, 22 students could be split among
2 stations of 2 students, 3 stations of 3 students, 1 station of 4 students, and
1 station of 5 students. Play in the same fashion, but when the music stops,
students must find a place at a station. The students at each station must then
divide the objects up evenly among themselves.

Further support can be found in the GPS Mathematics Framework:
Unit 1: Routines and Data; Unit 2: Understanding Operations; Unit 3: Fun With
Shapes; Unit 5: Stepping Up To Bigger Numbers; and Unit 6: Revisiting Operations.

The Mathematics Framework documents are available at

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Chapter Three
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Activities 2 Measurement
Georgia Performance Standards M1M1 and M1M2

Within the Measurement domain, students measure the basic physical attributes
of concrete objects. Students create and use a “ruled” stick, tape, or container
and demonstrate an understanding of the comparison and ordering of length,
weight, or capacity of two or more objects by using direct comparison or a
nonstandard unit. Students will develop an understanding of the measurement of
time to the nearest half hour and calendar time (days, weeks, and months),
including duration (length) and sequence (order) of events.


– Students will improve the ability to estimate and measure using a
nonstandard unit smaller than the object to be measured by practicing with
common objects and images. Students should measure common objects
using their hands, feet, or bodies as nonstandard units of measurement.
Students can use a place holder to keep track of where to start the next unit.
For example, if measuring in hand lengths, students may hold a pencil at their
fingertips while moving the heel of their hand to that point, repeating each
time they move their hand. Record all the measurements and compare
results. Discuss why the measurement results vary for different people, even
though the same object was measured. For an extension, find images in
magazines that can be cut up and use them to perform measurements in
nonstandard units. For example, if a picture shows a bicycle next to a garage,
students should cut out the bicycle and use it as a nonstandard measure to
find the width and height of the garage.

– To compare and order the sequence or duration of events, students will
record a daily schedule with the start and end times of various events.
Students may use a daily calendar with half-hour increments, and estimate
the duration of events by counting the number of increments used. Students
should identify the longest and shortest event on a given day or in a given
week. They should compare the lengths of various events and identify which
are longer or shorter than others. Students will discuss how they know which
events came before or after a given event.

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Chapter Three
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– Students will begin to understand the relationship of calendar time (days in a
week and months in a year) by participating in the March of the Months. Find a
space with enough room for students to march in unison, and have them line
up against one wall. March with your students in formation, playing the part of
leader by ensuring that students match your pace with backs straight and arms
swinging neatly at their sides. Say the months in order, with students repeating
after you in unison. Say, Stop! and all students should stop immediately,
keeping in one line. Next, choose a holiday or birthday month with students.
Resume marching, saying the months in order. When students reach the
chosen month they should all stop marching. Student volunteers can choose
subsequent months. The same game can be played using days of the week.

Further support can be found in the GPS Mathematics Framework: Unit 4: How
Can I Measure and Compare?

www.georgiastandards.org/mathframework.aspx

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Chapter Three
Mathematics

Activities 3 Geometry
Georgia Performance Standards M1G1, M1G2, and M1G3

Within the Geometry domain, students demonstrate an understanding of two-
and three-dimensional figures and spatial relationships of concrete objects.
Students will build, represent, name, and describe various two- and three-
dimensional figures (e.g., pentagons, hexagons, cylinders, cones, rectangular
prisms), and identify basic figures (e.g., squares, circles, triangles, rectangles)
within them. Students will compare, contrast, and/or classify geometric shapes
by the common attributes of position, shape, size, number of sides, and number
of corners. Students will arrange and describe objects in space by proximity
(nearness), position, and direction.


– Playing a bean bag toss game will develop students’ skills comparing,
contrasting, and classifying geometric shapes by common attributes of
shape, size, number of sides, and number of corners. Use a large sheet of
construction paper or posterboard to make a grid. Draw a variety of different
shapes, one in each box of the grid. Students should toss a bean bag on the
grid and write down the name of the shape the bean bag lands on. Repeat
with a second toss. Students should compare and contrast the two shapes
using the common attributes of each. As they name and describe the shapes,
students should explain the number of sides and corners of each, and explore
the relationships among various shapes.

– Students can practice naming and describing basic figures as they play a
drawing game. Gather some notebook paper and write down the name of one
shape on each sheet, such as square, rectangle, triangle, circle, pentagon,
hexagon, cylinder, cone, or rectangular prism. Divide students into two teams.
Call one student from each team to come up to the board or a flip chart and
give each a piece of chalk or marker. Show each seated team the name of
one shape, but keep it secret from the other team and both students doing
the drawing. The team members should give clues to their teammates at the
board using attributes of their shapes, but not using the names of the shapes.
The first student to complete the correct shape for his or her team earns a
point. The students then hand off the chalk or marker to a teammate who
then goes to the board.

– To help students improve their understanding of the arrangement and
description of objects in space, play a scavenger hunt game. Hide an object
and give students clues about its position and proximity or distance from
other locations or objects. A helpful list of words and phrases to use is near/
far, below/above, up/down, behind/in front of, next to, to the left of/to the
right of. Prompt students by saying, You’re getting warmer or You’re getting
colder, so they understand whether they are narrowing in on the location.

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Chapter Three
Mathematics

This will also help reinforce—in context—the meanings of the position,
proximity, and direction words you are using. A variation involves a student
hiding the object. That student should use the same list of position and
proximity words to guide other students to find the location.

Further support can be found in the GPS Mathematics Framework: Unit 3: Fun
With Shapes.


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Chapter Three
Mathematics

Activities 4 Data Analysis and Probability
Georgia Performance Standard M1D1

Within the Data Analysis and Probability domain, students pose questions,
collect, organize, and interpret data about themselves and their surroundings.
Students will organize, record, and interpret data using objects, pictures, tally
marks, bar graphs, and picture graphs.


– To better understand the importance of organization in the collection and
display of data, show students two groups of toothpicks: one disorganized
pile and another organized into sets like tally marks. Students should discuss
why determining the number of toothpicks in a pile is more difficult than
determining the number when those same toothpicks have been organized
into sets of tally marks. Students should develop methods for effectively and
efficiently displaying the data they collect. For instance, if students choose
to collect data about classmates’ shoes, students should develop effective
categories such as Sneakers, Boots, Sandals, and Other. Students will
compare the data categories and develop more than one way to organize
the same set of data.

– Students should practice recording data as they perform a fun activity.
Students may participate individually, in pairs, or in groups. Choose an activity
that students can do for a set period of time and record results. For example,
students can play Paper Football or Trashcan Basketball and try to score as
many points as possible in 60 seconds. Or, students should pair up and keep
track of how many jumping jacks a partner can do in 30 seconds. Students
should record the data gathered using a tally chart. They can then create one
large data display for the entire group and compare results, determining the
greatest and least values as well as the most common results.

– Use daily opportunities for students to collect and record meaningful data
from their surroundings. For example, students can record the weather each
day during the month and make cutouts to represent sunny, cloudy, and rainy
weather. Provide data collection sheets that students can use when gathering
information to avoid the loss of data. Students should choose the type of data
with which they will work. They will use tally marks or picture graphs to
record their data over the course of a day or week.

Further support can be found in the GPS Mathematics Framework: Unit 1:
Routines and Data.


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Chapter Three
Mathematics

Practice 1 1. Look at these shapes.

Quiz

How many shapes are there in all?
A 22
B 24
C 26

2 Which group of coins is equal to 95¢?

A

B

C

3 Jasmine has 2 cats. Each cat has 4 legs.

Which number sentence shows how to find the total number of legs
of both cats?
A 2+4=6
B 4+4=8
C 8 + 4 = 12

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Chapter Three
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4 Lucas has a notebook with 25 pages in it. He writes on 14 of the pages.

Which number sentence shows how many blank pages are in his
notebook?
A 25 + 14
B 25 – 14
C 25 = 14

5 Rachel and Sam want to share a pizza equally. They cut the pizza in
half. Which picture shows how they shared the pizza?

A

B

C

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6 Brian is measuring the width of this door using his shoe

About how many shoe lengths are the same as the width of the door?
A 1
B 4
C 8

7 Look at the clock.

What time is nearest to the time shown on this clock?
A 1:00
B 1:30
C 2:30

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Chapter Three
Mathematics

8 Look at the shapes.

Where is the small cube in relation to the big cube?
A above the big cube
B below the big cube
C to the left of the big cube

9 Look at the shapes.

How many MORE sides does a square have than a triangle?
A 1
B 3
C 4

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Chapter Three
Mathematics

10 William has 10 red cars, 7 blue cars, and 3 silver cars.

Which chart shows the correct numbers of William’s cars?

A

B

C

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Chapter Three
Mathematics

Solutions Correct
1 C Correctly count and represent the number of objects in a
set using numerals. (M1N1b)
The correct answer is Choice (C) 26. There are 4 rows
with 6 shapes and 1 row with 2 shapes for a total of 26
shapes. Choice (A) is incorrect because each of the top 4
rows has 6 shapes rather than 5 shapes. Choice (B) is
incorrect because there are 24 shapes in the main block,
but 2 more in the last row for a total of 26.

2 A Exchange equivalent quantities of coins by making fair
trades involving combinations of pennies, nickels, dimes,
and quarters, and count out a combination needed to
purchase items less than a dollar. (M1N1e)
The correct answer is Choice (A). This group of coins
contains two quarters worth 25 cents each, four dimes
worth 10 cents each, and one nickel worth 5 cents
(25¢ + 25¢ + 10¢ + 10¢ + 10¢ + 10¢ + 5¢ = 95¢).
Choice (B) is incorrect because two quarters and four
dimes total 90¢. Choice (C) is incorrect because one
quarter and three dimes total 55¢.

3 B Understand addition and subtraction number
combinations using strategies such as counting on,
counting back, doubles, and making tens. (M1N3e)
The correct answer is Choice (B) 4 + 4 = 8. One cat has
4 legs, so 2 cats would have 4 + 4, or 8, legs. The number
sentence 4 + 4 = 8 represents the total number of legs of
both cats. Choices (A) and (C) are incorrect because each
of the two cats has 4 legs, so the correct number
sentence must show the addition of 4 + 4.

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Chapter Three
Mathematics

Correct
4 B Solve and create word problems involving addition
and subtraction to 100 without regrouping. Use words,
pictures, and concrete models to interpret story problems
and reflect the combining sets as addition, taking away
or comparing sets as subtraction. (M1N3h)
The correct answer is Choice (B) 25 - 14. The diagram
shows the total number of pages in Lucas’ notebook (25)
and the number that he has written on (14). The number
of blank pages is found by subtracting 14 from 25, which
is represented by the number sentence 25 - 14. Choice
(A) is incorrect because 25 + 14 is a number sentence
representing the total number of pages added to the
number of filled pages. Choice (C) is incorrect because
25 = 14 is an invalid number sentence that does not
describe the number
of blank pages.

5 B Identify, label, and relate fractions (halves, fourths)
as equal parts of a whole using pictures and models.
(M1N4c)
The correct answer is Choice (B). This image shows a
pizza divided into two equal fractions with one half of the
pizza for each person. Choice (A) is incorrect because two
dividing lines separate a circle into four equal fractions
(fourths). Choice (C) is incorrect because it is a whole
pizza that has not been cut.

6 B Estimate and measure using a nonstandard unit that is
smaller than the object to be measured. (M1M1b)
The correct answer is Choice (B) 4. Students can use a
nonstandard measure that is approximately the same
length as the shoe to estimate. Repeating that length
four times is an estimate of the width of the door. Choice
(A) is incorrect because there is one shoe shown but it is
not equal to the width of the door. Choice (C) is incorrect
because eight shoe lengths is much wider than the width
of the door. However, it is an estimate of the height of
the door.

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Chapter Three
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Correct
7 B Tell time to the nearest hour and half-hour, and
understand the movement of the minute hand and how it
relates to the hour hand. (M1M2a)
The correct answer is Choice (B) 1:30. The clock shows
1:20 which is closer to 1:30 than to 1:00 or 2:30. Choice
(A) is incorrect because 1:20 is closer to 1:30 than to
1:00. Choice (C) is incorrect because at 2:30, the hour
hand points between the 2 and the 3, rather than
between the 1 and the 2.

8 A Build, represent, name, and describe cylinders, cones, and
rectangular prisms (objects that have the shape of a box).
(M1G1b)
The correct answer is Choice (A) above the big cube. The
small cube is situated higher than, or above, the big cube.
Choices (B) and (C) are incorrect because the small cube is
not situated either under or to one side of the big cube.

9 A Students will compare, contrast, and/or classify geometric
shapes by the common attributes of position, shape, size,
number of sides, and number of corners. (M1G2)
The correct answer is Choice (A) 1. Count the number
of sides each shape has. The square has 4 sides and the
triangle has 3 sides. Since 4 is one more than 3, the
square has 1 more side than the triangle. Choice (B) is
incorrect because the triangle has 3 sides, but that
doesn’t represent how many more sides the square
has compared with the triangle. Choice (C) is incorrect
because the square has 4 sides, but that doesn’t
represent how many more sides the square has
compared with the triangle.

10 B Interpret tally marks, picture graphs, and bar graphs.
(M1D1a)
The correct answer is Choice (B). Four vertical tally
marks crossed by another tally mark represents 5 cars.
Therefore, the tally marks on the chart show that William
has 10 red cars, 7 blue cars, and 3 silver cars. Choice (A)
is incorrect because the chart shows 8 red cars, 6 blue
cars, and 3 silver cars. Choice (C) is incorrect because
there are only three vertical tally marks crossed by a
fourth in each group.

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Copyright © 2009 by Georgia Department of Education.
All rights reserved. Lexile is a registered trademark of MetaMetrics, Inc.
All URLs and hyperlinks were live and accurate on the date of publication.

C R C T Study Guide Gr1

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