centrifugation Slideshear Introduction , Principal, Application, Objective , Equipment used in centrifugation
- 1. Centrifugation PREPARED BY: Mhaske S.B ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Pravara Rural College Of Pharmacy, Loni
- 2. Definition Centrifugation is a process used to separate or concentrate materials suspended in a liquid medium. Centrifugation is a unit operation it is process in which separation of particles take place by using centrifugal force. It is process for separating the constituents present in a dispersion with the aid of centrifugal force The theoretical basis of this technique is the effect of gravity on particles in suspension. Two particles of different masses will settle in a tube at different rates in response to gravity. Centrifugation is a technique which involves the application of the centrifugal force to separate the particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. This process is used to separate miscible liquid or solid form liquids. The component which is more -dense in the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge why less- dense components of the mixture, migrate towards the access this process causes the formation of the ‘pellet’ of the dense component at the bottom the remaining solution may be discarded with the prepaid. The rate of centrifugation is specified by the angular velocity usually expressed as revolution per minute (RPM) or acceleration expressed as g.
- 3. 1. To separate the mix immiscible liquid. 2. To purify the component by removing impurities in the supernatant liquid. 3. To separate crystalline drugs from other solution. 4. To take the emotions and suspension for creaming and sedimentation at accelerated rate speed. Objectives
- 4. Applications of centrifugation 1. production of the bulk drugs 2. production of the biological products 3. evaluation of the suspension and emulsion 4.determination of the molecular weight of the colloids 5. Other Applications A. To separate two miscible substances B. To analyze the hydrodynamic properties of macromolecules C. Purification of mammalian cells D. Fractionation of subcellular organelles (including membranes/membrane fractions) Fractionation of membrane vesicles E. Separating chalk powder from water F. Removing fat from milk to produce skimmed milk G. Separating particles from an air-flow using cyclonic separation H. The clarification and stabilization of wine I. Separation of urine components and blood components in forensic and research laboratories J. Aids in the separation of proteins using purification techniques such as salting out, e.g. ammonium sulfate precipitation.
- 5. Principle and theory of centrifugation Centrifugal effect: Centrifugal force in terms of the ratio to the gravitational force is known as centrifugal effect. Consider a body of mass m rotating in a circular path of radius r at a velocity v. The force acting on the body in a radial direction is given by: F = mv2 r Here, F = centrifugal force m = mass of the body v = velocity of body r = radius of circle of rotation
- 6. The same body will be acted upon by a gravitational force. It can be expressed as: G = mg where, G = gravitational force g = gravitational constant The centrifugal effect is the ratio of the two forces, so that: C = F / G = mv2 / mgr = v2 / gr But, v = 2πrn Where, n = speed of rotation. So, F / G = (2πrn)2 / gr = 4π2r2n2 / gr = 2 π2n2d / g ……………(1) Where, d = diameter of rotation.
- 7. The gravitational constant has a value of 9.807 m/s2, so that equation (1) may be simplified to: Centrifugal effect = 2.013 n2d Provided that , n is expressed in S-1 and d is in meter. From the equation, it can be drawn that the centrifugal effect is directly proportional to the diameter, but is proportional to the square of the speed of the rotation. Thus, if it is necessary to increase the centrifugal effect, it is of greater advantages to use a centrifuge of the same size at a higher speed, rather than use a larger centrifuge at the same speed of rotation.
- 8. Factors affecting centrifugation process Liquid viscosity Liquid density Solids concentration Particle size distribution Surface charge of particles Type and shape of particles Feed rate Agitation speed Size of centrifuge Height of cake Mode of operation Time at full speed
- 9. Classification of centrifuge Industrial centrifuges can be classified into 3 main types: (1) Filtration centrifuge: Those using perforated baskets, which perform a filtration type operation (work like a spin dryer). E.g. perforated basket centrifuge, semi-continuous centrifuge (2) Sedimentation centrifuge: Those with a solid walled vessel, where particles sediment towards the wall under the influence of the centrifugal force. E.g. Tubular bowl centrifuge, Non-perforated basket centrifuge, super centrifuge, conical disc centrifuge (3) Continuous centrifuge: Those where a continuous process or very high capacity is required. E.g. Continuous Horizontal Centrifuge
- 10. Perforated basket centrifuge Principle: Perforated basket centrifuge is a filtration centrifuge. The separation is through a perforated wall based on the difference in the densities of solid and liquid phases. The bowl contains a perforated side-wall. During centrifugation, the liquid phase passes through the perforated wall while solid phase is retained in the bowl. The solid is removed by a blade. In this centrifuge a basket is mounted above a driving shaft such arrangement is described as 8 under-driven.
- 11. Construction: It consist of perforated basket which is made up of stainless steel and lined with filter cloth. The basket is suspended above the shaft and driven by a motor or turbine. Surrounding the basket casing is provided which collect the filtrate and discharge them to the outlets. 11
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- 13. Working: Liquid feed is inserted to the bowl/basket when it is stationary in such a way that it distributes evenly in the basket. Power is supplied to start the rotation of basket. The basket should achieve its maximum speed quickly. It rotates at 1000 rpm. During the process liquid passes through perforated walls and solid remains inside the wall. The solid is collected after drying by spinning and liquid is collected from outlet. 13
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- 15. Semi continuous centrifuge 15 It is also known as short cycle automatic batch centrifuge. Principle: This centrifuge is a filtration centrifuge. The separation is through a perforated wall based on the difference in the densities of solid and liquid phases. The bowl contains a perforated side-wall. During centrifugation, the liquid phase passes through the perforated wall while solid phase is retained in the bowl. The solid is removed by cutting with a blade.
- 16. Working: The perforated basket is allowed to rotate and Liquid feed is inserted to the bowl/basket from side pipe in such a way that it distributes evenly in the basket. During the process liquid passes through perforated walls and solid remains inside the wall. The cake is washed with water. The wash escapes from the basket through the filtrate outlet. The solid is collected after drying by spinning and liquid is collected from outlet. In this centrifuge after achieving the desired thickness about 50 to 70 mm the feeler cuts off the air supply to diaphragm valve that automatically cuts of the entry of the slurry. 16
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- 19. Non-perforated basket centrifuge 19 Principle: This is sedimentation type centrifuge so separation takes place on the basis of difference in their densities without presence of perforated/porous medium. During centrifugation solid remains at side wall of the basket while liquid remains at the top which is collected by skimming tube. Construction: It consist of basket made up of stainless steel. The basket is placed on the vertical shaft. Basket contains inlet tube and skimming tube.
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- 21. Working: The suspension is fed continuously into the basket. During centrifugation solid phase is retained on the sides of the wall while liquid remains on the top. The liquid is collected with skimming tube and solids are scraped off by using scrapper from the basket. Uses: It is useful when the deposited solids offer high resistance to the flow of liquid. Advantages: Cost is less than other centrifuges Disadvantages: Solid phase is retained on the sides of the basket. 21
- 22. Super centrifuge 22 Principle: This is sedimentation type centrifuge so separation takes place on the basis of difference in their densities between to immiscible liquids. Centrifugation is done in the bowl of small centrifuge. During centrifugation the heavier liquid is thrown against the wall, while lighter liquid remains as inner layer. The two layers are simultaneously separated using modified wiers.
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- 25. Uses: Used for separating liquid phase of emulsion in foods and pharmaceuticals. Advantage: Continuous operation. Can handle much higher concentration. Produces dry solids. Disadvantage: Sediment does not have uniform structure. 25