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3.3 ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
 Born in the same year of Galileo’s death.
 Orphan since birth. Newton was born three
months after the death of his father
 Grew up with his grandmother.
 he was a small child; his said that he could
have fit inside a quart mug (≈ 1.1 litres).
 he never married, being highly engrossed in
his studies and work.
Bio
 At the age of 18, his mother attempted to
make a farmer of him.
 In 1661, he was admitted in Trinity College,
Cambridge as a sizar.
 He read the books of Copernicus, Kepler &
Galileo.
 1669, he became a professor of mathematics.
 (1670-1672) he taught Optics.
 1687, he returned back to mechanics.
 1704, back to calculus.
Bio
 Newton was also a member of the Parliament of
England from 1689 to 1690 and in 1701, but
according to some accounts his only comments
were to complain about a cold draught in the
chamber and request that the window be closed.
 In 1696, Newton moved to London to take up the
post of warden of the Royal Mint.
 1701, retired from Cambridge.
 Newton was made President of the Royal
Society in 1703 and an associate of the
French Academy of Sciences.
Bio
 n April 1705, Queen Anne knighted Newton
during a royal visit to Trinity College,
Cambridge.
 1717, Newton moved the Pound Sterling de
facto from the silver standard to the gold
standard.
 Newton died in his sleep in London on 31
March 1727.
 After his death, Newton's body was discovered
to have had massive amounts of mercury in it.
 Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's
eccentricity in late life.
Mathematics
 In 1704, developed infinitesimal calculus. (Leibniz
1684)
 Newton is generally credited with:
 the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any exponent.
 He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method
 classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three
in two variables)
 made substantial contributions to the theory of finite
differences
 was the first to use fractional indices
 He approximated partial sums of the harmonic
series by logarithms
 was the first to use power series with confidence and to
revert power series.
Optics (1670-1672)
 he observed that color is the result of objects
interacting with already-colored light rather
than objects generating the color themselves.
This is known as Newton's theory of color.
Components of visible light
 Isaac Newton showed
that by shining white light
through a glass prism it
could be separated back
into its different
wavelengths.
 and that a lens and a
second prism could
recompose the
multicolored spectrum
into white light.
 Newton’s color disk
Reflection Telescope
 In 1668, he was able to
produce the first reflecting
telescope.
 It is known as Newtonian
Telescope.
 It has many advantages
compared to the refracting
telescope.
Universality of gravity
 In 1687, returned back to work on Mechanics.
 What makes an apple falls down, is
responsible for keeping the moon in orbit.
 The moon is always falling toward Earth.
 The moon moves forward in space, at the
same time.
 It constantly, misses the Earth.
Weightlessness
 More than 200 years later, his ideas were put
in action.
Universal Law of Gravity
s
kg
m
G
d
m
m
G
F
d
m
m
F
.
/
10
67
.
6 3
11
2
2
1
2
2
1





• This law works all over the universe.
• G was determined experimentally by Cavendish in 1797-
1798
Newton’s Laws of Motion
(1687)
The Law of Inertia:
 In the absence of external forces, when
viewed from an inertial reference frame, an
object at rest remains at rest and an object in
motion continues in motion with a constant
velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a
straight line).
Newton’s 2nd Law
 the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass.
Newton’s 3rd Law
 If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by
object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by
object 2 on object 1.

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Ch3_Newton.ppt

  • 2. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)  Born in the same year of Galileo’s death.  Orphan since birth. Newton was born three months after the death of his father  Grew up with his grandmother.  he was a small child; his said that he could have fit inside a quart mug (≈ 1.1 litres).  he never married, being highly engrossed in his studies and work.
  • 3. Bio  At the age of 18, his mother attempted to make a farmer of him.  In 1661, he was admitted in Trinity College, Cambridge as a sizar.  He read the books of Copernicus, Kepler & Galileo.  1669, he became a professor of mathematics.  (1670-1672) he taught Optics.  1687, he returned back to mechanics.  1704, back to calculus.
  • 4. Bio  Newton was also a member of the Parliament of England from 1689 to 1690 and in 1701, but according to some accounts his only comments were to complain about a cold draught in the chamber and request that the window be closed.  In 1696, Newton moved to London to take up the post of warden of the Royal Mint.  1701, retired from Cambridge.  Newton was made President of the Royal Society in 1703 and an associate of the French Academy of Sciences.
  • 5. Bio  n April 1705, Queen Anne knighted Newton during a royal visit to Trinity College, Cambridge.  1717, Newton moved the Pound Sterling de facto from the silver standard to the gold standard.  Newton died in his sleep in London on 31 March 1727.  After his death, Newton's body was discovered to have had massive amounts of mercury in it.  Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life.
  • 6. Mathematics  In 1704, developed infinitesimal calculus. (Leibniz 1684)  Newton is generally credited with:  the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any exponent.  He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method  classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables)  made substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences  was the first to use fractional indices  He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms  was the first to use power series with confidence and to revert power series.
  • 7. Optics (1670-1672)  he observed that color is the result of objects interacting with already-colored light rather than objects generating the color themselves. This is known as Newton's theory of color.
  • 8. Components of visible light  Isaac Newton showed that by shining white light through a glass prism it could be separated back into its different wavelengths.  and that a lens and a second prism could recompose the multicolored spectrum into white light.  Newton’s color disk
  • 9. Reflection Telescope  In 1668, he was able to produce the first reflecting telescope.  It is known as Newtonian Telescope.  It has many advantages compared to the refracting telescope.
  • 10. Universality of gravity  In 1687, returned back to work on Mechanics.  What makes an apple falls down, is responsible for keeping the moon in orbit.  The moon is always falling toward Earth.  The moon moves forward in space, at the same time.  It constantly, misses the Earth.
  • 11. Weightlessness  More than 200 years later, his ideas were put in action.
  • 12. Universal Law of Gravity s kg m G d m m G F d m m F . / 10 67 . 6 3 11 2 2 1 2 2 1      • This law works all over the universe. • G was determined experimentally by Cavendish in 1797- 1798
  • 13. Newton’s Laws of Motion (1687) The Law of Inertia:  In the absence of external forces, when viewed from an inertial reference frame, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).
  • 14. Newton’s 2nd Law  the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
  • 15. Newton’s 3rd Law  If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on object 1.