Ch 1 edited
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1) Strategic management is defined as formulating, implementing, and evaluating cross-functional decisions to achieve organizational objectives. It integrates functions like management, marketing, finance, and operations. 2) The strategic management process consists of strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation in a continuous and dynamic process. It aims to maximize opportunities and minimize threats from the external environment. 3) Benefits of strategic management include improved financial performance, coordination, problem prevention, and understanding of competitors. However, some firms resist it due to challenges like poor incentives, overconfidence, or prior negative experiences.
Ch 1 edited
- 1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Ch 1 -1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
- 2. Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases Arab World Edition Fred R. David Abbas J. Ali Abdulrahman Y. Al-Aali Chapter 1: The Nature of Strategic Management Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Ch 1 -2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
- 3. Strategic Management – Defined Art & science of formulating, implementing, and evaluating, cross-functional decisions that enable an organization to achieve its objectives In essence, the strategic plan is a company’s game plan. Ch 1 -3 Ch 1 -3 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 4. Strategic Management Strategic management achieves a firm’s success through integration: Management Marketing Finance/Accounting Production/Operations Research & Development MIS Ch 1 -4 Ch 1 -4 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 5. Strategic Management = Strategic Planning Who use each? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 6. Purpose of Strategic Management • Exploit O • Avoid T • Maximize S • Minimize Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall W
- 7. Strategic Management Strategy Formulation Vision & Mission External Opportunities & Threats Internal Strengths & Weaknesses Long-Term Objectives Alternative Strategies Strategy Selection Ch 1 -5 Ch 1 -5 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 8. Strategy Formulation Issues in Strategy Formulation • New business opportunities • Businesses to abandon • Allocation of resources • Expansion or diversification • International markets • Mergers or joint ventures • Avoidance of hostile takeover Ch 1 -6 Ch 1 -6 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 9. Strategy Implementation The Action Stage of Strategic Management • Is the most difficult stage • Involves mobilization of employees & managers • Interpersonal skills are critical There must be consensus on goal pursuits Ch 1 -7 Ch 1 -7 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 10. Strategy Implementation Strategy Implementation Annual Objectives Policies Employee Motivation Resource Allocation Ch 1 -8 Ch 1 -8 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 11. Strategy Evaluation Strategy Evaluation Internal Review External Review Performance Metrics Corrective Actions Ch 1 -9 Ch 1 -9 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 12. Strategy Evaluation Final Stage of Strategic Management • Subject to future modification • Today’s success is no guarantee of future success • New and different problems • Complacency leads to demise Ch 1 -10 Ch 1 -10 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 13. Integrating Intuition & Analysis The strategic management process attempts to organize quantitative and qualitative information under conditions of uncertainty. Ch 1 -11 Ch 1 -11 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 14. Integrating Intuition & Analysis Intuition is based on: • Past experiences • Judgment • Feelings Intuition is useful for decision making in: • Conditions of great uncertainty • Conditions with little precedent • Several reasonable alternatives Ch 1 -12 Ch 1 -12 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 15. Integrating Intuition & Analysis Intuition & Judgment Involve management at all levels Influence all analyses Ch 1 -13 Ch 1 -13 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 16. Integrating Intuition & Analysis Analytical Thinking Intuitive Thinking Ch 1 -14 Ch 1 -14 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 17. Integrating Intuition & Analysis In the Arab world, there is a cultural tendency to emphasize the role of intuition and imagination in decision making. Ch 1 -15 Ch 1 -15 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 18. 9 Key Terms: Strategic Management is Gaining and Maintaining Competitive Advantage Competitive Advantage: Anything that a firm does especially well compared to rival firms Ch 1 -16 Ch 1 -16 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 19. Achieving Sustained Competitive Advantage 1. Adapting to change in external trends, internal capabilities, and resources • Effectively formulating, implementing, and evaluating strategies Ch 1 -17 Ch 1 -17 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 20. Key Terms The Strategists – Those that affect a firm’s success or failure: •Chief Executive Officer (CEO) •Chief Strategy Officer (CSO) •President •Owner •Board Chair •Executive Director Ch 1 -18 Ch 1 -18 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 21. Opportunities and Threats (External) External opportunities and threats are largely beyond the control of a single organization. Ch 1 -19 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 22. Oportunities and Threats (External) Cont’d… Analysis of Trends: •Economic •Social •Cultural •Demographic/Environmental •Political, Legal, Governmental •Technological •Competitors Ch 1 -20 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 23. Key Terms Environmental Scanning (Industry Analysis): The process of conducting research and gathering and assimilating external information Ch 1 -21 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 24. Key Terms Opportunities & Threats The basic tenet of strategic management: Maximize External Opportunities Strategy Formulation Avoid/minimize impact of External Threats Ch 1 -22 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 25. Strengths and Weaknesses (Internal) Controllable activities performed especially Well (Strengths) or poorly(Weaknesses) Strengths and weaknesses are typically located in the functional areas of the firm, such as: •Management •Marketing •Finance/Accounting •Production/Operations •Research & Development •Computer Information Systems Ch 1 -23 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 26. Assessing the Internal Environment Financial Ratios Performance Metrics Internal Factors Industry Averages Survey Data Ch 1 -24 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 27. Long Term Objectives Long-term Objectives: Are specific results that an organization seeks to achieve in pursuing its basic mission for more than one year Objectives should be challenging, measurable, consistent, reasonable, and clear. Annual Objectives: Short-term milestones that firms must achieve to attain longterm objectives Ch 1 -25 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 28. Long Term Objectives (Cont’d) Long term objectives are essential for ensuring a firm’s success. They: •Provide direction •Help with evaluation •Create synergy •Focus coordination •Basis for planning, motivating, and controlling Ch 1 -26 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 29. Strategies Strategies achieved are the means by which long-term objectives are Some examples of different strategies are: Geographic expansion Diversification Acquisition Market penetration Retrenchment Liquidation Joint venture Ch 1 -27 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 30. Key Terms Policies: Means by which annual objectives will be achieved Policies include guidelines, rules, and procedures established to support efforts to achieve stated objectives. Ex: Non Smoking working environment Ch 1 -28 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 31. Example Strategies in Action in 2009 Mohammed Abdulmohsin Al-Kharafi & Sons Company (MAK Group) The MAK Group is one of the largest family-owned organizations in the Arab world. In 2008 it was listed among the top 100 companies in the Muslim world by Dinar Standard. In 2009 its annual turnover was over US$5 billion; it operates in more than 25 countries around the world and has more than 120,000 employees. The company was established as a trading company more than 100 years ago and it has since developed into a large multi-national corporation. Faced with limited local market and enriched with a large amount of cash, the company has embarked on an ambitious diversification strategy. Since 1956 the company has participated in a number of important projects in Kuwait, the Gulf States, Africa, the Caribbean, Asia, and Eastern Europe. It has various branches and subsidiaries in area related Construction, trade, and manufacturing in various parts of the world. Ch 1 -29 Ch 1 -29 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 32. Source: Adapted from Fred R. David, “How Companies Define Their Mission,” Long Range Planning 22, no 3 (June 1988):40 ChCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education 1 -30 Copyright © 2011 Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 33. Strategic Management Model Strategic Management Process • Dynamic & continuous • More formal in larger organizations • Good communication and feedback are needed Ch 1 -31 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 34. Benefits of Strategic Management Strategic Management: • Is proactive in shaping firm’s future • Initiates and influences firm’s activities • Helps to formulate better strategies that are systematic, logical, and rational Ch 1 -32 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 35. Benefits of Strategic Management Financial Benefits • Improvement in sales • Improvement in profitability • Productivity improvement Ch 1 -33 Ch 1 -33 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 36. Benefits of Strategic Management Nonfinancial Benefits • Improved understanding of competitors’ strategies • Enhanced awareness of threats • Increased employee productivity • Reduced resistance to change • Enhanced problem-prevention capabilities Ch 1 -34 Ch 1 -34 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 37. Benefits of Strategic Management Greenly 1. Identification of opportunities 2. Objective view of management problems 3. Improved coordination & control 4. Minimizes adverse conditions & changes 5. Decisions that better support objectives 6. Effective allocation of resources 7. Reduces resources and time spent correcting erroneous decisions Ch 1 -35 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 38. Benefits of Strategic Management Greenley (Cont’d) 1. Internal communication among personnel 2. Integration of individual behaviors 3. Clarify individual responsibilities 4. Encourages forward thinking 5. Cooperative approach to tackling problems and opportunities 6. Encourages favorable attitude toward change 7. Gives discipline to business management Ch 1 -36 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 39. Why Some Firms Do No Strategic Planning Reasons why some firms are resistant to strategic planning include: • Poor reward structures • Fire-fighting • Chief executives’ orientation • Lack of access to needed resources • Waste of time • Too expensive • Laziness • Content with success Ch 1 -37 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 40. Why Some Firms Do No Strategic Planning (Cont’d) • Fear of failure • Overconfidence • Prior bad experience • Self-interest • Fear of the unknown • Honest difference of opinion • Suspicion Ch 1 -38 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 41. Pitfalls in Strategic Planning Being aware of potential pitfalls of strategic planning and being prepared to address them is essential to success. Ch 1 -39 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 42. Pitfalls in Strategic Planning Some pitfalls to watch out for and avoid in strategic planning (Cont’d) • Top managers not actively supporting the strategic planning process • Failing to use plans as a standard for measuring performance • Failing to create a collaborative climate supportive of change Ch 1 -40 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 43. Pitfalls in Strategic Planning Some pitfalls to watch out for and avoid in strategic planning (Cont’d) • Viewing planning as unnecessary or unimportant • Being so formal in planning that flexibility and creativity are stifled Ch 1 -41 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall
- 44. Guidelines for Effective Strategic Management Strategic Management must: • Not become bureaucratic mechanism • Not become too formal, predictable, and rigid • Be a self-reflective learning process • Words supported by numbers, rather than numbers supported by words • Represent the medium for explaining strategic issues and organizational responses Ch 1 -42 Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Publishing as Prentice Hall