Ch5
- 1. Chapter Five Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential produced by experience. Key process in human behavior. Classical Conditioning: basic form of learning Pavlov’s experiment 4 Basic Elements of Classical Conditioning: unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned stimulus conditioned response
- 2. Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning Acquisition process by which a conditioned stimulus can elicit a conditioned response through repeated pairings of the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus Temporal Arrangement of CS-UCS Pairings: Delayed conditioning Forward conditioning Trace conditioning Simultaneous conditioning Backward conditioning Delayed conditioning is most effective. Why?
- 3. Conditioning What are additional factors which affect conditioning? Extinction Decline & disappearance of a CR in the absence of an UCS Can reconditioning occur? Spontaneous Recovery Reappearance of the reaction after a time interval Generalization Remember Little Albert? Stimulus Generalization Tendency of stimuli similar to a CS to elicit similar CR Stimulus Discrimination Responding to certain stimuli, but not others
- 4. Neural Basis of Learning Cerebellum Plays significant role in learning Stimulation can elicit CR & UCR What happens if cerebellum is damaged? Biological constraints on learning Types of conditioning easily accomplished by species are not accomplished by other species Conditioned Taste Aversions Exception to the “rules” of classical conditioning Can extinction occur?
- 5. Classical Conditioning Cognitive Perspective of classical conditioning Interested in predictions & expectations Does pairing of CS with UCS provide individuals with predictive information? Phobias & Classical Conditioning Can create them Watson anyone? Reducing Phobias: Flooding Systematic desentization
- 6. Operant Conditioning How is this type of conditioning different from classical conditioning? 2 Types of Reinforcement Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Premack Principle What are examples of primary reinforcers? What are examples of conditioned reinforcers? Punishment Synonymous with negative reinforcement? 2 Types of Punishment Positive punishment Negative punishment
- 7. Operant Conditioning Shaping Reinforcing partial responses Successive approximations Chaining Sequence of responses, the last of which leads to a reward Reward Delay Do longer delays produce poorer or better performance?
- 8. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio Concurrent schedule Ratio = Interval =
- 9. Cognitive Perspective of Operant Conditioning Learned Helplessness Apathy & passivity are learned in a situation where one’s behavior has no effect on reward & punishment If person does gain control over situation does the helplessness persist? Contrast Effect Temporary behavior shift Influenced by the reward itself, but also by how we evaluate these rewards
- 10. Cognitive Map Tolman believes learning occurs before individuals reach the goal & occur whether or not the learner is reinforced. Tolman’s experiment: Latent Learning Cognitive map = Insight =
- 11. Observational Learning Aka = Principles: Need to pay attention Retain and remember Production processes Need to be able to do the behavior physically Monitor own behavior & adjust to model’s motivation Is aggression a learned behavior?