Cancer and anti-cancer drugs and drug molecules.pptx
- 1. Literature on cancer -> anticancer drugs/drug molecules
- 2. Table of contents 2 The Definition of Cancer Differences between Cancer Cells and Normal cells Key facts about cancer What causes cancer Signs and symptoms of cancer How does cancer grow and spreads Types of cancer Diagnosis of cancer Cancer stages Treatment of cancer The main step of anticancer drug research Anticancer drugs Therapeutic approaches in anticancer drug development Side Effects of cancer treatment Challenges in cancer treatment
- 3. What is cancer? Cancer is a large group of diseases that occur when abnormal cells divide rapidly and can spread to other tissue and organs. These rapidly growing cells may cause tumors. They may also disrupt the body’s regular function. Difference Between Cancer Cells and Normal Cells . Characteristic Normal Cells Cancer Cells Growth Follow a controlled pattern Grow uncontrollably, ignoring signals Communication Interact effectively with other cells Fail to respond to signals, act isolated Cell Repair and Death Undergo self-repair or apoptosis Do not engage in self-repair or apoptosis. Attachment Secrete adhesive substances Lack adhesive properties, can detach Appearance Uniform size, orderly appearance Heterogeneous in size, significant variation Maturation Undergo maturation process Remain undifferentiated due to rapid growth
- 4. key facts about cancer Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020, or nearly one in six deaths. The most common cancers are breast, lung, colon and rectum and prostate cancers. Around one-third of deaths from cancer are due to tobacco use, high body mass index, alcohol consumption, low fruit and vegetable intake, and lack of physical activity. Cancer-causing infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis, are responsible for approximately 30% of cancer cases in low- and lower- middle-income countries. Many cancers can be cured if detected early and treated effectively. 4
- 5. What causes cancer? The main cause of cancer is mutations, or changes to the DNA in your cells. Genetic mutations can be inherited. They can also occur after birth as a result of environmental forces. These external causes, called carcinogens, can include: physical carcinogens like radiation and ultraviolet (UV) light chemical carcinogens like cigarette smoke, asbestos, alcohol, air pollution, and contaminated food and drinking water biological carcinogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasites According to the WHOTrusted Source, about 33 percent of cancer deaths may be caused by tobacco, alcohol, high body mass index (BMI), low fruit and vegetable consumption, and not getting enough physical activity.
- 6. Signs and symptoms of cancer can include: lumps or growths on the body unexplained weight loss fever tiredness and fatigue pain night sweats changes in digestion changes in skin cough 6
- 7. How Does Cancer Grow and Spread? Abnormal Cell Division: Normal cells grow, divide, and replace damaged ones according to their life cycle. Cancer, caused by DNA mutations, disturbs this process. Mutations allow cells to survive when they should die and create unnecessary new cells, resulting in uncontrollable growth and tumour formation. Creation of Tumours: Tumours can pose health problems, but not all are cancerous. Benign tumours remain localised, while malignant tumours invade neighbouring tissues, potentially causing more severe issues. Metastasis: Metastasis involves cancer cells spreading through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Metastatic cancers are more advanced and challenging to treat, often associated with higher fatality rates. 7
- 8. Types of cancer Cancers are named for the area in which they begin and the type of cell they are made of, even if they spread to other parts of the body. For example, a cancer that begins in the lungs and spreads to the liver is still called lung cancer. There are also several clinical terms used for certain general types of cancer: Carcinoma is a cancer that starts in the skin or the tissues that line other organs. Sarcoma is a cancer of connective tissues such as bones, muscles, cartilage, and blood vessels. Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow, which creates blood cells. Lymphoma and myeloma are cancers of the immune system.
- 9. Diagnosis of Cancer Various methods and techniques are employed to identify the presence of cancer cells and tumours in the human body. Biopsy A biopsy is a medical procedure where a sample of tissue is collected from the suspicious area and examined under a microscope. Pathologists analyse the tissue sample to check for the presence of cancer cells, helping to confirm the diagnosis. Histopathological Studies of Tissue Histopathological studies involve the microscopic analysis of tissue samples. Pathologists study these samples to detect abnormal cellular changes that are indicative of cancer. This technique is crucial for understanding the characteristics of cancerous tissues.
- 10. Radiography Techniques Radiography techniques, such as X-rays, are often used to capture images of affected areas in the body. These images help in the identification of abnormalities, including tumours or irregular masses that might be indicative of cancer. Computed Tomography (CT) Computed Tomography, commonly known as CT or CAT scans, provides detailed cross-sectional images of the body. It aids in the detection and localization of cancerous growths. CT scans are particularly valuable for visualising solid organs and bones. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) MRI is another imaging technique that provides high-resolution images for the assessment of cancer, especially in soft tissues. It offers excellent contrast and is highly effective in identifying abnormalities in various parts of the body. Molecular Biology Techniques Advanced molecular biology techniques have revolutionised cancer detection. These methods involve the analysis of genetic and molecular markers to identify cancer-related mutations and abnormalities. By studying the DNA and RNA of cells, scientists can pinpoint specific genetic changes associated with different types of cancer.
- 11. Cancer Stages Cancer staging systems play a pivotal role in guiding healthcare providers as they chart a course of treatment and offer patients a prognosis, or an anticipated outcome. Among the various staging systems, the TNM classification is the most widely employed. It simplifies the complex reality of cancer progression into three key factors: T represents the primary tumour. N indicates lymph nodes and signals whether the cancer has extended to these vital components of the immune system. M is for metastasis, indicating the spread of cancer to distant parts of the body.
- 12. Most cancer types are categorised into four primary stages. The specific stage assigned to a patient depends on several factors, including the tumour's size and its location within the body: Stage I: At this stage, cancer is confined to a small, localised area, without any evidence of spreading to nearby lymph nodes or other tissues. Stage II: Cancer has experienced some growth, but it still remains localised and hasn't extended to other areas of the body. Stage III: Cancer has grown larger, possibly involving nearby lymph nodes or adjacent tissues. Stage IV: This advanced stage indicates that cancer has spread to other organs or distant areas of the body, a condition often termed metastatic cancer. In addition to these four primary stages, there's also Stage 0, which characterises the earliest phase of cancer. In Stage 0, the cancer is restricted to the site where it originated, making it highly treatable. Many practitioners categorise Stage 0 cancers as precancerous, indicating their potential to progress if not addressed.
- 13. Treatment of Cancer Cancer treatment is a collaborative effort that involves various approaches, each tailored to address specific aspects of the disease. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the primary methods of cancer treatment, their objectives, and how they contribute to the well-being of cancer patients. Primary Treatment The primary objective of cancer treatment is to completely eradicate cancer from the body or destroy all cancer cells. While various treatment options can serve as primary treatments, the most common approach for the most prevalent types of cancer is surgery. Adjuvant Treatment Adjuvant therapy focuses on eliminating any residual cancer cells after primary treatment to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. Palliative Care Palliative care treatments are designed to alleviate side effects resulting from treatment or symptoms caused by cancer itself. They encompass a range of interventions, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy procedure, and hormone therapy, which can provide relief from pain and discomfort.
- 14. Surgery The primary goal of surgery is the complete removal of malignant tissue, whenever possible. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy employs drugs to target and eliminate cancer cells. Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays, such as X-rays or protons, to obliterate cancer cells. Bone Marrow Transplant A bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, involves using either the patient's own bone marrow stem cells or those from a donor to restore healthy blood cell production. Immunotherapy Procedure Immunotherapy, a biological treatment, leverages the body's immune system to combat cancer. It addresses the challenge where the immune system fails to recognize cancer as a threat, allowing it to proliferate unchecked.
- 15. Hormone Therapy Certain cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer, are influenced by hormones. Hormone therapy works by removing these hormones from the body or blocking their effects, thereby halting the growth of cancer cells. Targeted Drugs Targeted drug therapy focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells to inhibit their growth. Cryoablation Cryoablation is a treatment that uses cold temperatures to destroy cancer cells. A cryoprobe, a thin needle, is inserted directly into the cancerous tumour. It's filled with gas to freeze the tissue, which is then thawed and repeated multiple times in the same session to effectively eliminate cancer cells. Radiofrequency Ablation Radiofrequency ablation uses electrical energy to heat and destroy cancer cells. A doctor inserts a thin needle through the skin or an incision in the cancerous tissue, and radiofrequency energy is applied to the needle to heat the tissue, causing the cells to die.
- 16. The Long Road of a New Medicine
- 17. The Main Step of Anticancer Drug Research Non-clinical Research:- 1.Anticancer Drug Screen: in vitro：tumor cell culture, tumor inhibitor/kill test in vivo：animal xenograft model e.g.Ehrlich ascites tumor, S180 lymphosarcoma 2. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicology test clinical research:- phase1 clinical trial phase2 clinical trial phase3 clinical trial phase4 clinical trial
- 18. Phase 1 clinical trial In Phase 1 clinical trials, researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people (20-80) for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects. -> TOLERANCE -> PHARMACOKINETICS Phase 2 clinical trial In Phase 2 clinical trials, the study drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people (40-100) to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
- 19. Phase 3 clinical trial In Phase 3 studies, the study drug or treatment is given to large groups of people (more than 200) to further determine its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely. Phase 4 clinical trial Phase 4 studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed. These studies continue testing the study drug or treatment to collect information about their effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long- term use.
- 20. Anticancer Drugs Alkylating Agent Antimetabolite Antibiotics Alkaloid Hormones Others (cis-platinum, carboplatin, lobaplatin) 20
- 21. Overview of Research and Development for Anticancer Drugs • Anticancer Drugs Developed from Chemotherapy to Targeted Therapies • Anticancer Drugs Developed from Targeting Redox Balance of Cancer Cells • Anticancer Drugs Developed from Anti-Tumor Immunity 21
- 22. Side Effects of Anticancer Drugs • Neutropenia • Lymphedema • Hair Loss • Nausea and Vomiting • Problems with Thinking and Remembering Things • Cancer Pain • Blood Clots (Deep Vein Thrombosis) 22
- 23. Challenges in Cancer Treatments • Targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) is difficult • Drug resistance properties of cancer stem cells make them immune to anticancer drugs • Lack of cancer epigenetic profiling and specificity of existing epi- drugs • Problems associated with cancer diagnosis make it difficult to treat • Unavailability of effective biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis • Limitations of conventional chemotherapeutic agents • Metastasis poses a huge problem in cancer treatment 23
- 24. References 24 • https://www.iarc.who.int/cards_page/world-cancer-report/ • https://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer- Reports/World-Cancer-Report-Cancer-Research-For-Cancer- Prevention-2020 • https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer • https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/25738348 • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer • https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9457551/ • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4024849/ • https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/survivors/patients/side-effects-of- treatment.htm • https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=71386