2. 2-2
2
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
[1] Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.
[2] Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business
transactions.
[3] Identify the basic steps in the recording process.
[4] Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
[5] Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.
[6] Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
[7] Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
The Recording Process
4. 2-4
Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Record of increases and decreases
in a specific asset, liability, equity,
revenue, or expense item.
Debit = “Left”
Credit = “Right”
Account
Account
An account can be
illustrated in a T-
account form.
LO 1 Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.
The Account
5. 2-5
Double-entry system
► Each transaction must affect two or more accounts to
keep the basic accounting equation in balance.
► Recording done by debiting at least one account and
crediting another.
► DEBITS must equal CREDITS.
LO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use
in recording business transactions.
Debits and Credits
The Account
6. 2-6
Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
If Debit amounts are greater than Credit amounts, the
account will have a debit balance.
$10,000 Transaction #2
$3,000
$15,000
8,000
Transaction #3
Balance
Transaction #1
Debits and Credits
LO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use
in recording business transactions.
7. 2-7
Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
$10,000 Transaction #2
$3,000
Balance
Transaction #1
$1,000
8,000 Transaction #3
If Debit amounts are less than Credit amounts, the
account will have a credit balance.
Debits and Credits
LO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use
in recording business transactions.
8. 2-8
Assets - Debits should exceed
credits.
Liabilities – Credits should
exceed debits.
Normal balance is on the
increase side.
Chapter
3-23
Assets
Assets
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Normal Balance
Chapter
3-24
Liabilities
Liabilities
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Normal Balance
Debits and Credits
LO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use
in recording business transactions.
9. 2-9
Owner’s investments and
revenues increase owner’s equity
(credit).
Owner’s drawings and expenses
decrease owner’s equity (debit).
Chapter
3-25
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Owner’s Capital
Chapter
3-23
Owner’s Drawing
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Chapter
3-25
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Owner’s Equity
Debits and Credits
LO 2
Helpful Hint Because
revenues increase owner’s
equity, a revenue account
has the same debit/credit
rules as the Owner’s
Capital account. Expenses
have the opposite effect.
10. 2-10
Chapter
3-27
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Normal Balance
Expense
Expense
Chapter
3-26
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Normal Balance
Revenue
Revenue
Debits and Credits
LO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use
in recording business transactions.
The purpose of earning revenues
is to benefit the owner(s).
The effect of debits and credits on
revenue accounts is the same as
their effect on Owner’s Capital.
Expenses have the opposite
effect: expenses decrease owner’s
equity.
11. 2-11
Chapter
3-23
Assets
Assets
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Normal Balance
Chapter
3-27
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Normal Balance
Expense
Expense
Normal
Balance
Credit
Normal
Balance
Debit
Debits/Credits Rules
Chapter
3-24
Liabilities
Liabilities
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Normal Balance
Chapter
3-25
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Owner’s Equity
LO 2
Chapter
3-26
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Balance
Normal Balance
Revenue
Revenue
12. 2-12
Balance Sheet Income Statement
= + -
Asset Liability Equity Revenue Expense
Debit
Credit
Debits/Credits Rules
LO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use
in recording business transactions.
13. 2-13
Debits:
a. increase both assets and liabilities.
b. decrease both assets and liabilities.
c. increase assets and decrease liabilities.
d. decrease assets and increase liabilities.
Debits/Credits Rules
Question
LO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use
in recording business transactions.
14. 2-14
Accounts that normally have debit balances are:
a. assets, expenses, and revenues.
b. assets, expenses, and equity.
c. assets, liabilities, and owner’s drawing.
d. assets, owner’s drawing, and expenses.
Debits/Credits Rules
Question
LO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use
in recording business transactions.
16. 2-16
Illustration 2-11
Assets Liabilities
=
Basic
Equation
Expanded
Basic
Equation
+
Summary of Debits/Credits Rules
Relationship among the assets, liabilities and owner’s equity
of a business:
The equation must be in balance after every transaction.
For every Debit there must be a Credit.
LO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use
in recording business transactions.
Owner’s Equity
17. 2-17
Kate Browne has just rented space in a shopping mall. In this space,
she will open a hair salon to be called “Hair It Is.” A friend has advised
Kate to set up a double-entry set of accounting records in which to
record all of her business transactions. Identify the balance sheet
accounts that Kate will likely need to record the transactions needed
to open her business. Indicate whether the normal balance of each
account is a debit or a credit.
Assets
Cash (debit)
Supplies (debit)
Equipment (debit)
Liabilities
Notes payable (credit)
Accounts payable
(credit)
Equity
Owner’s Capital (credit)
DO IT!
>
LO 2 Define debits and credits and explain their use
in recording business transactions.
18. 2-18
Business documents, such as a sales slip, a check, a bill, or
a cash register tape, provide evidence of the transaction.
LO 3 Identify the basic steps in the recording process.
Illustration 2-12
Analyze each transaction Enter transaction in a journal Transfer journal information to
ledger accounts
Steps in the Recording Process
19. 2-19
Book of original entry.
Transactions recorded in chronological order.
Contributions to the recording process:
1. Discloses the complete effects of a transaction.
2. Provides a chronological record of transactions.
3. Helps to prevent or locate errors because the debit and
credit amounts can be easily compared.
LO 4 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
The Journal
Steps in the Recording Process
20. 2-20
Journalizing - Entering transaction data in the journal.
LO 4 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
Illustration: On September 1, Ray Neal invested $15,000 cash in
the business, and Softbyte purchased computer equipment for
$7,000 cash.
Account Title Ref. Debit Credit
Date
Cash
Owner’s Capital
Sept. 1 15,000
15,000
General Journal
Equipment
Cash
7,000
7,000
Illustration 2-13
Steps in the Recording Process
21. 2-21
Simple and Compound Entries
LO 4 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
Illustration: On July 1, Butler Company purchases a delivery truck
costing $14,000. It pays $8,000 cash now and agrees to pay the
remaining $6,000 on account.
Account Title Ref. Debit Credit
Date
Equipment
Cash
July 1 14,000
8,000
General Journal
6,000
Accounts payable
Illustration 2-14
Steps in the Recording Process
23. 2-23
General Ledger contains the entire group of accounts
maintained by a company.
LO 5 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.
Illustration 2-15
The Ledger
Steps in the Recording Process
25. 2-25 LO 5 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.
Illustration 2-16
Steps in the Recording Process
Standard Form of Account
27. 2-27
Posting:
a. normally occurs before journalizing.
b. transfers ledger transaction data to the journal.
c. is an optional step in the recording process.
d. transfers journal entries to ledger accounts.
LO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
Posting
Question
28. 2-28
Accounts and account numbers arranged in sequence in which
they are presented in the financial statements.
LO 6 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
Illustration 2-18
Chart of Accounts
29. 2-29
LO 6
Follow these steps:
1. Determine what
type of account is
involved.
2. Determine what
items increased or
decreased and by
how much.
3. Translate the
increases and
decreases into
debits and credits.
Illustration 2-19
The Recording Process Illustrated
39. 2-39
Kate Brown recorded the following transactions in a general journal
during the month of March. Post these entries to the Cash account.
Mar. 4 Cash 2,280
Service Revenue 2,280
Mar. 15 Salaries and Wages Expense 400
Cash 400
Mar. 19 Utilities Expense 92
Cash 92
LO 6
DO IT!
>
42. 2-42 LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
Illustration 2-31
Trial Balance
43. 2-43
The trial balance may balance even when
1. a transaction is not journalized,
2. a correct journal entry is not posted,
3. a journal entry is posted twice,
4. incorrect accounts are used in journalizing or posting, or
5. offsetting errors are made in recording the amount of a
transaction.
LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
Trial Balance
Limitations of a Trial Balance
44. 2-44
A trial balance will not balance if:
a. a correct journal entry is posted twice.
b. the purchase of supplies on account is debited to Supplies
and credited to Cash.
c. a $100 cash drawing by the owner is debited to Owner’s
Drawing for $1,000 and credited to Cash for $100.
d. a $450 payment on account is debited to Accounts
Payable for $45 and credited to Cash for $45.
LO 7 Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
Trial Balance
Question
46. 2-46
Key Points
Transaction analysis is the same under IFRS and GAAP but
different standards sometimes impact how transactions are
recorded.
Rules for accounting for specific events sometimes differ across
countries. For example, European companies rely less on
historical cost and more on fair value than U.S. companies.
Despite the differences, the double-entry accounting system is the
basis of accounting systems worldwide.
Both the IASB and FASB go beyond the basic definitions provided
in this textbook for the key elements of financial statements, that
is, assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, and expenses.
A Look at IFRS
LO 8 Compare the procedures for the accounting process under GAAP and IFRS.
47. 2-47
Key Points
A trial balance under IFRS follows the same format as shown in
the textbook.
As shown in the textbook, dollars signs are typically used only in
the trial balance and the financial statements. The same practice
is followed under IFRS, using the currency of the country that the
reporting company is headquartered.
In February 2010, the SEC expressed a desire to continue
working toward a single set of high-quality standards.
A Look at IFRS
LO 8 Compare the procedures for the accounting process under GAAP and IFRS.
48. 2-48
The basic recording process shown in this textbook is followed by
companies across the globe. It is unlikely to change in the future. The
definitional structure of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, and
expenses may change over time as the IASB and FASB evaluate their
overall conceptual framework for establishing accounting standards.
Looking to the Future
A Look at IFRS
LO 8 Compare the procedures for the accounting process under GAAP and IFRS.
49. 2-49
Which statement is correct regarding IFRS?
a) IFRS reverses the rules of debits and credits, that is, debits
are on the right and credits are on the left.
b) IFRS uses the same process for recording transactions as
GAAP.
c) The chart of accounts under IFRS is different because
revenues follow assets.
d) None of the above statements are correct.
IFRS Self-Test Questions
A Look at IFRS
LO 8 Compare the procedures for the accounting process under GAAP and IFRS.
50. 2-50
A trial balance:
a) is the same under IFRS and GAAP.
b) proves that transactions are recorded correctly.
c) proves that all transactions have been recorded.
d) will not balance if a correct journal entry is posted twice.
IFRS Self-Test Questions
A Look at IFRS
LO 8 Compare the procedures for the accounting process under GAAP and IFRS.
51. 2-51
One difference between IFRS and GAAP is that:
a) GAAP uses accrual-accounting concepts and IFRS uses
primarily the cash basis of accounting.
b) IFRS uses a different posting process than GAAP.
c) IFRS uses more fair value measurements than GAAP.
d) the limitations of a trial balance are different between IFRS
and GAAP.
IFRS Self-Test Questions
A Look at IFRS
LO 8 Compare the procedures for the accounting process under GAAP and IFRS.
![2-2
2
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
[1] Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.
[2] Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business
transactions.
[3] Identify the basic steps in the recording process.
[4] Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
[5] Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.
[6] Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
[7] Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
The Recording Process](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch02-250420220620-0604fbae/85/ch02-Introduction-to-accounting-terms-and-concepts-ppt-2-320.jpg)
