CCNA 1

SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT PRESENTATION
ON
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE

ABOUT CCNA
 This certification builds a
foundation in and apprentice
knowledge of networking.
 CCNA certified professionals can install, configure,
and operate LAN, WAN and dail access services for
small networks (100 modes or fewer), including but
not limited to use of these protocols: IP, IGRP,
SERIAL FRAME-RELAY, IP RIP, VLANs, RIP
ETHERNET, ACCESS-LISTS.

NETWORKING DEVICES
Hubs:-
Centralized device in a topology.
Take incoming signal and repeats it out to all ports
on networks.
A multi port twisted pair hub allows several point
to point segments to be joined in to one network.

Switches:-
 Used to interconnect LAN segment in cheap and easily
configured manner.
 Reduces network traffic resuting from an excessive
number of computers.
Routers:-
Segment large number of data into smaller segments.
Acts as safety barrier between segments.
Perform complex operation, they are than Switches.
Performing path selection in WAN Technology

Open System Interconnection
reference model developed by
the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).
OSI model describes how data
is transferred from an application
on one computer to another.
OSI model composed of seven
layers that describe the functions
of data communication
protocols.
Each Layer of OSI model
describes a particular network
function.
OSI MODEL

IP ADDRESS
An IP address is a numeric
identifier assigned to each
machine on an IP network.
It designates the specific location
of a device on the network.
IP addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network
to communicate with a host on a different network regardless
of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in.

ROUTING
The term routing is used for
taking a packet from one device
and sending it through the
network to another devices of
different network.
The logical network address of the destination host is
used to get packets to the network through a routed
network, and then the hardware address of the host is
used to deliver the packet from a router to the correct
destination host.

If a network isn’t connected to the router the router must
use one of the two ways to learn how to get to the remote
network.
Static Routing:-
Meaning that someone must hand-type all network
locations into the routing table.
Dynamic Routing:-
A protocol on one router communicates with the same
protocol running on neighbor routers.
Dynamic Routing Protocols:-
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

ACCESS-LIST
Access control list are an integral part of Cisco’s Security
Solution.
The proper use and configuration of access-lists is a vital
part of router configuration because access lists are such
versatile networking accessories.
Two type of access-lists:-
Standard access lists:-
These use only the source IP address in an IP packet as the
condition test. All decisions are made based on source IP
address.
Extended access lists:-
Extended access-list can evaluate many of the other fields in
the layer 3 and layer 4 header of an IP packet.

NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION
(NAT)The intention for NAT was to slow the depletion of
available IP address space by allowing many private IP
addresses to be representation by some smaller number of
public IP address.
NAT is great to have around when an organization
changes its ISP and network mangers doesn't want to
hassle of changing the internal scheme.
Three Type of NAT:-
Static NAT:-
This type of NAT is designed to allow one to one mapping
between local and global address.

Dynamic NAT:-
This version gives you to the ability to map unregistered IP
address to a register IP address fro out of a pool of register
IP addresses.
Overloading:-
This is the most popular type of NAT configuration.
Understanding that overloading really is a form of dynamic
NAT that maps multiple unregistered IP addresses to a
single registered IP address by using different ports. Its also
known as Port Address Translation (PAT).

SWITCHES
Layer 2 switching is the process o using the hardware
address of devices on LAN to segment a network.
Create a Mac-address forward/filter table in order to make
decisions on whether to forward or flood a frame.
In multiple links between switches we face multi looping
problems. To solve this problem switches run Spanning Tree
Protocol (STP).
The main purpose of STP is to prevent switching loops in a
network with redundant switched paths.

Virtual LAN (VLAN)
A VLAN is a logical grouping of network users and
resources connected to administratively defined ports on a
switched.
A group of users that need an unusually high level of
security can be put into its own VLAN so that users outside
of the VLAN can’t communicate with them. So it provide
security.
VLAN increase the number of broadcast domains while
decreasing their size.
Network adds, moves, and changes are achieved with ease
by just configuring a port into the appropriate VLAN.

VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
This is created by CISCO.
Consistent VLAN configuration across all switches in the
network.
VLAN trunking over mixed networks, such as Ethernet.
Accurate tracking and monitoring of VLAN’s.
Dynamic reporting of added VLANs to all switches in the
VTP Domain.
Plug and play VLAN adding.
Three type of Mode:-
Server Mode
Client Mode
Transparent Mode

Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN is depend upon Geographical distance.
WAN Terms:-
Customer premises equipment (CPE):-
Customer premises equipment (CPE) is equipment that’s
owned by the subscriber and located on the subscriber’s
premises.
Demarcation point:-
The demarcation point is the precise spot where the service
provider’s responsibility ends and the CPE begins.
Central office (CO):-
This point connects the customer’s network to the provider’s
switching network. Good to know is that a central office (CO)
is sometimes referred to as a point of presence (POP).

WAN Connection Types
Leased lines:-These are usually referred to as a point-to-
point or dedicated connection. When you’ve got plenty of
cash, this is really the way to go because it uses
synchronous serial lines up to 45Mbps. HDLC and PPP
encapsulations are frequently used on leased lines.
Circuit switching:-When you hear the term circuit switching,
think phone call. The big advantage is cost—you only pay
for the time you actually use. No data can transfer before an
end-to-end connection is established. Circuit switching uses
dial-up modems or ISDN and is used for low-bandwidth data
transfers.
Packet switching:-This is a WAN switching method that
allows you to share bandwidth with other companies to save
money. Frame Relay and X.25 are packet-switching
technologies with speeds that can range from 56Kbps up to
T3 (45Mbps).

Frame Relay:-
A packet-switched technology that made its debut in the early
1990s, Frame Relay is a high-performance Data Link and
Physical layer specification. An upside to Frame Relay is that
it can be more cost effective than point-to-point links, plus it
typically runs at speeds of 64Kbps up to 45Mbps (T3).
Another Frame Relay benefit is that it provides features for
dynamic bandwidth allocation and congestion control.
HDLC High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC):-
HDLC was derived from Synchronous Data Link Control
(SDLC), which was created by IBM as a Data Link connection
protocol. HDLC works at the Data Link layer. It wasn’t
intended to encapsulate multiple Network layer protocols
across the same link.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP):-
PPP is a pretty famous, industry-standard protocol. Because
all multi protocol versions of HDLC are proprietary, PPP can be
used to create point-to-point links between different vendors’
equipment. It uses a Network Control Protocol field in the
Data Link header to identify the Network layer protocol and
allows authentication and multi link connections to be run over
asynchronous and synchronous links.

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
Transmitting a signal using the typical 802.11 specifications
works a lot like it does with a basic Ethernet hub: They’re
both two-way forms of communication, and they both use
the same frequency to both transmit and receive.
Also important to note is the fact that the 802.11
specifications were developed so that there would be no
licensing required in most countries—to ensure the user the
freedom to install and operate without any licensing or
operating fees.
Various agencies have been around for a very long time to
help govern the use of wireless devices, frequencies,
standards, and how the frequency spectrums are used.
Because WLANs transmit over radio frequencies, they’re
regulated by the same types of laws used to govern things
like AM/FM radios.

The 802.11 Standards:-
Wireless starts with 802.11, and there are various other up-
and-coming standard groups as well, like 802.16 and
802.20. And there’s no doubt that cellular networks will
become huge players in our wireless future. But for now,
we’re going to concentrate on the 802.11 standards
committee and subcommittees.
IEEE 802.11 was the first, original standardized WLAN at 1
and 2Mbps. It runs in the 2.4GHz radio frequency and was
ratified in 1997 even though we didn’t see many products
pop up until around 1999 when 802.11b was introduced.

Comparing 802.11:-
802.11b 802.11g 802.11a (h)
2.4GHz 2.4GHz 5GHz
Most common Higher throughput Highest
throughput
Up to 11Mpbs Up to 54Mbps* Up to 54Mbps
DSSS DSSS/OFDM OFDM
3 non-overlapping 3 non-overlapping channels up to 23
Channels. Non-overlapping channels.

CCNA 1

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