ch01 Introduction to accounting terms.ppt

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Prepared by
Coby Harmon
University of California, Santa Barbara
Westmont College

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1
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
[1] Explain what accounting is.
[2] Identify the users and uses of accounting.
[3] Understand why ethics is a fundamental business concept.
[4] Explain generally accepted accounting principles.
[5] Explain the monetary unit assumption and the economic entity
assumption.
[6] State the accounting equation, and define its components.
[7] Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
[8] Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Accounting in Action

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Preview of Chapter 1
Accounting Principles
Eleventh Edition
Weygandt Kimmel Kieso

1-4 LO 1 Explain what accounting is.
Purpose of accounting is to:
1. identify,
2. record, and
3. communicate
the economic events of an organization to interested users.
What is Accounting?

1-5
Three Activities
LO 1 Explain what accounting is.
Illustration 1-1
Accounting process
The accounting process includes
the bookkeeping function.
What is Accounting?

1-6 LO 2
Internal
Users
Illustration 1-2
Questions that internal
users ask
Who Uses Accounting Data

1-8 LO 2
External
Users
Illustration 1-3
Questions that external
users ask
Who Uses Accounting Data

1-9
Ethics In Financial Reporting
United States regulators and lawmakers were very concerned
that the economy would suffer if investors lost confidence in
corporate accounting because of unethical financial reporting.
 Recent financial scandals include: Enron, WorldCom,
HealthSouth, AIG, and others.
 Congress passed Sarbanes-Oxley Act of (SOX) 2002.
 Effective financial reporting depends on sound ethical
behavior.
The Building Blocks of Accounting
LO 3 Understand why ethics is a fundamental business concept.

1-10
Illustration 1-4
Steps in analyzing ethics cases
and situations
The Building Blocks of Accounting
Ethics In Financial Reporting

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Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one's actions
are judged as:
a. right or wrong.
b. honest or dishonest.
c. fair or not fair.
d. all of these options.
Question
Ethics in Financial Reporting

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Various users
need financial
information
The accounting profession
has attempted to develop a
set of standards that are
generally accepted and
universally practiced.
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Owner’s Equity
Statement of Cash Flows
Note Disclosure
Generally Accepted
Generally Accepted
Accounting
Accounting
Principles (GAAP)
Principles (GAAP)
LO 4 Explain generally accepted accounting principles.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) - A set of
rules and practices, having substantial authoritative support, that
the accounting profession recognizes as a general guide for
financial reporting purposes.
Standard-setting bodies:
► Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC)
► Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB)
► International Accounting Standards
Board (IASB)

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Historical Cost Principle (or cost principle) dictates that
companies record assets at their cost.
Fair Value Principle states that assets and liabilities should
be reported at fair value (the price received to sell an asset or
settle a liability).
Measurement Principles
Selection of which principle to follow
generally relates to trade-offs
between relevance and faithful
representation.

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Monetary Unit Assumption requires that companies
include in the accounting records only transaction data that can
be expressed in terms of money.
LO 5 Explain the monetary unit assumption
and the economic entity assumption.
Assumptions
Economic Entity Assumption
requires that activities of the entity be
kept separate and distinct from the
activities of its owner and all other
economic entities.

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Proprietorship Partnership Corporation
 Owned by two or
more persons.
 Often retail and
service-type
businesses
 Generally
unlimited
personal liability
 Partnership
agreement
 Ownership
divided into
shares of stock
 Separate legal
entity organized
under state
corporation law
 Limited liability
 Generally owned
by one person.
 Often small
service-type
businesses
 Owner receives
any profits,
suffers any
losses, and is
personally liable
for all debts.
Forms of Business Ownership

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Question
Combining the activities of Kellogg and General Mills would
violate the
a. cost principle.
b. economic entity assumption.
c. monetary unit assumption.
d. ethics principle.

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A business organized as a separate legal entity under state law
having ownership divided into shares of stock is a
a. proprietorship.
b. partnership.
c. corporation.
d. sole proprietorship.
Question

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Provides the underlying framework for recording and
summarizing economic events.
Assets are claimed by either creditors or owners.
Claims of creditors must be paid before ownership claims.
Assets Liabilities
Owner’s
Equity
= +
LO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
The Basic Accounting Equation

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Assets Liabilities
Owner’s
Equity
= +
 Resources a business owns.
 Provide future services or benefits.
 Cash, Supplies, Equipment, etc.
Assets

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 Claims against assets (debts and obligations).
 Creditors - party to whom money is owed.
 Accounts payable, Notes payable, etc.
Liabilities
Assets Liabilities
Owner’s
Equity
= +

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 Ownership claim on total assets.
 Referred to as residual equity.
 Investment by owners and revenues (+)
 Drawings and expenses (-).
Owner’s Equity
Assets Liabilities
Owner’s
Equity
= +

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 Investments by owner are the assets the owner puts into the
business.
 Revenues result from business activities entered into for the
purpose of earning income.
 Common sources of revenue are: sales, fees, services,
commissions, interest, dividends, royalties, and rent.
Illustration 1-6
Owner’s Equity
Increases in Owner’s Equity

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 Drawings An owner may withdraw cash or other assets for
personal use.
 Expenses are the cost of assets consumed or services used in
the process of earning revenue.
 Common expenses are: salaries expense, rent expense,
utilities expense, tax expense, etc.
Illustration 1-6
Owner’s Equity
Decreases in Owner’s Equity

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Transactions are a business’s economic events
recorded by accountants.
 May be external or internal.
 Not all activities represent transactions.
 Each transaction has a dual effect on the accounting
equation.
LO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
Using the Accounting Equation

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Illustration: Are the following events recorded in the accounting
records?
Event
Purchase
computer
Criterion Is the financial position (assets, liabilities, or
owner’s equity) of the company changed?
Pay rent
Record/
Don’t Record
LO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
Using the Accounting Equation
Discuss
guided trip
options with
customer

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Transaction (1): Ray Neal decides to open a computer programming
service which he names Softbyte. On September 1, 2014, Ray Neal
invests $15,000 cash in the business.
LO 7
Transaction Analysis

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Transaction (2): Purchase of Equipment for Cash. Softbyte
purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash.
LO 7

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Transaction (3): Softbyte purchases for $1,600 from Acme Supply
Company computer paper and other supplies expected to last several
months. The purchase is made on account.
LO 7

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Transaction (4): Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from customers for
programming services it has provided.
LO 7

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Transaction (5): Softbyte receives a bill for $250 from the Daily News
for advertising but postpones payment until a later date.
LO 7

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Transaction (6): Softbyte provides $3,500 of programming services
for customers. The company receives cash of $1,500 from customers,
and it bills the balance of $2,000 on account.
LO 7

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Transaction (7): Softbyte pays the following expenses in cash for
September: store rent $600, salaries of employees $900, and utilities
$200.
LO 7

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Transaction (8): Softbyte pays its $250 Daily News bill in cash.
LO 7

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Transaction (9): Softbyte receives $600 in cash from customers who
had been billed for services [in Transaction (6)].
LO 7

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Transaction (10): Ray Neal withdraws $1,300 in cash from the
business for his personal use.
LO 7
Illustration 1-8
Tabular summary of
Softbyte transactions

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Companies prepare four financial statements :
Balance
Sheet
Income
Statement
Statement
of Cash
Flows
Owner’s
Equity
Statement
LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.

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Net income will result during a time period when:
a. assets exceed liabilities.
b. assets exceed revenues.
c. expenses exceed revenues.
d. revenues exceed expenses.
Question

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Net income is needed to determine the
ending balance in owner’s equity.
Illustration 1-9
Financial statements and
their interrelationships
LO 8

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The ending balance in owner’s equity is
needed in preparing the balance sheet
Illustration 1-9
LO 8

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The balance sheet and income statement are
needed to prepare statement of cash flows.
Illustration 1-9
LO 8

1-45 LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
 Reports the revenues and expenses for a specific period
of time.
 Lists revenues first, followed by expenses.
 Shows net income (or net loss).
Income Statement

 Reports the changes in owner’s equity for a specific
period of time.
 The time period is the same as that covered by the
income statement.
Owner’s Equity Statement

 Reports the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity at a
specific date.
 Lists assets at the top, followed by liabilities and owner’s
equity.
 Total assets must equal total liabilities and owner’s equity.
 Is a snapshot of the company’s financial condition at a
specific moment in time (usually the month-end or year-
end).
Balance Sheet

 Information for a specific period of time.
 Answers the following:
1. Where did cash come from?
2. What was cash used for?
3. What was the change in the
cash balance?
Statement of Cash Flows

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Which of the following financial statements is prepared as of
a specific date?
a. Balance sheet.
b. Income statement.
c. Owner's equity statement.
d. Statement of cash flows.
Question

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APPENDIX 1A Accounting Career Opportunities
Forensic Accounting
Uses accounting, auditing, and
investigative skills to conduct
investigations into theft and
fraud.
Government
Careers with the IRS, the FBI,
the SEC, and in public
colleges and universities.
Private Accounting
Careers in industry working in
cost accounting, budgeting,
accounting information
systems, and taxation.
LO 9 Explain the career opportunities in accounting.
Public Accounting
Careers in auditing, taxation,
and management consulting
serving the general public.

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LO 10 Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
Key Points
 International standards are referred to as International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS), developed by the International
Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
 Recent events in the global capital markets have underscored the
importance of financial disclosure and transparency not only in the
United States but in markets around the world. As a result, many
are examining which accounting and financial disclosure rules
should be followed. As indicated in the graphic on the next page,
much of the world has voted for the standards issued by the IASB.
Over 115 countries require or permit use of IFRS.
A Look at IFRS

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Key Points
 U.S standards, referred to as generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP), are developed by the Financial Accounting
Standards Board (FASB). The fact that there are differences
between what is in this textbook (which is based on U.S. standards)
and IFRS should not be surprising because the FASB and IASB
have responded to different user needs. In some countries, the
primary users of financial statements are private investors; in
others, the primary users are tax authorities or central government
planners. It appears that the United States and the international
standard-setting environment are primarily driven by meeting the
needs of investors and creditors.
A Look at IFRS

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Key Points
 The internal control standards applicable to Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX)
apply only to large public companies listed on U.S. exchanges.
There is a continuing debate as to whether non-U.S. companies
should have to comply with this extra layer of regulation. Debate
about international companies (non-U.S.) adopting SOX-type
standards centers on whether the benefits exceed the costs. The
concern is that the higher costs of SOX compliance are making the
U.S. securities markets less competitive.
 The textbook mentions a number of ethics violations, such as
Enron, WorldCom, and AIG. These problems have also occurred
internationally, for example, at Satyam Computer Services (India),
Parmalat (Italy), and Royal Ahold (the Netherlands).
A Look at IFRS

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Key Points
 IFRS tends to be simpler in its accounting and disclosure
requirements; some people say more “principles-based.” GAAP is
more detailed; some people say it is more “rules-based.” This
difference in approach has resulted in a debate about the merits of
“principles-based” versus “rules-based” standards.
 U.S. regulators have recently eliminated the need for foreign
companies that trade shares in U.S. markets to reconcile their
accounting with GAAP.
A Look at IFRS

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Key Points
 The three most common forms of business organization,
proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, are also found in
countries that use IFRS. Because the choice of business
organization is influenced by factors such as legal environment, tax
rates and regulations, and degree of entrepreneurism, the relative
use of each form will vary across countries.
 The conceptual framework that underlies IFRS is very similar to that
used to develop GAAP. The basic definitions provided in this
textbook for the key elements of financial statements, that is,
assets, liabilities, equity, revenues (referred to as income), and
expenses, are simplified versions of the official definitions provided
by the FASB.
A Look at IFRS

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Both the IASB and the FASB are hard at work developing standards
that will lead to the elimination of major differences in the way certain
transactions are accounted for and reported. In fact, at one time the
IASB stated that no new major standards would be issued for a period
of time. The major reason for this policy was to provide companies the
time to translate and implement IFRS into practice, as much has
happened in a very short period of time. Consider, for example, that as
a result of a joint project on the conceptual framework, the definitions
of the most fundamental elements (assets, liabilities, equity, revenues,
and expenses) may actually change. However, whether the IASB
adopts internal control provisions similar to those in SOX remains to be
seen.
Looking into the Future
A Look at IFRS

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Which of the following is not a reason why a single set of high-quality
international accounting standards would be beneficial?
a) Mergers and acquisition activity.
b) Financial markets.
c) Multinational corporations.
d) GAAP is widely considered to be a superior reporting system.
A Look at IFRS
IFRS Practice

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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act determines:
a) international tax regulations.
b) internal control standards as enforced by the IASB.
c) internal control standards of U.S. publicly traded companies.
d) U.S. tax regulations.
A Look at IFRS
IFRS Practice

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IFRS is considered to be more:
a) principles-based and less rules-based than GAAP.
b) rules-based and less principles-based than GAAP.
c) detailed than GAAP.
d) None of the above.
IFRS Practice
A Look at IFRS

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