Ch 2 world systems globalization
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The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of a human geography textbook, including the evolution of modern world systems and increasing globalization. It describes the development of early agricultural societies in hearth areas and mini-systems, and the rise of world empires like Rome that incorporated many mini-systems. It then discusses the core-periphery structure of the modern world system that emerged from European colonialism and industrialization. Transnational corporations have come to play a major role in neocolonialism by concentrating economic control over global trade networks. The chapter also addresses increasing global interconnectedness through commodity chains and issues of environmental sustainability and cultural imperialism in the current era of globalization.
![© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
[Insert Figure 2.6]
The Premodern World, (cont’d)
• Framework of human geographies
– Harsher environments in continental interiors
– Dry belt of Grassland Steppes and Desert margins
– Principal areas of sedentary agriculture
Figure 2.6 The Silk Road](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch2worldsystemsglobalization-170122222827/85/Ch-2-world-systems-globalization-8-320.jpg)
Ch 2 world systems globalization
- 1. Chapter 2 Lecture Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context Sixth Edition Wendy A. Mitteager State University of New York, Oneonta The Changing Global Context
- 2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Concepts • Evolution of the Modern World • World-System • Core and Periphery Regions • Neocolonialism • Globalization • Sustainability • Cultural Imperialism Figure: Chapter 2 Opener An Icelandic ash plume impacted flights on a global scale in May 2010 Interconnectivity of global Icelandic ash plume => Closed down European airports => Black market for transportation tickets sprung up in Moscow • Specialized fruit & vegetable farmers & flower growers in Africa, the Middle East & the Caribbean were cut off from their markets • Kenya, 5,000 miles south normally ships 937 tons of fresh produce to Europe nightly • Flower farms laid off workers, flowers wilted, thrown into compost heaps • Stalled horticultural industry, Kenya’s hard currency earner impacted entire country • p. 34-35
- 3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.3 A remnant mini-system in the Amazon The Premodern World • Mini-systems Subsistence-based social economies with a organized around reciprocity. • Slash-and-burn a major innovation: • Plants harvested close to ground, stubble dried, then burned. • Hearth Areas – West Africa – Middle East – South Asia – China – Americas
- 4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.1 Old World hearth areas Fertile Crescent – Tigris & Euphrates Rivers – Middle East South Asia: Indus River Valley- India Ganges River Valley, India Irawaddy River, Bangladesh Huang (Yellow) River Valley, China Hearth Areas in Semi Arid Sub-Tropical Regions with proximity to major River Valleys
- 5. The Pre-modern World, (cont’d) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.2 New World hearth areas Tamaulipas – Tehuacan Valley – Mexico City Andes Mts.
- 6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pre-modern World, (cont’d) Figure 2.4a Greek colonies and the extent of the Roman empire • World-Empire – Group of mini-systems absorbed into a common political system. – Wealth flows from Producer classes to an Elite class in form Of Taxes or tributes.
- 7. The Premodern World, (cont’d) • Colonization – The physical settlement of people in a new territory from the colonizing state. • Urbanization – Towns & cities became – essential as centers of – administration for early – world-empires. – Military garrisons & – theological centers for – the ruling classes Figure 2.4b Highly developed infrastructure of the Roman Empire
- 8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. [Insert Figure 2.6] The Premodern World, (cont’d) • Framework of human geographies – Harsher environments in continental interiors – Dry belt of Grassland Steppes and Desert margins – Principal areas of sedentary agriculture Figure 2.6 The Silk Road
- 9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Premodern World, (cont’d) Figure 2.5 The precapitalist Old World, circa 1400 C.E.
- 10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.7 European Age of Discovery World Systems
- 11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. World Systems, (cont’d) • New World Plantations • North, Central & • South Americas • Technological improvements and limits – • before The Industrial Revolution, agriculture & trade relied on wood, wind, & water power (fuel, shipping, mills) Figure 2.8 Cotton plantation, Mississippi River
- 12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. World Systems, (cont’d) Figure 2.A European industrialization • Industrialization in Europe • Diffusion – I. Began in England, spread through Europe and globally – 18th century • Three distinctive waves – Influenced by resources and technology II. Ruhr Valley of Germany – Mineral Resources III. System of Rivers & Canals for transport across Northern European Plain
- 13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. World Systems: Core & Periphery • Structured relationship – Core, Semi-peripheral, Peripheral • Imperialism & Colonialism • Allowed establishment of territories to use resources & labor, establish trading & financial networks. • Neo-colonialism – supported by prior colonial networks to support new international division of labor
- 14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. World Systems: Division of Global Labor • Suez and Panama Canals • Network of telegraph communications Figure 2.11 International telegraph network in 1900 • Colonial economies serve • Needs of core regions to transport & communicate between periphery: • Development of oceangoing steamships
- 15. World Systems: British Empire Figure 2.13 Late 1800s British empire
- 16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. World Systems, (cont’d) • Neocolonialism & • Commercial imperialism transferred to: • Transnational corporations ~ concentration of capital & resource control over global core- periphery economic system • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measuring economic growth in monetary gain only, no human development Apply your knowledge: Provide an example of how neocolonialism reinforces the power and influence of core countries. Be specific. What is the role of transnational corporations in neocolonialism?
- 17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. World Systems: Core & Periphery, (cont’d) Figure 2.9 The world-system in 1800 Figure 2.12 The world-system in 1900
- 18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. World Systems: Core & Periphery, (cont’d) Figure 2.12 The world-system in 1900 Figure 2.14 The world-system in 2010
- 19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Globalization • Increasing interconnectedness of the world – Economic, environmental, political, cultural – Greater speed, larger scale, broader scope, and greater complexity than in the past • Commodity chains • Increase in significance of Place: – Mobility of money, labor, products, and ideas
- 20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.B The commodity chain of a pair of Lee Cooper jeans Globalization, (cont’d)
- 21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Globalization: Environment Figure 2.15 The human “footprint”
- 22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Globalization: Environment, (cont’d) Apply your knowledge: Give an example of a local environmental concern. How does it relate to economic development and social equity? Water pollution. Figure 2.17 Three key aspects to sustainability Figure 2.16 Pollution continues to threaten the ecosystem of Lake Baykal
- 23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Globalization: Health Figure 2.18 Diffusion of the HIV virus
- 24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Globalization, (cont’d) Figure 2.19 Communication flow between major world regions • Security – Risk society • Spatial Justice • Cultural Imperialism • Westernization • “Jihad vs. Mc World”
- 25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Globalization: Worlds Apart Figure 2.D A Swiss familyFigure 2.C An Ethiopian family
- 26. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. End of Chapter 2
Editor's Notes
- #4: http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/geogres/maps/worldgif/wwhearth.gif