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Cambodia International
       Cooperation Institute.


Chapter 5:
      Cabling and Configuration
Cable  and configuration
Twist Pair Cabling
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
       ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខ
 ខខខComputer ខខខComputer ខខខខ
             ខខខ          ខខខ
ខខ   ខខខខ
      ខខខ     ខខខខខខខខខ
              ខខខខខខខខខ   ខខខ
                           ខខ
Lan(Local Area Network)
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
  ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
LAN ខខខខ:
     ខខខខ
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic Cable
• Cable Installation Guides
• Wireless LANs
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Twist Pair Cabling ខខខខ ខខខខ
                       ខខខខខខខខ
ខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខ Shield
 ខខ  ខខខខខខខ ខខ                     ខខ
                                     ខ
Unshielded Twist Pair. Unshielded Twist
Pair(UTP) ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
           ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខ Networkខ
 ខខខខខខខខ
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
•Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector
     Standard Connector ខខខ Unshield
                         ខខខ
Twist pair(UTP) ខខខខខ RJ45 Connectorខ
                 ខខខខខ
ខខខ Connector ខខខ ខខខខខខខ
 ខខខ           ខខខ ខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខ Plasticខ
 ខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខ
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair
ខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខ UTP
ខខខខខខ ខខ:
 ខខខខខ 2 ខខ

   Straight Through
         Cable
    Cross Cable
ខខខខ
    ខខខ Straight Through Cable

 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខ
ខខខ ខខខខខខ ខ HUB ខ
 ខខខ ខខខខខខ ខ     Switch ខខខ
                          ខ ខ
Hub ខ Switch ខ ខ
    ខ         ខ Switch ខ Switch ខខខ
                       ខ         ខខ
ខខខខ
 ខខខ Cascade ខខខខខខ Por UP Linkខ
             ខខខខខខ
Figure: Computer to switch
Figure: Switch to switch
Cable  and configuration
ខខខខ
             ខខខ cross
  ខខខខខខ ខខ UTP/STP ខខខខខខ
  ខខខខខខ ខខ          ខខខខ ខ
ខខខខខខខ Computer ខខខ
ខខខខខខខ          ខខខ
Computer.
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Categories of UTP Cable
Category 1 cable(Cat1)
     also known as Cat 1, Level 1, or voice-grade
copper, is a grade of unshielded twisted pair
cabling ខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ
         ខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ
Telephone Communicatorsខ
Cable  and configuration
Category 2 cable(Cat2)
    also known as Cat 2, or Level 2, is a
grade of unshielded twisted pair cabling ខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខ                      Telephone
Communicators      and data communications.
ខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខ       frequency     suitable   ខខខ
                                      ខខខ
transmission over Cat 2 cable is 4 MHz, ខខ
                                         ខ
ខខ bandwidth ខ
 ខខ           ខ4Mbps[1]. Cat 2 cable ខខ4
                                      ខ
pair of wires, ខ   ខខខខខ
                    ខខខខខ
Cable  and configuration
Category 3
          cable3(Cat)
    commonly known as Cat      3 or station
wire, is an unshielded twisted pair (UTP) ខខ
ខខខខ designed ខខខ
 ខខខខ          ខខខdata ខខខខខ
                       ខខខ ខ10
Mbit/s, ខខខខខខខ
        ខខ ខ ខខbandwidth ខ 16 MHz. ខ
                          ខ         ខ
ខខ ខខខ
 ខខខខខខfamily copper cabling standards
ខខខខ ខខខខខ ខខ Electronic Industries
 ខខខខ ខខខខ ខ
Alliance   ខខ
           ខ       the   Telecommunications
Industry Association.
Cable  and configuration
Cat3 ខខខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខ
            ខខខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខ computer network
 ខខខខខខខខខ
administrators in the early 1990s, but
fell out of popularity in favor of the
very similar, but higher performing,
Category 5 cable standard. Since the
early 2000s most new structured
cable installations are built with Cat
5e or Cat 6 cable.
Category 4 Cable(Cat4)
       is a description of a cable that consists of
four unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) copper wires
with a data rate of 16 Mbit/s and performance of
up to 20 MHz. It was used in token ring networks,
10BASE-T, 100BASE-T4, and is no longer common
or used in new installations. It is used in
telephone networks which can transmit voice and
data from 12 Mbit/s to 16 Mbit/s.
Cable  and configuration
Category 5 cable (Cat 5)
     is a twisted pair cable for carrying signals.
This type of cable is used in structured cabling for
computer networks such as Ethernet. It is also
used to carry other signals such as telephony and
video.
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Category 6 Cable(Cat6)
   cable, commonly referred
to as Cat 6, is a cable standard
for Gigabit Ethernet and other
network physical layers that
is backward compatible with
the ..
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial   Cable    ខខខខខខខខខខ
                      ខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខ Data Communication ) ខខខខខខ
 ខខ                      ខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខTelephone ខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ           ខ
ខខខcentral Office ខខខ
 ខខ               ខខខUser ខខខខ
                           ខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខ          Ethernet   ខខ
                                   ខ
Local Area Networkខ
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
The connectors for coaxial cable
BNC cable connector : Sealed or fitted at the
end of the cable.
BNC T : Connects the adapter to the computer
network cable.
BNC Extension : Connects two segments of
coaxial cable to get a longer cable.
BNC connector ends : Placed at each end of the
cable network bus signals to absorb parasites.
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber Optic Cable ខខខខខខខខខData
                      ខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខ ខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ  ខខខខ  ខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខEMI, Crosstalk, ខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ                ខ
ខខខខខ ខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខData ខខខVideo ខខ
                   ខខ       ខ
ខខខ Voice Transmissions ខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខ                      ខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខFiber optic ខខខខខខខ ខ
 ខខខខខខខ             ខខខ ខខខខខ
ខខខខខខ ខខខSingle Mode ខខ
 ខ ខខ ខខខខ             ខMultiple
Mode ខ
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Fiber
         Optic


Single           Multiple
Mode              Mode
Single Mode
  Single Mode ខខខខខខខខខខខ
              ខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខ mq
 ខខខខខ      ខខខខខខខខខខខ
            ខខខខខខខខខខខ
density ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
         ខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខ    ខ   ខខខខខខខ
                   ខខខខខខ
Sigle Mode ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
            ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Multiple Mode

  Multiple Mode ខខខខខខខខខខ
                ខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខ       ខខខខខខខខ
                  ខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខ ខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខMultiple Mode ខខ
                           ខ
ខ ខខខខខ
 ខ ខខខខ
  - Step Index
Step Index

  Step Index ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
             ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខ ខ ខខ ខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខ ខខ
ខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
     ខខខខ: ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខ
ខខខខ
  ខខខ:   ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
         ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខ ខ
ខខខខខខខខខ ខខ
 ខខខខខខខខ ខខខ
Graded Index

   ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
   ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ

ខខ density
 ខ           ខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ
             ខខខខខខខខខខ   ខ

density ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
         ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ

ខខខខខ
 ខខខខខ
Cable  and configuration
Unguide Media
Troposphere Propagation
  ខខខខ Troposhere ខខខខខខខខ
  ខខខ             ខខខខខខខ
ខខខខ ខខខ:
 ខខខខ ខខខ
  - Signal ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
            ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខ ខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខ ខខខខខខខខ
- Signal ខខbroadcast ខខខខខខ
            ខ          ខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខ Tropospphere
 ខខខខខខខខខ                  ខខ
                             ខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ           ខខ
                             ខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខ      AM     radio
530kHz ខខខ1700KHzខខខខខខខខខខខ
        ខខ        ខខខខ ខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខ
ខខខខខ
 ខខខខខ
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Ionospheric Propagation
   ខខខខ Inosphere propagation ខខ
   ខខខ                         ខ
ខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខFrequency)      ខខខខខខ
                         ខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខinosphere ខខខខខ
 ខខ ខខខខខខខ           ខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខ         ខខខខខខខខខ
                    ខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខ,         ខខខខខខខខ
                      ខខខខខខខ
ខខ ខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខខ
 ខ,ខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខខ
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Cable  and configuration
Line of Sight Propagation
   ខខខខខខខFrequency ខខខ 30kHz ខ
    ខខខខខខខ          ខខ       ខ
ខខ300MHz ខខ300MHz ខខខ3000MHz ខ
 ខ       ខ         ខខ         ខ3GHz
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខ, ខខ ខ ខខខខ
ខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខខខខខ        ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
                   ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខ ខ ខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
 ខខ ខ ខខខខ   ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
ខខខខខខTV, Radio FM ខខ ខខខខខខ
 ខខខខខ              ខ ខខខខខខខ
Cable  and configuration
The End

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Cable and configuration

  • 1. Cambodia International Cooperation Institute. Chapter 5: Cabling and Configuration
  • 4. ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខComputer ខខខComputer ខខខខ ខខខ ខខខ ខខ ខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខ Lan(Local Area Network)
  • 5. ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ LAN ខខខខ: ខខខខ • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable • Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable • Coaxial Cable • Fiber Optic Cable • Cable Installation Guides • Wireless LANs • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
  • 6. Twist Pair Cabling ខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខ Shield ខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខ ខ Unshielded Twist Pair. Unshielded Twist Pair(UTP) ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខ Networkខ ខខខខខខខខ
  • 9. •Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector Standard Connector ខខខ Unshield ខខខ Twist pair(UTP) ខខខខខ RJ45 Connectorខ ខខខខខ ខខខ Connector ខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខ Plasticខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខ
  • 16. Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair
  • 18. ខខខខខខ ខខ: ខខខខខ 2 ខខ Straight Through Cable Cross Cable
  • 19. ខខខខ ខខខ Straight Through Cable ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខ ខ HUB ខ ខខខ ខខខខខខ ខ Switch ខខខ ខ ខ Hub ខ Switch ខ ខ ខ ខ Switch ខ Switch ខខខ ខ ខខ ខខខខ ខខខ Cascade ខខខខខខ Por UP Linkខ ខខខខខខ
  • 23. ខខខខ ខខខ cross ខខខខខខ ខខ UTP/STP ខខខខខខ ខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខ Computer ខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខ Computer.
  • 27. Category 1 cable(Cat1) also known as Cat 1, Level 1, or voice-grade copper, is a grade of unshielded twisted pair cabling ខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ Telephone Communicatorsខ
  • 29. Category 2 cable(Cat2) also known as Cat 2, or Level 2, is a grade of unshielded twisted pair cabling ខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ Telephone Communicators and data communications. ខខខខខខ ខខខខខ frequency suitable ខខខ ខខខ transmission over Cat 2 cable is 4 MHz, ខខ ខ ខខ bandwidth ខ ខខ ខ4Mbps[1]. Cat 2 cable ខខ4 ខ pair of wires, ខ ខខខខខ ខខខខខ
  • 31. Category 3 cable3(Cat) commonly known as Cat 3 or station wire, is an unshielded twisted pair (UTP) ខខ ខខខខ designed ខខខ ខខខខ ខខខdata ខខខខខ ខខខ ខ10 Mbit/s, ខខខខខខខ ខខ ខ ខខbandwidth ខ 16 MHz. ខ ខ ខ ខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខfamily copper cabling standards ខខខខ ខខខខខ ខខ Electronic Industries ខខខខ ខខខខ ខ Alliance ខខ ខ the Telecommunications Industry Association.
  • 33. Cat3 ខខខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ computer network ខខខខខខខខខ administrators in the early 1990s, but fell out of popularity in favor of the very similar, but higher performing, Category 5 cable standard. Since the early 2000s most new structured cable installations are built with Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable.
  • 34. Category 4 Cable(Cat4) is a description of a cable that consists of four unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) copper wires with a data rate of 16 Mbit/s and performance of up to 20 MHz. It was used in token ring networks, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T4, and is no longer common or used in new installations. It is used in telephone networks which can transmit voice and data from 12 Mbit/s to 16 Mbit/s.
  • 36. Category 5 cable (Cat 5) is a twisted pair cable for carrying signals. This type of cable is used in structured cabling for computer networks such as Ethernet. It is also used to carry other signals such as telephony and video.
  • 39. Category 6 Cable(Cat6) cable, commonly referred to as Cat 6, is a cable standard for Gigabit Ethernet and other network physical layers that is backward compatible with the ..
  • 44. Coaxial Cable ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ Data Communication ) ខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខTelephone ខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខ ខខខcentral Office ខខខ ខខ ខខខUser ខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ Ethernet ខខ ខ Local Area Networkខ
  • 48. The connectors for coaxial cable BNC cable connector : Sealed or fitted at the end of the cable. BNC T : Connects the adapter to the computer network cable. BNC Extension : Connects two segments of coaxial cable to get a longer cable. BNC connector ends : Placed at each end of the cable network bus signals to absorb parasites.
  • 53. Fiber Optic Cable ខខខខខខខខខData ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខEMI, Crosstalk, ខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខ ខខខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខData ខខខVideo ខខ ខខ ខ ខខខ Voice Transmissions ខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខFiber optic ខខខខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខ ខខខខខខ ខខខSingle Mode ខខ ខ ខខ ខខខខ ខMultiple Mode ខ
  • 56. Fiber Optic Single Multiple Mode Mode
  • 57. Single Mode Single Mode ខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខ mq ខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ density ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខ Sigle Mode ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ
  • 61. Multiple Mode Multiple Mode ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខMultiple Mode ខខ ខ ខ ខខខខខ ខ ខខខខ - Step Index
  • 62. Step Index Step Index ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខ ខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខ ខខ
  • 63. ខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខ: ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ
  • 64. ខខខខ ខខខ: ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខ ខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខ
  • 65. Graded Index ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ density ខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខ density ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខ ខខខខខ
  • 68. Troposphere Propagation ខខខខ Troposhere ខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខ: ខខខខ ខខខ - Signal ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខខខខ
  • 69. - Signal ខខbroadcast ខខខខខខ ខ ខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ Tropospphere ខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ AM radio 530kHz ខខខ1700KHzខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខ ខខខខខ ខខខខខ
  • 73. Ionospheric Propagation ខខខខ Inosphere propagation ខខ ខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខFrequency) ខខខខខខ ខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខinosphere ខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខ, ខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខខ ខ,ខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខខ
  • 77. Line of Sight Propagation ខខខខខខខFrequency ខខខ 30kHz ខ ខខខខខខខ ខខ ខ ខខ300MHz ខខ300MHz ខខខ3000MHz ខ ខ ខ ខខ ខ3GHz ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខ ខខ ខខខខ, ខខ ខ ខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខ ខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខ ខ ខខខខ ខខខខខខខខខខខខ ខខខខខខTV, Radio FM ខខ ខខខខខខ ខខខខខ ខ ខខខខខខខ

Editor's Notes