Ch8 nonexperimental research (i) (1)
- 1. Research Methods, 9th Edition Theresa L. White and Donald H. McBurney Chapter 8 NonExperimental Research, Part 1: Observational, Archival, and Case Study Research
- 2. 2 前言 實驗法 : 研究行為科學之因果關係最佳之方法 但並不是每個情境都可採用實驗法 非實驗方法 nonexperimental research
- 3. 3 Non-Experimental Research Research in which the experimenter does not manipulate the variables or assign subjects to conditions. Also called qualitative research or correlational research Hermeneutic Approach Asks what the behavior means rather than why it happened.
- 4. 4 nonexperimental research 實驗方法 研究者可操控自變數 研究者對研究情就具有控制力 決定受試者在甚麼時間，接受到甚麼條件 Manipulation In an experiment, conditions or variables assigned or presented to a participant Assignment In an experiment, pairing a subject with a condition or variable, according to the experimenter’s plan
- 5. 5 nonexperimental research Observation The record of a behavior 特徵 1. 研究者無法對受試者、研究條件進行控制與 操控 2. 又稱質性研究 qualitative study, correlation research 質性研究較少研究因果關係，較常研究 : 人們如何 瞭解自己 ( 或某標的 ) 、對某標的的看法與見解 相關研究 : 只能找出變數間連動關係，無法有效證 明因果
- 6. 6 nonexperimental research 種類 1. observational research study method in which the researcher observed and records ongoing behavior but does not attempt to change it 2. archival research Study method that examines existing records to obtain data and test hypotheses 3. case study Exploratory study of an existing situation as a means of creating and testing a hypothesis 4. survey
- 7. 7 Observational Research Watching and recording behavior, but not trying to change it. Also called unobtrusive or nonreactive research Naturalistic Observation Subjects watched in natural environment Subjects disturbed as little as possible. Laboratory Observation Subjects watched in the laboratory Physical trace( 物理性痕跡 ) method examines evidence left behind by behavior
- 8. 8 Participant Observer Research Observer joins a group in order to record behavior. Most useful when studied group is small or remote 侵犯 participants’ privacy Potential experimenter objectivity difficulties Changing results simply by being a member of the group.
- 9. 9 Archival Research Attempting to answer research questions from data that already exists - archival data Archival Data factual information in existing records or archives Limitations of Archival Research Data collected for some other purpose Ruling out alternative hypotheses may be difficult 檔案資料可能無法包含所有研究變數
- 10. 10 Case Studies Observation of a distinctive situation, usually involving a single individual (person, animal, institution, or group). Characterized by the uniqueness of the individual. 檢視某個組織、個人、現象 可能包含多種研究方法，觀察、問卷、檔案…
- 11. 11 Case Studies Narrative Case Study Story told first hand that reflects meaning 常用於探索性問題，研究者剛好可分析此研究 情境，一旦錯過，可能無法再研究。 埔里作礁 柯達效應