Ch7b (Botany Lecture)
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This document provides information on the monocots order Alismatales, including the families Acoraceae, Alismataceae, and Araceae. It describes key characteristics of each family such as plant structure, economic importance, and example genera. The Acoraceae are described as marsh plants with spadix and spathe flowers. Alismataceae are aquatic or marsh herbs with basal placentation. Araceae have bifacial leaves and a spadix inflorescence, and include important food crops like taro. Example genera like Sagittaria, Echinodorus, and Zantedeschia are also highlighted.
![ALISMATALES
Alismataceae - Water-Plantain family
(Alisma, a name used by Dioscorides for plantain-leaved aquatic plant).
15 genera / 88 species
- aquatic or marsh herbs
- flowers solitary or often whorled
- flowers dichlamydeous
- gynoecium apocarpous
- placentation basal
- fruit an aggregate of achenes or follicles
K 3 C 3 A 6,9– [3]∞ G 3– , superior∞](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch7b-130920081915-phpapp02/85/Ch7b-Botany-Lecture-15-320.jpg)
![ALISMATALES
Araceae - Arum family
(Arum, a name used by Theophrastus).
111 genera / 2980 species
- leaves bifacial
- venation parallel or netted
- inflorescence a spadix of numerous, small flowers
with a subtending spathe
- seeds endospermous
- raphide crystals present
P 2+2,3+3,(2+2),(3+3) or 0 [4+4,(4+4)]
A 4,6,8 or (4,6,8) [1–12] G (3) [1–( )] superior.∞](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch7b-130920081915-phpapp02/85/Ch7b-Botany-Lecture-21-320.jpg)
![ASPARAGALES
Agapanthaceae* [Amaryllidaceae]
Agavaceae* [Asparagaceae] (incl.
Hesperocallidaceae)
Alliaceae* [Amaryllidaceae]
Amaryllidaceae*
Aphyllanthaceae* [Asparagaceae]
Asparagaceae*
Asphodelaceae* [Xanthorrhoeaceae]
Asteliaceae
Blandfordiaceae
Boryaceae
Doryanthaceae
Hemerocallidaceae*
[Xanthorrhoeaceae]
Hyacinthaceae* [Asparagaceae]
Hypoxidaceae
Iridaceae
Ixioliriaceae
Lanariaceae
Laxmanniaceae* [Asparagaceae]
Orchidaceae
Ruscaceae* [Asparagaceae] (incl.
Convallariaceae)
Tecophilaeaceae
Themidaceae* [Asparagaceae]
Xanthorrhoeaceae*
Xeronemataceae](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch7b-130920081915-phpapp02/85/Ch7b-Botany-Lecture-44-320.jpg)
![Alliaceae [Amaryllidaceae]
Onion family
(Latin name for garlic). 7 genera / >600 species
The Alliaceae are distributed world-wide. Economic
importance includes onion (Allium cepa), garlic
(Allium sativum), and other species as important
food and flavoring plants. Several taxa are used as
ornamental cultivars.
The Alliaceae are distinctive in being perennial,
bulbous herbs with an onion-like odor (caused by
allyl sulfides), basal, narrow leaves, and an umbel
for an inflorescence.
P 3+3 A 3+3 G (3), superior, hypanthium absent.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch7b-130920081915-phpapp02/85/Ch7b-Botany-Lecture-55-320.jpg)
![Asphodelaceae [Xanthorrhoeaceae s.l.]
Asphodel or Alöe family
15 genera/780 species
- plants herbs or pachycaulous trees
- leaves usually succulent
- flowers trimerous
- ovary superior ovary
- seeds arillate
P 3+3 or (3+3) A 3+3 G (3), superior](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch7b-130920081915-phpapp02/85/Ch7b-Botany-Lecture-61-320.jpg)
Ch7b (Botany Lecture)
- 1. Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants: Monocots Michael G. Simpson
- 3. Monocotyledons (Monocotyledonae, Monocots) • Monophyletic group • Comprise 22% of all angiosperms • Relationships to other “basal” angiosperms unclear at present
- 4. Apomorphies of the Monocots • sieve tube plastids with cuneate (wedge- shaped) proteinaceous inclusions • atactostele stem vasculature • parallel leaf venation • single cotyledon • NOTE: a trimerous flower merosity is not a Monocot apomorphy
- 5. Apomorphies of the Monocots • sieve tube plastids with cuneate (wedge-shaped) proteinaceous inclusions
- 6. Apomorphies of the Monocots • atactostele stem vasculature
- 7. Apomorphies of the Monocots • parallel leaf venation (penni-parallel in some)
- 8. Apomorphies of the Monocots • single cotyledon
- 10. ACORALES Acoraceae - Sweet Flag family (Acorus, meaning "without pupil," originally in reference to a species of Iris used to treat cataracts). 1 genus/2-3 species - marsh plants - spadix and spathe (resembling Araceae) - distichous, ensiform, unifacial leaves - perispermous, endospermous seeds - ethereal oil cells - raphide crystals absent P 3+3 A 3+3 G (2–3) superior.
- 11. Acoraceae - Sweet Flag family Economic importance includes Acorus calamus used medicinally (e.g., as “calamus oil”), in religious rituals, as an insecticide, and as a perfume and flavoring plant (e.g., in liqueurs). Stevens, P. 2001, onwards. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb
- 14. ALISMATALES Alismataceae (incl. Limnocharitaceae) Aponogetonaceae Araceae (including Lemnaceae) Butomaceae Cymodoceaceae Hydrocharitaceae Juncaginaceae Posidoniaceae Potamogetonaceae Ruppiaceae Scheuchzeriaceae Tofieldiaceae Zosteraceae
- 15. ALISMATALES Alismataceae - Water-Plantain family (Alisma, a name used by Dioscorides for plantain-leaved aquatic plant). 15 genera / 88 species - aquatic or marsh herbs - flowers solitary or often whorled - flowers dichlamydeous - gynoecium apocarpous - placentation basal - fruit an aggregate of achenes or follicles K 3 C 3 A 6,9– [3]∞ G 3– , superior∞
- 16. Alismataceae - Water-Plantain family Economic importance includes taxa used as food by indigenous people, others used as aquatic, cultivated ornamentals. Stevens, P. 2001, onwards. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb
- 17. Sagittaria sp.
- 21. ALISMATALES Araceae - Arum family (Arum, a name used by Theophrastus). 111 genera / 2980 species - leaves bifacial - venation parallel or netted - inflorescence a spadix of numerous, small flowers with a subtending spathe - seeds endospermous - raphide crystals present P 2+2,3+3,(2+2),(3+3) or 0 [4+4,(4+4)] A 4,6,8 or (4,6,8) [1–12] G (3) [1–( )] superior.∞
- 22. Araceae - Arum family Members of the family have a worldwide distribution in mostly tropical and subtropical regions. Economic importance includes many taxa important food sources (rootstocks, leaves, or fruits) in the tropics, e.g., Alocasia, Colocasia esculenta (taro), Monstera; some species are cultivated ornamentals, e.g., Aglaonema, Anthurium, Caladium (elephant’s ear), Dieffenbachia (dumb cane), Epipremnum, Monstera, Philodendron, Spathiphyllum, Syngonium, and Zantedeschia (calla-lily). Amorphophallus titanum is unique in having the largest inflorescences of any flowering plant. Wolffia spp. are unique in having the smallest flowers.
- 24. Amorphophallus titanum Largest inflorescence in world
- 27. Wolffia sp. Watermeal Smallest flower in world
- 32. Pothos sp.
- 40. Liliaceae - Lily family (after Lilium, a name used in Virgil's writings). ca. 16 genera / ca. 600 species. - plants perennial, usually bulbous herbs - lack an onion-like odor - leaves basal or cauline - inflorescence a raceme, umbel or of solitary fls. - ovary superior P 3+3 A 3 G (3), superior
- 42. ASPARAGALES Very large order! Apomorphy for all but Orchidaceae: phytomelan in seed coat (lost in some taxa)
- 44. ASPARAGALES Agapanthaceae* [Amaryllidaceae] Agavaceae* [Asparagaceae] (incl. Hesperocallidaceae) Alliaceae* [Amaryllidaceae] Amaryllidaceae* Aphyllanthaceae* [Asparagaceae] Asparagaceae* Asphodelaceae* [Xanthorrhoeaceae] Asteliaceae Blandfordiaceae Boryaceae Doryanthaceae Hemerocallidaceae* [Xanthorrhoeaceae] Hyacinthaceae* [Asparagaceae] Hypoxidaceae Iridaceae Ixioliriaceae Lanariaceae Laxmanniaceae* [Asparagaceae] Orchidaceae Ruscaceae* [Asparagaceae] (incl. Convallariaceae) Tecophilaeaceae Themidaceae* [Asparagaceae] Xanthorrhoeaceae* Xeronemataceae
- 45. ASPARAGALES
- 47. Agavaceae - Agave family (after Agave, meaning "admired one"). 8 genera / 300 species The Agavaceae are distinctive in being perrenial subshrubs to branched trees with spiral, xeromorphic, generally fibrous leaves, trimerous hypogynous to perigynous flowers, and characteristic chromosomes (base number with 5 long and 25 short chromosomes). P 3+3 A 6 G (3) superior or inferior, hypanthium present in some.
- 48. Agave deserti
- 49. Agave deserti
- 55. Alliaceae [Amaryllidaceae] Onion family (Latin name for garlic). 7 genera / >600 species The Alliaceae are distributed world-wide. Economic importance includes onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and other species as important food and flavoring plants. Several taxa are used as ornamental cultivars. The Alliaceae are distinctive in being perennial, bulbous herbs with an onion-like odor (caused by allyl sulfides), basal, narrow leaves, and an umbel for an inflorescence. P 3+3 A 3+3 G (3), superior, hypanthium absent.
- 56. BULB
- 58. Allium praecox
- 59. Tulbaghia violacea Society Garlic South Africa
- 61. Asphodelaceae [Xanthorrhoeaceae s.l.] Asphodel or Alöe family 15 genera/780 species - plants herbs or pachycaulous trees - leaves usually succulent - flowers trimerous - ovary superior ovary - seeds arillate P 3+3 or (3+3) A 3+3 G (3), superior
- 62. Asphodelaceae - Asphodel or Alöe family Economic importance includes Aloe spp. (esp. A. vera and A. ferox, from which aloin is derived), which have important uses medicinally (e.g., as laxatives and treatment of burns) as well as in skin, hair, and health products; many family members are important as cultivated ornamentals, e.g., Aloe, Asphodelus, Gasteria, Haworthia, Kniphofia. Stevens, P. 2001, onwards. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb
- 63. Aloe aristata
- 64. Aloe marlothii
- 65. Aloe sp.
- 68. Bulbine sp.
- 69. Gasteria trigona
- 71. Haworthia linifolia Haworthia truncata
- 72. Kniphofia uvaria Red Hot Poker
- 74. Iridaceae - Iris family (after Iris, mythical goddess of the rainbow). 70 genera / 1750 species The Iridaceae are distinguished from related families in consisting of perennial herbs with ensiform, unifacial leaves, bracteate to spathaceous rhapidia or spikes (sometimes solitary), and flowers with three stamens opposite outer tepals. P/(P) 3+3 A/(A) 3 (G) 3, inferior (superior in Isophysis).
- 75. Iris sp.
- 76. Crocus sp.
- 77. Chasmanthe aethiopica (South Africa)
- 78. Iris sp.
- 79. Iris sp.
- 83. Orchidaceae - Orchid family (orchis, testicle, from the shape of the root tubers). 700-800 genera / ca. 20,000 species Roots mycorrhizal Plants mostly perrennial, terrestrial or epiphytic herbs Flowers often resupinate Inner median tepal often modified as showy labellum Androecium and gynoecium adnate = column, gynostegium, or gynostemium Pollen grains often fused, 1-∞ pollinia, with sticky-tipped stalk, pollinia and stalk termed a pollinarium (unit of pollen dispersal) P (3+3) A 1-3, when 1 a pollinarium G (3), inferior, with gynostemium
- 90. Calopogon - a non-resupinate orchid labellum column
- 91. Cattleya sp.
- 92. Cymbidium sp.
- 93. Cypripedium sp. Lady’s Slipper
- 95. Dracula chimaera Dracula vampira
- 96. Encyclia sp. Cockleshell Orchid
- 97. Epidendrum sp.
- 98. Ludisia sp.
- 100. Orchis spectabilis
- 101. Paphiopedilum sp.
- 102. Pseudobulb
- 103. Stanhopea trigrinum
- 105. Vanilla planifolia Vanilla Orchid