Causes of Landslide
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The document defines landslides as the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials such as rocks, soils, and artificial fills along separation surfaces by falling, sliding, or flowing. Landslides are influenced by factors like slope angle, climate, weathering, water content, vegetation, overloading, geology, and slope stability. Common triggers for landslides include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, forest fires, and volcanoes. Anthropogenic causes can be over-development, deforestation, inappropriate drainage systems, and changes to slope or land use patterns.
Causes of Landslide
- 2. The term' landslide' includes all varieties of mass movements of hill slopes and can be defined as the downward and outward movement of slope forming materials composed of rocks, soils, artificial fills or combination of all these materials along surfaces of separation by falling, sliding and flowing, either slowly or quickly from one place to another. Landslide = “the movement of a mass of rock, debris or earth down the slope” (Cruden, 1991).
- 3. In general factors which influence whether landslide will occur typically include slope range climate weathering water content A number of elements will contribute to a landslide, but often there is one which triggers the movement of material. • vegetation • overloading • geology • slope stability
- 7. 13th February, 2011 Turkey 23rd November, 2010 Taiwan
- 8. 25th April, 2010 Taiwan
- 11. 1. Gravity: Gravity works more effectively on steeper slopes, but more gradual slopes may also be vulnerable. 2. Geological factors: Many slides occur in a geologic setting that places permeable sands and gravels above impermeable layers of silt and clay, or bedrock. Water seeps downward through the upper materials and accumulates on the top of the underlying units, forming a zone of weakness.
- 12. 3. Heavy and prolonged rainfall: storm water runoff saturates soils on steep slopes or infiltration causes a rapid rise in groundwater levels. As water tables rise, some slopes become unstable that cause landslide. 4. Earthquakes: When plate tectonics move the soil that covers moves with it. When earthquakes occur on areas with steep slopes, many times the soil slips causing landslides. Furthermore, ashen debris flows caused by earthquakes can also trigger mass movement of soil.
- 13. 3. Forest fire: fires cause soil erosion and induce floods and landslides due to the destruction of the natural vegetation. (E.g. ridges of Manipur-Nagaland border) 4. Volcanoes: Strato volcanoes are prone to sudden collapse, especially during wet conditions. The conditions commonly prevail after volcanic eruptions that kill vegetation over extensive areas and spread loose volcanic rocks over the landscape. During subsequent rainy seasons, swollen rivers will erode the new deposits and sometimes generate lahars that are dangerous to people downstream. (E.g. lahars at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines in1990)
- 14. 1. Inappropriate drainage system: Natural drainage lines on slopes are blocked by terracing/ contour bounding adopted to prevent soil erosion and to enhance percolation during dry season for cultivation, without adequate provision for surface drainage of excess storm water during high intensity rains increase the landslide vulnerability. 2. Cutting & deep excavations on slopes: Developmental activities like construction of buildings, road cutting, embankments, cut and fill structures causes modification of natural slopes, blocking of surface drainage, loading of critical slopes and withdrawal to toe support promoting vulnerability of critical slopes.
- 15. 3. Change in slope/land use pattern, deforestation, agricultural practices on steep slopes: Deforestation and cultivation of seasonal crops and increase in settlements. Improper land use practices such as heavy tilling, agricultural practices and settlement patterns have contributed to creep and withdrawal of toe support in many cases.
- 18. Landslides Information System developed by Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering (CSRE) http://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/rn/resume/landslide/lsl.htm International Landslide Research Group, ILRG is an informal group of individuals concerned about sharing information on landslide research and promoting regional landslide analyses. http://ilrg.gndci.cnr.it/ Geological Survey of India. http://www.gsi.gov.in Centre for earth Science Studies. http://www.cessind.org/thrustareasnew.htm Landslide hazard Zonation Atlas of India, Building Materials Technology Promotion Council & Centre for Disaster Mitigation and management, Anna University.
- 19. 10th April 2013 (Utah)