CASE Network Studies and Analyses 415 - The System of Long-Term Care in the Czech Republic

CASE Network Studies & Analyses No. 415 – The System of Long-Term Care in the Czech…
Materials published here have a working paper character. They can be subject to further
publication. The views and opinions expressed here reflect the author(s) point of view and
not necessarily those of CASE Network.
This report is a contribution to Work Package 1 of the project “Assessing Needs of Care in
European Nations” (ANCIEN). The project is funded by the European Commission under the
7th Framework Programme (FP7 Health-2007-3.2.2, Grant no. 223483).
Keywords: long-term care, health system care, social services, Czech Republic
JEL Codes: H51, H55, I18
© CASE – Center for Social and Economic Research, Warsaw, 2010
Graphic Design: Agnieszka Natalia Bury
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Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 4
1. The system of LTC in the Czech Republic................................................................... 5
1.1. Overview (summary) of the system........................................................................5
1.2. Assessment of needs ..............................................................................................7
1.3. Available LTC services ............................................................................................8
1.4. Management and organization..............................................................................10
1.5. Integration of LTC..................................................................................................12
2. Funding.........................................................................................................................13
3. Demand and supply .....................................................................................................14
3.1. The need for LTC (including demographic characteristics) ...............................14
3.2. The role of informal and formal care in the LTC system (including the role of
cash benefits)..........................................................................................................15
3.3. Demand and supply of informal care ...................................................................15
3.4. Demand and supply of formal care.......................................................................16
3.4.1. Introduction .....................................................................................................16
3.4.2. Institutional care..............................................................................................16
3.4.3. Home care........................................................................................................18
3.4.4. Semi-institutional care ....................................................................................19
4. LTC policy....................................................................................................................................20
4.1. Policy goals............................................................................................................20
4.2. Integration policy ...................................................................................................20
4.3. Recent reforms and the current debate................................................................21
4.4. Critical appraisal of the LTC system ....................................................................22
References .........................................................................................................................................23

Agnieszka Sowa is a researcher at CASE, holds MA in the field of public policy from the
Warsaw University, Department of Sociology and MSc in the field of Social Protection
Financing from the Maastricht University, Department of Economics and Business
Administration. She has also been a scholar at the Pittsburgh University, where she
completed Public Policy course (1998). She started her professional career as Junior
Researcher evaluating the World Bank EPSP program; since 2001 she has been a
Researcher at CASE. Her experience includes involvement in the analysis of the health care
system, research on labour market, poverty and social exclusion in Poland and other
countries of the region. Currently, in cooperation with the Maastricht Graduate School of
Governance, she is about to finish her PhD dissertation on inequalities in health and medical
services utilization Poland.
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Abstract
Developing responsive to needs, efficient and sustainable long-term care systems for elderly
becomes due to rising demographic pressures an urgent issue all over Europe. Czech
Republic is among the countries that have redesigned long-term care system according the
principles of accessibility, quality and fiscal tenacity in the past couple of years. The reform
process was well rooted in the practice of local governments and social sector empowering
institutions that existed before 2006, when the reform was introduced, but were insufficiently
anchored in legal regulations. The newly established long term care system covers a wide
spectrum of services, from cash benefits to dependent in need via different types of social
services and institutional care. Still, similarly to other countries of the Central and Eastern
Europe region long care is disintegrated between the social system and health care which
also is responsible for some types of institutional establishments. The system is also not free
from critique for the lack of formal definition of long term care, lack of integration of services,
their shortage and poor quality. Thus despite state efforts, the care over elderly remains
family responsibility and state support is not always sufficient.

1. The system of LTC in the Czech Republic
1.1. Overview (summary) of the system
The system of long term care (LTC) in the Czech Republic, as in other countries of Central
and Eastern Europe, is not considered a specific sector of the social security system. Rather,
services are provided within the medical and social sectors, and are not regulated by a
unified legal arrangement nor administered by one central and/or regional institution. They
covers a wide range of supportive health and social services provided to people who are not
self-sufficient. The latter category includes not only the elderly, but individuals who need
assistance for reasons other than age, such as long term illness, physical and mental
disabilities and to persons in vulnerable groups (drug abusers, people in mental crisis).
Despite the fact that LTC is not unified as a separate sector, an operational definition of LTC
can be found in the document of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs - the Preliminary
National Report on Health and Long-term Care in the Czech Republic. LTC is referred to as
“(…) a wide range of health and social activities to people who are no more self-sufficient –
either because of their age, disability or for any other serious reason – and thus require
constant assistance with self-service, personal hygiene, housework and providing links to
social environment” (MoLSA 2005). The philosophy of the LTC system is to provide care
within the family in a natural, home environment. The principles behind the design of LTC are
expressed as “accessibility”, “quality”, and “fiscal tenacity” and express EU policy in the field
(Potůček et al. 2006). This attitude is also underlined in the National Programme of
Preparation for Ageing 2008 – 2012, which is the most important strategic document
expressing the direction of the LTC policy. Family care is supported by the state in the form
of home care and home nursing care. As a result, the LTC system is targeted towards the
social activation of the elderly and disabled. Nowadays, it is estimated that approximately
80% of care to the elderly in need is provided by the family, mostly by children, but also
spouses (MoLSA 2005). Informal care within the family is estimated to last 4 to 5 years on
average. The results of the Eurobarometer survey show that the Czech population believes
that support by the family is the best way to provide assistance to the elderly who need
support due to poor physical or mental condition. 66% of the survey respondents indicated
that the elderly should be provided with help by a family member who either lives in the same
household or visits the person in need and provides care on a regular basis (European
Commission 2007). Another important aspect of the LTC provision is institutional care, which
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is partly provided within the health care system (in hospital departments or aftercare,
rehabilitation and LTC departments) and partly within the social services system (in
pensioners’ homes).
It should be underlined that while some steps towards integrating care have been taken, the
provision and funding of LTC is still separated into two sectors: health care, which is under
the supervision of the Ministry of Health (MoH), and social services, which is supervised by
the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (MoLSA). The most important legal regulations with
respect to the provision and funding of LTC services, either institutional or home-based,
include:
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· In the health sector:
- The General Health Insurance Act (1991, last amendment 1997), the
Act on the General Health Insurance Funds (1992) and the Act on
Departmental, Professional, Corporate, and Other Health Insurance
Funds (1992) introducing health insurance for health services,
including aftercare and LTC provided within the health sector,
- The Law on private health care facilities (1992) that provides
regulations for the existence of hospitals, out-patient, LTC and home
health care services,
· In the social sector:
- The Law on Social Services (2006) that regulates provision of home
care, access to cash benefits for individuals with limitations in activities
of daily living (ADL) and different types of residential care, including
care for seniors. The new regulations were introduced in January
2007, while the provision of social services was previously regulated
by the law of 1988. The new legal regulations anchored in law the
services that had been in practice since 2001 (Potůček et al. 2006).
Additionally, the responsibilities of regional and local governments with respect to LTC are
regulated by the law on the decentralization of public administration which was introduced in
2003. According to the law, regional and local governments are responsible for the
ownership of emergency units, institutions of LTC and approximately half of hospitals
(Bryndová et al. 2009).

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1.2. Assessment of needs
Czech citizens have a right to services in the case of poor health and limitations in their daily
activities. The right is guaranteed by the state and available in the health care system as well
as in the social services system.
Health care services are available for all citizens and eligibility is based on their health
insurance coverage. The provision of care is conditional on the need and severity of the
illness, as assessed by the medical doctor. Medical services include long term institutional
services for the severely ill who need constant medical supervision and treatment as well as
home health services, which are recommended and supervised by a primary care doctor.
Eligibility for social services is based on citizenship while the need for social services is
assessed by a social worker. This holds for institutional care provided in pensioners’ homes
and daily and weekly care centers as well as for home based services. The only exception is
cash benefits, which are provided to individuals with limitations in ADL that have been
confirmed by a medical doctor’s examination. The care allowance is granted to any person
who is not self-sufficient and is dependent on the assistance of another person in the area of
personal care and basic social activities. Specifically, eligibility criteria for cash allowances
for an individual in need of personal care (often family care) are based on the concept of the
limitation in ADL. The Social Services Act of March 14th 2006 (Act No 108/2006 Coll. on
Social Services) links the admittance of a benefit and benefit level with the level of
dependency, which is a result of limitations in ADL. Four levels of dependency are
distinguished:
· (1) light dependency on assistance in ADL performance - not being able to perform
12 activities from the list of 36 for adults over 18 years of age, and not being able to
perform 5 activities of daily living for children below 18 years of age,
· (2) medium dependency on assistance in ADL performance – not being able to
perform 18 activities from the list of 36 for adults over 18 years of age, and not being
able to perform 10 activities of daily living for children below 18 years of age,
· (3) heavy dependency on assistance in ADL performance – not being able to perform
24 activities from the list of 36 for adults over 18 years of age, and not being able to
perform 15 activities of daily living for children below 18 years of age,

· (4) very heavy dependency on assistance in ADL performance – not being able to
perform 30 activities from the list of 36 for adults over 19 years of age, and not being
able to perform 20 activities of daily living for children below 18 years of age.
In order to be eligible for cash assistance, the person in need should submit an application
for a care allowance, which includes all the compulsory information (i.e. personal data,
information on the care provider, and the manner in which allowance should be paid). The
degree of dependency is assessed by a social worker together with a social investigation into
the social environment of the applicant. This is later confirmed by the labour office’s medical
doctor. Finally, a municipal authority decides if the applicant should be granted a care
allowance (MoLSA 2009). It should be noted that before the introduction of the new legal
regulations in 2007, the benefit in cash, called social welfare allowance, was provided to
persons taking care of the dependent in need (typically a family member) (Act no. 100/1988
Coll. on Social Security as amended).
1.3. Available LTC services
LTC services are provided within two parts of the social security system: the health care
system and the social services system. The first one concentrates on the LTC services for
the disabled and long term ill and the second one concentrates on services provided to
dependant and vulnerable people, among whom are also the elderly.
Table 1. Organization of institutional and home based care
Type of social security Home based care
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system
Institutional care settings
In cash In kind
Health care system Aftercare (rehabilitation and
nursing) in the hospital
departments’
LTC homes (LDN)
-- Home nursing
care
Social services Pensioners’ homes
Day/week care centers
Benefits in
cash to the
individual in
need of
assistance due
to reduced self-sufficiency
Personal
assistance and
community care
at home (meals,
shopping,
washing, etc.).
Source: own compilation
The health care system provides institutional LTC facilities in the form of aftercare in
hospital departments and specialized medical institutions (after care covers nursing and

rehabilitation services) and in LTC facilities (so called LTC homes – LDN) which are located
by the public hospitals or managed by private institutions. Still, expensive hospital services
were believed to be overused by clients with LTC illnesses, in response to which per diem
fees were introduced in 2008 (of 2.40 euro). The goal of the policy was to move LTC patients
from hospitals to LTC institutions that typically provide nursing and rehabilitation to the
disabled and to individuals with serious long term illnesses.
Another form of residential services, settled within the social system, are pensioners’
homes, which provide care to the elderly who having suffered a permanent change in their
health condition and cannot be self-sufficient and require comprehensive care. This type of
care is intended for individuals whose capabilities are limited, particularly in the areas of
personal and household care and for whom home care, either formal (home-based) or
informal, cannot be provided or is not sufficient. Still, the health status of the pensioners
admitted to pensioners’ homes is relatively better than patients in the LTC homes. The
services of pensioners homes are not restricted in time.
In addition to residential care in pensioners homes, the system of social services includes
daily and weekly care centres. This type of care is also intended for individuals with limited
capabilities in the area of personal and household care and who cannot live without
assistance on a daily basis. The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs plans to develop and
promote this type of institutional care.
Home based care is provided by nursing staff in the health care system and in cooperation
with the primary care doctor as well as within the system of social services covering services
in kind and cash benefits.
Services in-kind include personal assistance and community care to individuals whose
capabilities are limited due to age, disability or chronic illness. Personal assistance is
provided to the clients of social services in their home environments and includes shopping,
meal preparation, washing, paying bills, taking medicines, etc. The service is provided
without a time limitation and depends upon individual requests. Community care services are
a very similar field-based type of care, though they are provided within a given timeframe.
Benefits in cash are granted to individuals who are provided with personal, full time care by
a close person, typically a family member. As mentioned above, prior to 2007, benefits were
provided to the persons who provided assistance. After the social services reform of 2006,
the individual in need became the one who receives the allowance. Despite the fact that the
benefit is not targeted towards the elderly, 67% of recipients of benefits in cash are aged 65+
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(Wija 2008) while 57% constitute older seniors (75+) (MoLSA 2009). The allowance takes the
form of a personal budget benefit and can be used to cover the costs of arranging assistance
for the dependent, to pay for care provided within social services, or to pay costs incurred by
the caretaker. It is also possible that all the costs are combined at the individual level. A care
allowance is not treated as income for tax purposes or other social benefit system purposes.
Overall, it is estimated that the total cost of care allowances is approximately 650 million euro
annually (i.e. 0.5 % of the GDP) (MoLSA 2009).
1.4. Management and organization
Residential LTC homes are within the competencies of hospitals, their managers, regional
and local governments and finally the Ministry of Health. The Ministry of Health, together with
the health insurance institutions, is responsible for control over the quality of services as well
as long term policy in the sector.
The organization of the system of social services, both institutional and home care, lies within
the responsibility of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, however the services
themselves are provided at the local level. With respect to social services, the Ministry of
Labour and Social Affairs is responsible for policy decisions, budgetary negotiations,
monitoring and control of system performance, introduction of the information system and
data collection. Additionally, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs manages five
specialized social care institutions, however these are not targeted towards assistance to
elderly, but the long term ill, mentally handicapped, physically disabled and children.
Regional and local governments play a major role in the organization and provision of cash
benefits and social services. They are responsible for the process of assessment of needs,
monitoring and control, and provision of services or contracting out social services to service
providers.
Table 2. Division of responsibilities between the Ministries and local self-governments
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Ministry of Health and Ministry of Labour and
Social Affairs
Regional and local self-governments
Legislative initiative and policy disposal Assessment of needs
Assurance of funding (in case of the LDN homes,
funding is provided by the health insurance)
Contracting and providing services
License, accreditation, quality standards Monitoring and control
Source: own compilation
Important providers of social services are non-governmental and non-profit organizations
(see figure below), which sign service contracts with local governments on the one hand and
social service clients on the other hand. The participation of the non-profit sector in the

provision of services is anchored in the new law (Act No 108/2006 Coll. on Social Services).
Still, problems related to the operation of NGOs in the field of social services are reported
with respect to funding procedures. Services provided by NGOs are contracted and funded
on an annual basis, which means that NGOs are obliged to compete for contracts every
year. Moreover, delays in transfers of contracted funds have been reported (Holmerová
2004).
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Figure 1. Providers of social services
Reg.authority
NGO
38%
19%
Private
3%
Municipality
40%
Source: Wija 2008
The quality of services is supervised within the health care system and social services
systems separately. Provision of health care services reimbursed from the health insurance
fund is monitored and controlled by the respective health insurance company. Also hospitals
and LTC homes receive accreditation from the Ministry of Health stating that they fulfill
quality standards.
The system of monitoring and control of social services (National Quality Standards of Social
Services), although anchored in the social services law and supported by the Ministry of
Labour and Social Affairs, is not highly regulated. The provision of high quality social
services can be monitored by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, regional
governments, municipalities and labour offices as stated in the Social Services Act of 2006.
Ministry of Labour and Social Services has indeed proposed social care quality standards,
however they are rather general recommendations for the social care providers. They should
be further transformed into more specific quality standards by the providers themselves. Still,
this is a vague procedure. According to the Ministerial standards, the main institutions

responsible for the monitoring and control are municipalities and regional governments as
they are legally responsible for the creation of a system of social care services and assuring
funding (Holmerová 2004). MoLSA has also prepared a Report on Social Quality Standards,
concentrating on two core activities: training quality control officers in the field of social
services, and training guides in best practices (Potůček et al. 2006). It also provides
examples of good practices that can serve as benchmarks in provision of high quality social
services.
Still, the media often provide examples of under provision of care and claim there is a need
for stricter regulation with respect to quality control in the entire LTC system.
1.5. Integration of LTC
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Within the LTC system
The level of integration of LTC services from the clients’ perspective was low before the
introduction of the Social Services Act of 2006 (Bryndová et al. 2009). Before 2007, as
eligibility criteria as well as financing procedures for institutional and home based care were
different, there were no benefits which clients of both systems could be eligible for
simultaneously. The reform introduced the possibility of combining financing of both systems,
i.e. giving a cash benefit to the client for the usage of services and he/she can decide
independently. Thus the benefit can be used for the provision of medical or rehabilitative
services or long term institutional care. At the same time, home care agencies, which
typically employ nurses, can contract the provision of home health services with health
insurance funds. As a result, comprehensive home care for some medical services
(rehabilitation, nursing) are provided in the home environment and at the pensioners’ homes,
though the system suffers from a lack of adequately educated staff.
Between the health care and social services sector
As mentioned in the summary above, the system is not united between the health care
system and social services. This is apparent when the administration and funding of LTC
services are considered: part of the system is within the competencies and management of
the Ministry of Health and part is within the competencies and management of the Ministry of
Labour and Social affairs. The problem holds especially for institutional care, monitoring and
control of the system as well as planning and LTC strategy. Each of the Ministries develops
different measures for long term policy. Additionally, professional societies (i.e. Gerontology

Centre) have their own LTC policy proposals. Thus a discussion between different
stakeholders in the LTC is a necessity.
Another problem is the data collection on the LTC. Since the system is not integrated, data, if
it is collected, is also dispersed. Integrated financial data on the LTC system are available
only in the structure of the National Health Accounts. Public data on the volume of services
cover social services, especially pensioners’ homes, while other types of data are difficult to
gather.
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2. Funding
There are two types of funding, which are separate for the LTC homes (LDN) and separate
for social services (which includes pensioners’ homes).
Medical services provided in the hospitals and LTC homes for individuals with advanced
illnesses (LDN) are financed from the health insurance funds. Until 2008, when co-payments
for the medical services in outpatient and hospital care were introduced, any type of out of
pocket payment for services was illegal.
The LTC services organized by the social services sector are funded from general taxes, and
further administered from the social budgets of regions and municipalities, client
contributions, territorial self-governing authorities and the funds from the public health
insurance. Regions, after receiving state contributions for social services, decide
autonomously on the allocation of resources which typically includes decisions on the
allocation of costs per bed in the residential care and total costs of home based social
services. Still, the main sources of funding are client contributions (35% of the total costs of
social services), followed by the state budget (30% of total costs), and local authorities
(25%). Health insurance only plays a minor role (3%) (MoLSA 2009). Clients of social
services are obliged to participate in the costs of the service in the form of co-payment. The
ceiling for the co-payment for home care services was set by the Social Services Act of 2006
which states that the amount of co-payment should not exceed 85% of the individual’s
income. Specific costs of services are decided in the contract with the service provider. This
regulation holds for home care as well as residential and day care.

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3. Demand and supply
3.1. The need for LTC (including demographic characteristics)
Evaluations done by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Health or the
Czech Statistical Office do not specify the need for LTC. However, the necessity of
assessing the needs of the elderly has been stated by policy makers, which resulted in the
establishment of the Governmental Council for Older Persons and Population Ageing in
2006. The objective of the Council is to recognize the needs of an ageing population and
prepare an adequate policy response to ageing. The Council consists of 28 representatives
of the Ministries, health insurance companies, NGOs, social partners and experts. Current
estimates of the potential need are based either on survey data or demographic data and
projection.
Results of the Eurobarometer survey indicated that approximately 24% of the Czech
population reported being severely limited in the activities they normally perform within the
period of 6 months preceding the survey. They attributed these limitations to either poor
physical or mental condition (European Commission 2007).
Another estimation of the potential need for LTC is possible thanks to the demographic data
and projections. In 2007, elderly above 65 years of age constituted 14.4% of the total
population. Naturally, the proportion of elderly in the population was significantly higher for
women than for men (17.10% compared to 11.6%), which reflects the demographic
composition of the elderly cohorts and mortality. It is foreseen that the proportion of elderly in
the total population will more than double in 50 years time, while the share of the very old
(80+) will increase by over 3 times.
Table 3. Projections of selected demographic indicators, 2008-2060
2007/2008 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Life expectancy at
age 65, males
14.7 15.0 16.2 17.4 18.6 19.7 20.8
Life expectancy at
age 65, females
18.1 18.3 19.5 20.7 21.9 23.0 24.1
Population 65+ as
a share of the total
population
14.4 15.4 20.2 22.9 26.3 30.9 33.4
Population 80+ as
a share of the total
population
3.3 3.8 4.1 6.6 8.4 9.3 13.4
Old are
dependency ratio
20.0 22.0 31.0 36.0 43.0 55.0 61.0
Source: European Commission, 2009 Ageing report

The old age dependency ratio1, which is a significant indicator of demographic pressures
reflecting the future possibilities of financing of pensions and LTC, was 22.2% in 2007.
According to the Eurostat estimations, it is foreseen to grow to the level of 35.7% by 2030.
By 2060, the indicator of the elderly to the labour market active population is projected to be
higher than 60%.
3.2. The role of informal and formal care in the LTC system
(including the role of cash benefits)
Overall, the system of LTC is targeted towards community based services. Similarly to other
countries in the region, the provision of family care is very high. According to the Ministry of
Labour and Social Affairs estimates, approximately 80% of care is provided at home by the
spouse or children of a person in need. Also both the reform of 2006 and the National
Programme of Preparation for Ageing 2008-2012 promote community based care, which
implies supporting active ageing on the one hand and informal family care on the other.
Home care and cash benefits are viewed as a crucial means for support of family care.
3.3. Demand and supply of informal care
According to the results of the Eurofamcare project, there is no systematic research on the
demand and supply of informal care for the elderly and chronically ill in the Czech Republic
(Holmerová 2004). It is estimated that approximately 80% of care is provided by the family,
mainly spouses, children and other relatives. This translates into approximately 100,000
elderly who need assistance in basic activities of daily living and 300,000 elderly who are not
able to perform instrumental activities of daily living. Assuming that every elderly person is
provided with help by at least one person means that there are about 400 – 500,000 informal
care providers in the Czech Republic. These are mostly women (63%) of working age, most
of whom (80%) have a regular full time job. There is no research that would allow for stating
the source of income of the care providers, and it should be also assumed that the type and
level of income depends on the severity of need for assistance in daily living. However,
caretakers were eligible for the caretaker’s allowance, which, after the reform of 2006, was
transformed into a benefit provided to the elderly in need (with limited ADL).
Results of the Eurobarometer survey confirm that informal care is perceived as the most
important type of care. 36% of respondents asked about the type of care they think would be
the best option for care of their elderly pointed that dependent elderly should live with one of
1 Which is estimated as a ratio of elderly (65+) to the labour market active population (20-64 years of age).
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their children while only 13% claimed that the elderly should be taken care of at an LTC
institution (European Commission 2007).
3.4. Demand and supply of formal care
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3.4.1. Introduction
The demand for LTC depends on demographic pressures (which are foreseen to grow over
the next decades), labour market activity, and the possibilities of combining care provision
and traditions in a given country. On the other hand, the supply of formal care is strongly
dependent on political objectives and funding opportunities.
3.4.2. Institutional care
Residential care, as provided in the health and social sector separately, is also presented
separately based on the statistical data of the health sector and the Ministry of Labour and
Social Affairs.
The number of LTC institutions for severely ill has been stable over the last decade, with a
peak of 80 institutions all over the country in 2002, dropping to 70 in 2008. Despite
stabilization in the number of facilities, the number of beds grew by 16%. Additionally, the
number of staff working at LTC homes increased by 77% for doctors and 20% for
paramedical employees.
Table 4. LTC homes (LDN) 1996 – 2008
Items 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
LTC homes 71 74 75 80 73 74 70
Beds 6151 5996 6713 7438 7272 7462 7194
Physicians
212 207 229 265 282 329 375
(FTE)
Professionally
qualified
paramedical
workers
(FTE)
1681 1700 1918 2242 2978 2098 2010
Source: Czech Health Statistics Yearbooks 1996 - 2008
The number of residential homes for pensioners within the social services system is much
higher. According to the Czech Statistical Office, at the end of 2006 there were 390

pensioners’ homes, with an average occupancy rate of 97.1%2. It should be noted however,
that already in 2005, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs pointed out that the number of
facilities was insufficient and that waiting times for the pensioners’ homes differed between
regions from several months to several years (MoLSA 2005). Studies have also found that
the supply of care is unequal between urban and rural areas, and access to care is easier in
urban settings (Potůček 2006). The data from the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs gives
a good picture of the scale of the problem – in 2003 there were 378 pensioners’ homes with
39,331 beds while 50,192 applications were rejected (MoLSA 2005). Another problem
mentioned by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs is the quality of services, especially
the lack of adequate nursing and rehabilitation services and the need for the modernization
of outdated facilities. Developing daily and weekly care centers has been identified as a
measure to cope with the above problems.
Despite the fact that the number of full-time elderly homes has been increasing over the last
decade, it is still highly insufficient resulting in long waitlists. Also the demand for institutional
care for people who do not have long term illnesses and are not in terminal conditions is
increasing much faster than the number of beds in the pensioners’ homes. In 2003, the
number of individuals whose applications for a place in retirement homes were rejected was
128% of the number of available beds.
Table 5. Pensioners’ homes facilities 1996- 2006
Pensioners’ homes 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Number of facilities 303 320* 343** 360*** 376 390
Number of beds 33779 35218 36662 37686 37867 38672
Number of rejected applicants 21609 25431 28784 33222 - -
* 4 facilities combining the pensioners’ home and boarding home are included
** 5 facilities combining the pensioners’ home and boarding home are included
*** 6 facilities combining the pensioners’ home and boarding home are included
Source: MoLSA 2005, Czech Statistical Yearbooks 2005, 2007
2 http://www.czso.cz/csu/2007edicniplan.nsf/engt/FE003FE442/$File/0001072414.xls
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3.4.3. Home care
There are two types of care provided to the elderly in need in the home environment: home
care and home nursing care. Home care includes personal assistance services and
community care in daily activities, such as clothing, washing, shopping, transport or meals on
wheels. Home nursing care, which is an integrated form of home health and assistance
provided in the home, was introduced in the Czech Republic in the 1990s. (Rokosová, Havá
2005). It is an element of outpatient care and takes the form of nursing or rehabilitation3
provided with the consultancy and cooperation of a primary care doctor. Both types of care
are typically integrated in the one provider institution as they are provided by the home care
agencies, the number of which increased throughout the 1990s (from 27 in 1991 to 484 in
1998). Typically the staff of the home care and home nursing care are nurses and volunteers
(Potůček at el. 2006). Most of the home care agencies are private or non-profit organizations
(Holmerová 2004). It is estimated that 58% of home care agencies also provide care during
nights and weekends, 22% during weekends and 20% in the afternoons. Still, some
problems are reported with respect to cooperation with general practitioners. Another
problem is caused by the unequal regional distribution of home health care agencies (Wija
2008).
Table 6. Basic home care statistics 2000 – 2007
Items 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007*
Persons who received home care
services 113 528 109 475 112 927 105 088 95 520
Home care service workers 4 793 4 355 4 265 4 106 4 491
Professional
nurses 4 139 3 700 including 3 585 3 511 3 810
Others 654 655 680 595 681
Home care service volunteers 967 652 556 450 304
*Preliminary
Source: Czech Statistical Yearbook 2008
It is estimated that a total of 7,000 clients received personal care from the social services
centers in 2008 at the total cost of 15 million euro (out of which 3 million were paid by the
clients). Further, approximately 115,000 clients received community care in 2008 at a total
3 Typical activities provided by home care agencies include taking blood, measuring blood pressure, and
assistance in taking medicines.

cost of 70 million euro (out of which 16 million were paid by the clients) (MoLSA 2009). The
data cover not only elderly, but the whole population of care recipients; however, it is
estimated that the elderly constitute about 75% of the home care recipients’ population.
19
3.4.4. Semi-institutional care
Semi institutional care is provided at the daily and weekly care homes, which were legally
approved as part of social services with the Social Services Act of 2006, although they
existed earlier as boarding homes for the elderly. Still, daily and weekly centres for seniors
operate only in a few communities thus their number is considered to be insufficient. They
provide day care or care during the week, which mainly consists of the provision of meals
and involving the elderly in specific programmes stimulating social participation. According to
the Social Security Act, daily and weekly care centers should also provide care when the
person who typically takes care of the elderly person is away for several days. Overall, these
centers are thought to be an important source of support for informal care providers, though
they are criticized for not always being able to provide adequate care or a sufficient number
of activities. In recent years, several additional centers for individuals with dementia were
opened, offering assistance and in some cases also transport.
Typically, the centers are open for more than 8 hours a day. Nevertheless, the supply of part
time care is insufficient. Although the number of day care centers increased by 16% between
1995 and 2003, the number of rejected applicants more than doubled. In fact, the number of
rejected applicants was more than twice the number of available beds in the day care
centers in 2003 (Table 8).
Table 7. Boarding homes for pensioners 1995-2003
Boarding homes for pensioners 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Number of facilities 124 146 148 150 144
Number of beds 11549 12593 12126 12432 11487
Number of rejected applicants 12364 17612 19678 22148 25389
Source: MoLSA 2005
The latest data (2008) show that the services at the day care centers were provided to
36,000 clients, while a further 1,300 clients used the services of weekly care centers. The
cost of the services was 26.5 million euro for the day care centers and 9.3 million euro for the
weekly care centers. Client contributions were 3.5 million and 2.2 million, respectively
(MoLSA 2009).

20
4. LTC policy
4.1. Policy goals
The LTC system in the Czech Republic is oriented towards shifting from an institutional care
system to ageing in a home-like-environment. Thus the policy puts pressure on the
development of easily accessible social services at the local level, especially non-residential
services and provides incentives and support (care allowance) for families to take care of
their elderly close ones. The strategy is in line with the fact that most of the care for the
elderly is provided at home. However, most informal care providers work (according to the
MoLSA, 80% of them have a full-time job). Thus a decision upon informal care is strongly
dependent on the flexibility of a caretaker’s job. Some survey research show that the Czech
expect the state to provide appropriate care for the elderly, which is the second priority of the
population, after the provision of adequate health care.
The long term policy of the Czech government towards ageing and, partially, LTC is reflected
in the National Programme of Preparation for Ageing 2008-2012. It was prepared and
approved by the government in January 2008 and is monitored by the Governmental Council
for Older Persons and Population Ageing. Strategic priorities set up in the document include
the promotion of active ageing in a friendly community environment, improving the health of
older persons, improving available social services, supporting family and caretakers,
supporting social inclusion of the elderly and protecting their human rights (Wija 2008).
4.2. Integration policy
At the current moment, no administrative integration policy between facilities located in the
health care system and home care is foreseen either by the Ministry of Labour and Social
Affairs or by the Ministry of Health. However some policy proposals made by professional
organizations, such as the Geriatric society, concentrate on the creation of an integrated
system of institutional care for the elderly and long term ill, covering appropriate nursing and
rehabilitation. At the central administration level, integration is assured by the introduction of
the Governmental Council for the Elderly. The Council was created in order to enable
discussion on the issues related to assuring care for the increasing numbers of elderly
among all the stakeholders (Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Ministry of Health, NGOs,
other social organizations and professional associations).

4.3. Recent reforms and the current debate
The last reform of the social system, which included LTC services, was conducted in 2006
and took social services into consideration. The need for reform was pronounced by experts
who found previous legal regulations of 1988 inadequate to the changing social situation.
Still, most of the services targeted towards assistance to the elderly that are provided in the
new social services system were also provided before the reform. These include personal
and nursing services, pensioners’ houses, and day care centers (previously also called
boarding houses for pensioners). The reform introduced a care allowance provided to the
individual in need while previously it was provided to the care provider. The social services
system also strongly encourages the involvement of non-governmental organizations in the
services’ provision. The problems that the system faces currently and that are under public
discussion (also by media) include:
- lack of legal definition of the LTC, regulation of types of services,
- lack of adequate quality control by the ministries, regional governments, local
governments and health insurance funds, especially of privately run LTC facilities,
21
- low levels of LTC funding,
- insufficient number of qualified staff, especially nurses,
- low salaries of nurses, rehabilitants and other qualified staff,
- waiting times for LTC homes (estimated as up to 1 month) and pensioners’ homes
(up to several years).
LTC goals identified by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs include the reduction of
chronic diseases and other factors that impact functional health status, increased availability
of rehabilitative services and community health care, more support for social mobility and
social participation of the elderly, deinstitutionalization of social services and improved
integration of health care and social services (Wija 2008).

4.4. Critical appraisal of the LTC system
Although the importance of the LTC system is growing, which is reflected in the vivid public
discussion on the provision of services and the problems that the system faces, it is still
disintegrated on the side of the health care system and social security. The most important
problem seems to be the lack of an integrated national strategy of LTC and, as a result of
statement above, no common definition of LTC. The structure of the institutional arrangement
is not transparent, with some of the LTC institutions located in the health care system and
some in social services. The pressure on home based care, which is often expressed in the
documents of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, will not be successful without
appropriate labour market measures such as employment flexibility, especially when most of
the informal care givers are active members of the labor market, who work full time.
22

23
References
Bryndová L., Pavloková K., Roubal T., Rokosová M., Gaskins M., Czech Republic: Health
System Review, WHO Health Systems in Transition, Vol. 11 No 1 2009
Czech Statistical Office, Demographic Yearbook of the Czech Republic 2007,
http://www.czso.cz/csu/2008edicniplan.nsf/engpubl/4019-08-2007
Czech Statistical Office, Czech Health Statistics Yearbooks 1996-2008,
http://www.uzis.cz/download.php?ctg=10&search_name=Czech%20health%20statistics%20
yearbook&region=100&mnu_id=5300
European Commission, Health and long-term care in the European Union, Special
Eurobarometer 283/Wave 67.3 – TNS Opinion & Social, December 2007
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_283_en.pdf
European Commission, 2009 Ageing Report, Economic and budgetary projections for the
EU-27 Member States (2008-2060), Statistical Annex, European Economy 2/2009,
http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication14994_en.pdf
Holmerová I., Eurofamcare National Background Report for the Czech Republic, 2004
http://www.uke.de/extern/eurofamcare/documents/nabares/nabare_czech_rc1_a4.pdf
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Preliminary National Report on Health Care and Long-
Term Care in the Czech Republic, 2005
http://www.mpsv.cz/files/clanky/1343/report_health_care.pdf
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Social Services, http://www.mpsv.cz/en/1613
Ministry of Labour and Social Affais, Social Services and Care Allowance, Ministerial
Conference on Social Services, Social Services – an Instrument for Labour Mobilisation and
Bolstering of Social Cohesion, Prague 22-23 April 2009
http://www.mpsv.cz/files/clanky/7163/Social_Services_and _Care_Allowance.pdf
Potůček M., Hanušová P., Kopecká P., Study on Social and Health Services of General
Interest in the Czech Republic, Prague, October 2006

Rokosová M., Havá P. Health Care Systems in Transition (HIT), Czech Republic 2005,
http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E86823.pdf
Social Services Act of March 14th 2006, No 108/2006
Wija P., Ageing Policy in the Czech Republic, presentation of the Ministry of Labour and
Social Affairs, CEFRES, December 18 2008
24

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