Cerebral cortex - physiology
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The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebral cortex. It discusses the functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex, including its layers of neurons. It describes the relations of the cortex to the thalamus, and specific functions of motor, sensory, and association areas. Association areas integrate signals from multiple regions. Important association areas discussed include the parieto-occipitotemporal area, prefrontal area, and limbic area. The document also covers concepts such as the dominant hemisphere, functions in communication including language input and output, and thoughts, consciousness, and memory.
Cerebral cortex - physiology
- 1. KSMU – KURSK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY CEREBRAL CORTEX Physiology – Medicine Guilherme Paschoalini
- 2. PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX • The functional part of the cerebral cortex is a thin layer of neurons covering the surface of all the convolutions of the cerebrum • Types of cells: Granular; Fusiforme; Pyramidal
- 4. RELATIONS OF THE CERERAL CORTEX TO THE THALAMUS Cortex operates in close association with the Thalamus (Thalamocortical System) and when the thalamic connections are cut, the functions of the corresponding cortical area become almost entirely lost.
- 5. FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC CORTICAL AREAS Motor Areas •Primary motor areas: Have direct connections with specific muscles for causing discrete muscle movements Sensory Areas •Primary sensory areas: Detect specific sensations (visual, auditory, or somatic) Secondary areas make sense out of the signals in the P. areas
- 6. ASSOCIATION AREAS Association areas because they receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of the cortex. The most importat association areas are: Parieto-occipitotemporal association area Prefrontal association area Limbic association area
- 7. PARIETO-OCCIPITOTEMPORAL ASSOCIATION AREA Provides a high level of interpretative meaning for signals from all the surrounding sensory areas o Analysis of the Spatial Coordinates of the Body Provides continuous analysis of the spatial coordinates of all parts of the body as well as of the surroundings of this body o Area for Language Comprehension The most important region for higher intelectual function because almost all such intellectual functions are language based. o Area for Initial Processing of Visual Language – Reading Make meaning out of the visually perceived words o Area for Naming Objects
- 8. PREFRONTAL ASSOCIATION AREA Important for elaboration of thoughts and is also essential to carrying out thoughts processes in the mind • Broca’s Area: Provides the neural circuity for word formation and work witth close association with Wernicke’s area Limbic Association Area It is concerned primarily with behavior, emotions, and motivations
- 11. WERNICKE’S AREA – GENERAL INTERPRETATIVE AREA Highly developed in the dominant side It plays the greatest single role in comprehension levels of brain functions that we call intelligence After demage in Wernicke’s area the person turn be unable to arrange words into a coherent thought Angular Gyrus Lying behind Wernicke’s area And fusing posteriorly into visual Areas of the occipital lobe Dyslexia
- 12. CONCEPT OF THE DOMINANT HEMISPHERE The general interpretative functions of Wernicke’s area and the angular gyrus, as well as the functions of the speech and motor control areas, are usually much more highly developed in one cerebral hemisphere – Dominant Hemisphere 95% of all people – left dominant hemisphere Corpus Callosum – Communication between the two hemispheres
- 13. FUNCTIONS OF THE PARIETO-OCCIPITOTEMPORAL CORTEX IN THE NONCOMINANT HEMISPHERE Nondominant hemisphere may be especially important for understanding and interpreting music, nonverbal visual experiences, the significance of body language, and intonation of the people’s voice EMOTION LOGIC
- 15. FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN IN COMMUNICATION Two aspects to communication: 1 Sensory Aspect (Language input) - Ears and eyes 2 Motor Aspect (Language output) - Vocalization o Sensory o Destruction of portions of the auditory or visual association areas can result in inability to understand the spoken word or the writen word – Auditory receptive aphasia and visual receptive aphasia (dyslexia) o Understand either the spoken or writen word but are unable to interpret the thought that is expressed – Wernicke’s Aphasia o Motor o Word’s formation in the mind Motor control of vocalization o Loss of Boca’s Area – Motor Aphasia – Able of deciding what to say but cannot make the vocal system emit words
- 16. Cortical Interpretation 1 - Speak a word written 2 – Speak a word read
- 19. • Thoughts A thought results from a ‘pattern’ of stimulation of many parts of the nervous system at the same time, probably involving most importantly the cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and upper reticular formation of the brain stem • Consciousness Can be describe as our continuing stream of awareness of either our surroundings or our sequencial thoughts • Memory • Changing the basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission • The greater share of our memories are negative • Negative memory: Our brain is inundated with sensory information from all our senses – The brain has the cability to ignore information – Result from inhibition of the synaptic pathways – Effect called habituation • Positive memory – Storing memory – Facilitation of the synaptic pathways = MEMORY SENSITIZATION
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