Ch6 tissues
- 1. CH 6 TISSUES MADE BY VANSHAJ SHEKDAR
- 3. WHAT ARE TISSUES? • TISSUE ARE A GROUP OF CELLS • THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF TISSUES TISSUES PLANT TISSUE ANIMAL TISSUE
- 4. PLANT TISSUE
- 6. MERISTAMATIC TISSUE • The meristematic tissue is a type of tissue found in plants. • It consists of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) capable of cell division. • Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. • Depending on the occurrence of the meristematic tissue on the plant body, we can classify the meristems into three types. They are:
- 8. • Apical Meristems – These meristems are located on the tip of the root, stem etc. They help in the growth of the root system as well as the shoot system. The various cell divisions along with the cellular enlargement help in the growth of the stem above the ground and the growth of the root below the ground. • Intercalary Meristems – The intercalary meristems are located at the internodes or the base of the leaves. The intercalary meristems help in increasing the length of the internode. This is usually seen in monocotyledonous plants. • Lateral Meristems – The lateral meristems are present on the lateral side of the stem and root of a plant. These meristems help in increasing the thickness of the plants. The vascular cambium and the cork cambium are good examples of a lateral meristematic tissue.
- 9. PERMANENT TISSUE • In simple words, the permanent tissues in a plant are those tissues that contain nondividing cells. The cells are also modified to perform specific functions in the plants. The cells of the permanent tissue are derived from the meristematic tissue. • The permanent tissue cells are also fully differentiated. The cells are large and a definite shape and size. You can see intercellular spaces being present in between the cells. Large vacuoles are also present inside these cells. The metabolism that occurs in the cells of the permanent tissue is fairly at a lower rate. • The permanent tissue in plants mainly helps in providing support, protection as well as in photosynthesis and conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients. Permanent tissue cells may be living or dead.
- 10. TYPES OF PERMANENT TISSUE PERMANENT TISSUE SIMPLE COMPLEX
- 12. SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE • These tissues are simple. • They are made up of only one type of cell. • Here, all the cells that make up the tissue are similar and have the same structure, with the same type parts. • Simple permanent tissues are again classified into three main types. • They are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
- 13. PARENCHYMA • Parenchyma – The cells of this tissue are living, with thin cell walls. • Cells can be oval or round in shape. • They have a large central vacuole and a dense cytoplasm. • The parenchyma tissue is located in the soft parts of the plant such as cortex and pith. • It mainly acts as a packing tissue, providing mechanical support. • It also helps in the storage of food. • Based on the specific functions, parenchyma can be further classified into Aerenchyma and Chlorenchyma. • *for differentiation of aerenchyma & chlorenchyma refer slide no. 63
- 15. COLLENCHYMA • Collenchyma – These cells are living cells and have an elongated shape. • The corners of the cell wall are thickened. • There is very little intercellular space present. • The collenchyma tissue can be located in the leaf stalks, below the epidermis etc. • Its main function is to provide flexibility to the plants as well as mechanical support. • Cell wall is made up of pectin and cellulose.
- 16. SCLERENCHYMA • Sclerenchyma – The cells of the sclerenchyma tissue are dead. • The cell wall is very thick due to the deposition of lignin. • The cells of this tissue can be in different shapes and sizes. • They are generally located in the leaf veins, hard coverings of the seeds and can also be found surrounding the vascular bundle. • The main function of the sclerenchymatic tissue is to provide rigidity and mechanical support to the plant body. • They also make the plant stiff and hard.
- 17. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE XYLEM PHLOEM The complex permanent tissues are made up of more than one type of cell. They coordinate together to perform the same specialized functions in the plant body.
- 18. XYLEM • Xylem – The xylem tissue is responsible for the conduction of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and stem. • It also provides support to the plants. • It has four elements. • They are tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
- 20. PHLOEM • Phloem – This complex permanent tissue helps in the translocation of food that is prepared by photosynthesis in the leaves to various parts of the plant. Phloem consists of four elements. • They are sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma.
- 22. ANIMAL TISSUE
- 24. EPITHELIAL TISSUE • Epithelial tissues are animal tissues. • The cells that are present in these tissues show all the characteristics of animal cells. • The cells are eukaryotic with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Animal cells do not have a cell wall and this is what gives them flexibility. • The cells of the tissue can take up different shapes to become specialized and perform specific functions. • And so, epithelial tissues have cells that have different shapes, sizes, and arrangements. • Accordingly, they are classified into different types. Epithelial cells can be seen in different parts of the body. • They cover the body’s surface and also line the internal body organs and body cavities. • Their functions include protection of the underlying tissues, absorption of substances, regulation of chemicals between the tissues and body cavity etc. And they are able to perform such varied functions since they do not have a definite shape.
- 25. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- 27. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM • Squamous Epithelium – These are thin, flat cells that are closely packed. The squamous epithelial cells line the cavities of the mouth, esophagus, alveoli, and blood vessels. • This tissue gives protection against mechanical injury and also blocks the entry of germs. • If the squamous epithelium is arranged in many layers, it is a compound squamous tissue called the stratified squamous epithelium. • We find these kinds of tissues in the skin and also the lining of the esophagus.
- 29. CUBOIDAL EPITHILIUM • Cuboidal Epithelium – These cells are cuboidal in shape. They are found in the salivary glands, kidney tubules, sweat glands, etc. • Their main function includes absorption, secretion, and excretion. • If the cuboidal epithelium is arranged in many layers it forms the stratified cuboidal epithelium. • It is found on the inner side of the pancreatic ducts and salivary glands. They mainly help in protection.
- 31. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM • Columnar Epithelium –The columnar epithelium has cells that are pillar-like and column-like. We can find them in the lining of the stomach and intestine. • Its functions include absorption and secretion.
- 33. CILIATED EPITHELIUM • Ciliated Epithelium – When the columnar epithelial tissues have cilia, then they are ciliated epithelium. • They are present in the lining of the trachea, kidney tubules, etc. • The rhythmic movement of the cilia helps in the movement of material in one direction.
- 35. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM • Glandular Epithelium – These are modified columnar epithelial tissues. • They are large cells that present in the tear glands, sweat glands etc. Their main function is secretion.
- 37. CONNECTIVE TISSUE • Connective tissues connect and help hold our body together. • They provide internal support as well as give and maintain form to the body. • They protect the body. • The connective tissue can be found everywhere in the body. • The connective tissue mainly consists of blood, bones, and areolar tissue
- 38. CONNECTIVE TISSUE FLUID BLOOD & LYMPH SKELETAL BONE & CARTILAGE PROPER AREOLAR, ADIPOSE, LIGAMENT & TENDON
- 39. FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD • It is a connective tissue that carries erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, and energy and oxygen in the body. • Furthermore, they perform the function of transportation of minerals, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes in the body. • Moreover, it flows into the cardiovascular system of the body. • The cells found in blood plasma are called corpuscles. • These are of two types:- 1) RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES 2) WHITE BLOOD CORPUSCLES *for definition and differentiation refer slide no. 60
- 40. FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE LYMPH • In simple words, lymph is called the tissue fluid. • It is a colourless fluid containing lymphocytes. • Another name for lymph is interstitial fluid. • It also carries nutrients like hormones etc.
- 41. SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE Bones • Bones are also a form of connective tissue that forms the structure of the body. Also, they are widely spaced cells and their matrix is concentric in onion-like layers. • Moreover, they provide physical support and structure to the body. • Furthermore, they provide movement, protects and encloses soft organs, and release and store calcium. • Most noteworthy, the bones together form the skeleton of the body.
- 42. SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE Cartilage • They are also called gristle. • Besides, they are the wide-spaced cell in the small cavities and they have a rubbery matrix. • In addition, it facilities joints movements, grips airway open, resists compression at joints. • Also, it shapes the outer ear, facilitates the movement of vocal cords, an indication of a fetal skeleton, and growth zone of children’s bones. • Most noteworthy, we can locate them in the external ear, larynx, joint surfaces and growth zone of bones, rings around the trachea, between ribs and sternum, intervertebral discs, etc.
- 43. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE AEROLAR (LOOSE) ADIPOSE TISSUE DENSE IRREGULAR TISSUE DENSE REGULAR TISSUE
- 44. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE • Areolar (loose) Connective Tissue • They are a loose array of random fibers that has a wide variety of cell type. • In addition, they nourish and pillows epithelia. • Furthermore, it provides protection against infection, gives passage to nerve and blood vessels through other tissues and fixes organs together. • Most noteworthy, they are located in the outer covering of the blood vessels, esophagus, nerves, and other organs.
- 46. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE • Adipose Tissue • They are fat-filled tissues that have adipocytes and revealing the extracellular environment. • Furthermore, they store energy, conserve body heat, fills space in the body pads and guards many organs, and shape up the body. • Besides, we can find them around kidneys, eyes, heart, beneath the skin, and in the abdominal membrane of the breast.
- 47. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE • Dense Irregular Tissue • These tissues are densely spaced and the arrangement of fibers and fibroblast is random in them. • Also, they are pretty strong and provides protection to organs from injury. In addition, it provides a protective capsule around many organs. • Most noteworthy, we can find them in the dermis of the skin, capsules around spleen and liver, the fibrous sheath around bones, and other organs.
- 48. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE • Dense Regular Tissue • They are parallel collagen fibers and fibroblast cells that are also densely spaced. • Besides, they bind the bones together and attaches the muscle to the bone. Furthermore, they transfer force from the muscle to the bone. • Moreover, we can find these connective tissues in the tendons and ligaments.
- 49. MUSCULAR TISSUE This is a tissue that helps in the movement of the various body parts. They are generally attached to the bones, and thus help in movement. There are three types of muscular tissue. They are:
- 51. SMOOTH MUSCULAR TISSUE • Smooth Muscle – These muscle cells do not have striations or stripes. Hence they are called smooth muscle cells. • They are also called as involuntary muscles. • The cells have a single nucleus and the cells are spindle- shaped. • They are found in the walls of the hollow organs like the stomach, uterus etc. • Their main function is to move the material through the body. The involuntary muscles are controlled by the brain.
- 52. SKELETAL MUSCULAR TISSUE • Skeletal Muscle – The skeletal muscles have stripes or striations. • Hence they are also called as the striated muscles. • These muscles are voluntary muscles that are controlled by us. • They mainly help in the locomotion and are attached to the skeleton. • The cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei. • The skeletal muscles can be found in the muscles of the limbs, face, neck etc.
- 53. CARDIAC MUSCULAR TISSUE • Cardiac Muscle – This is a muscle that is found only in the heart. • The rhythmic contractions of this muscle help in the pumping of blood through the blood vessels to various parts of the body. • The brain controls this muscle and is an involuntary muscle. • The cells of this muscle tissue are branched and cylindrical with a single nucleus and striations present.
- 54. NERVOUS TISSUE • The nervous tissue is a highly specialized tissue that is present in the animals. • They help in transmitting messages from the brain to various parts of the body and vice versa. • The nervous tissue is made of come specialized cells called neurons or nerve cells. • They can receive and transmit electrical impulses from different areas of the body to specific locations. • The nervous tissue cells are present in the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves.
- 55. • The neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system. • It consists of mainly three parts, the cell body or the cyton, the axon and the dendrites. • The dendrites of one neuron are attached to the dendrites of the other neuron and thus help in the transmission of impulses or messages.
- 56. DIFFERENTIATIONS
- 63. Chlorenchyma Aerenchyma 1. Parenchyma which contains chlorophyll is called chlorenchyma 2. Chlorenchyma is found in green plants 3. They perform photosynthesis Parenchyma which has large air cavities is called aerenchyma Aerenchyma is found in aquatic plants They give buoyancy to the plants to help them float
- 66. SOME EXTERNAL LINKS • TISSUE https://youtu.be/fNQ92ZGWpOA • MERISTAMATIC TISSUE https://youtu.be/lLnjo4Pf2JM • PERMANENT TISSUE https://youtu.be/xSYLJIR6cGY • EPIDERMIS TISSUE https://youtu.be/fktUtmhUJ5M • EPITHELIAL TISSUE https://youtu.be/P3714_a3l0w • MUSCULAR TISSUE https://youtu.be/sfNBe9jCsT4 • RECAPUTALISATION https://youtu.be/9hDLnGtfc7M
- 67. THANK YOU