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- 3. 3 Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
- 4. 4 1.1: Introduction • Questions and observations that have led to knowledge. • Knowledge about structure and function of the human body.
- 5. 5 1.2: Anatomy & Physiology • Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body • Physiology – the study of the function of the human body “The complementarity of structure and function.”
- 6. 6 1.3: Levels of Organization • Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons • Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. • Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. • Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. • Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. • Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. • Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve • Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. • Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc. • Organism – the human
- 7. Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 8. 8 Organ Systems Skeletal system Muscular system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary system
- 9. 9 Organ Systems Nervous system Endocrine system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 10. 10 Organ Systems Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 11. 11 Organ Systems Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 12. 12 Organ Systems Male reproductive system Female reproductive system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 13. 13 1.1 Clinical Application • Ultrasound (US) • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- 14. 14 1.4: Characteristics of Life (10) • Movement – change in position; motion • Responsiveness – reaction to a change • Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape • Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods • Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
- 15. 15 Characteristics of Life Continued • Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids • Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids • Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms • Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions • Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
- 16. 16 1.5: Maintenance of Life • Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: • Water • Food • Oxygen • Heat • Pressure
- 17. 17 Requirements of Organisms • Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature • Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials
- 18. 18 Requirements of Organisms • Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients • Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions • Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
- 19. 19 Homeostasis* * Maintaining of a stable internal environment • Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: • Receptor - provides information about the stimuli • Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) • Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment
- 20. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.) Response (Change is corrected.) Receptors Effectors (muscles or glands) Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 20
- 21. 21 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. too high too low Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 22. 22 • There are two (2) types: • Negative feedback mechanisms • Positive feedback mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- 23. 23 Negative feedback summary: • Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body • Corrects the set point • Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’ • Most common type of feedback loop • Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- 24. 24 Positive feedback summary: • Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body • short-lived • do not require continuous adjustments • Examples: blood clotting and child birth Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- 25. 25 1.6: Organization of the Human Body Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Diaphragm Pelvic cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal (a) Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Right pleural cavity Mediastinum Left pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Vertebral canal Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity (b)
- 26. 26 Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes Thoracic Membranes • Visceral pleura • Parietal pleura • Visceral pericardium • Parietal pericardium • Visceral layer – covers an organ • Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Abdominopelvic Membranes • Parietal peritoneum • Visceral peritoneum • Parietal perineum • Visceral perineum
- 27. 27 Serous Membranes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 28. 28 1.7: Lifespan Changes Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level. Can you think of some examples?
- 29. 29 1.8: Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out Integumentary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 30. 30 Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms • Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): • Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal) • Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal) • Medial versus Lateral • Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral • Proximal versus Distal • Superficial versus Deep • Internal versus External
- 31. 31 Body Sections or Planes • Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions • Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions • Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions • Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions
- 32. 32 Body Sections A section along a frontal plane A section along a transverse plane A section along the median plane Transverse (horizontal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Parasagittal plane Median (midsagittal) plane
- 33. Body Sections 33 (a) (b) (c)
- 34. 34 Other Body Sections (a) (b) (c) Cross-section L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n
- 35. 35 Abdominal Subdivisions Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right iliac region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac region Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
- 36. 36 Body Regions Otic (ear) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Antebrachial (forearm) Genital (reproductive organs) Cephalic (head) Orbital (eye cavity) Mental (chin) Sternal Pectoral (chest) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Umbilical (navel) Pedal (foot) Occipital (back of head) Acromial (point of shoulder) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Gluteal (buttocks) Perineal Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Plantar (sole) (a) (b) Patellar (front of knee) Vertebral (spinal column) Sacral (between hips) Lumbar (lower back) Abdominal (abdomen) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Frontal (forehead) Buccal (cheek) Tarsal (instep) Digital (toe) Axillary (armpit) Crural (leg) Sural (calf) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Editor's Notes
- #33: NEW FIGURE 12.1