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The document summarizes key aspects of the human skeletal system in 3 sentences or less: The skeletal system is made up of 206 bones that provide structure, support, protection, movement, and other functions to the body, and bones are classified by size, shape, and location in either the axial or appendicular skeleton. Bone tissue is made up of cells, collagen fibers, and minerals that give bones flexibility and rigidity, and bones develop through two processes - intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification. The skeletal system begins developing prenatally and continues changing and growing into early adulthood.

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Edited by Brenda Holmes MSN/Ed, RN Associate Professor South Arkansas Community College
Chapter 7 Skeletal System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened 206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass) 80 bones of the axial skeleton 126 bones of the appendicular skeleton
Bones of the skeletal system vary greatly in size and shape There is similarity in structure, development, and function
Bone Classification: Long Bones Short Bones Sesamoid Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Wormian Bones (a) (e) (b) (c) (d) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Epiphysis Distal Proximal Diaphysis Metaphysis Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage Periosteum Endosteum Medullary cavity Trabeculae Bone marrow Red marrow and yellow marrow Femur Periosteum Y ellow marrow Medullary cavity Space containing red marrow Spongy bone Compact bone Articular cartilage Epiphyseal plates Proximal epiphysis Distal epiphysis Diaphysis Endosteum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Bone cells are called osteocytes Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes The extracellular matrix of bone is largely collagen and inorganic salts Collagen gives bone resilience Inorganic salts make bone hard
Osteon aka Haversian System Central canal Perforating canal aka Volkmann’s canal Osteocytes Lamellae Lacunae Bone matrix Canaliculi Nerve Osteon Nerve Nerve Canaliculus Osteocyte Periosteum Endosteum Trabeculae Pores Bone matrix Blood vessels Spongy bone Compact bone Compact bone Lacuna (space) Blood vessels Perforating canal Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves Central canal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spongy bone is aka cancellous bone (a) (c) Spongy bone Compact bone (b) Spongy bone Compact bone Remnant of epiphyseal plate Spongy bone Compact bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © Ed Reschke; b,c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop during the first few weeks of prenatal development Bones replace existing connective tissue in one of two ways: As intramembranous bones As endchondral bones
Intramembranous Bones These bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues They are the broad, flat bones Skull bones (except mandible) Are known as intramembranous bones
Endochondral Bones Bones begin as hyaline cartilage Form models for future bones These are most bones of the skeleton Are known as endochondral bones
Hyaline cartilage model Primary ossification center Secondary ossification centers Epiphyseal plate Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a) Cartilaginous model Calcified cartilage Articular cartilage Developing periosteum Compact bone developing Primary ossification center Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Secondary ossification center Secondary ossification center Blood vessel Epiphyseal plate Remnant of epiphyseal plate Remnants of epiphyseal plates Epiphyseal plates Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage Spongy bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
First layer of cells Closest to the end of epiphysis Resting cells Anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis Second layer of cells Many rows of young cells Undergoing mitosis 1 2 3 4 (a) (b) Bone tissue of epiphysis Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Third layer of cells Older cells Left behind when new cells appear Cells enlarging and becoming calcified Fourth layer of cells Thin Dead cells Calcified extracellular matrix 1 2 3 4 (a) (b) Bone tissue of epiphysis Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone aka parathormone aka PTH Bone Deposition – action of osteoblasts and calcitonin Occurs by direction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Developing medullary cavity Osteoclast
Deficiency of Vitamin A – retards bone development Deficiency of Vitamin C – results in fragile bones Deficiency of Vitamin D – rickets, osteomalacia Insufficient Growth Hormone – dwarfism Excessive Growth Hormone – gigantism, acromegaly Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – delays bone growth Sex Hormones – promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates Physical Stress – stimulates bone growth
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Fractures
Bones shape, support, and protect body structures
Support, Movement & Protection Gives shape to head, etc. Supports body’s weight Protects lungs, etc. Bones and muscles interact When limbs or body parts move
Blood Cell Formation Also known as hematopoiesis Occurs in the red bone marrow
Inorganic Salt Storage Calcium Phosphate Magnesium Sodium Potassium
Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: Preventing “Fragility Fractures”
The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies from person to person Typically there are about 206 bones For convenience the skeleton is divided into the: Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton Skull Spine Rib cage Appendicular Skeleton Upper limbs Lower limbs Shoulder girdle Pelvic girdle Hyoid Cranium Face Clavicle Scapula Sternum Ribs Humerus Ulna Hip bone Radius Femur Patella T ibia Fibula T arsals Metatarsals Phalanges Phalanges Skull Vertebral column Vertebral column Sacrum Coccyx Carpals Metacarpals (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the facial bones
Frontal Bone (1) Forehead Roof of nasal cavity Roofs of orbits Frontal sinuses Supraorbital foramen Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone T emporal bone Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen V omer bone Mandible Supraorbital foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mental foramen Zygomatic bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Parietal Bones (2) Side walls of cranium Roof of cranium Sagittal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Occipital Bone (1) Back of skull Base of cranium Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Lambdoidal suture Zygomatic bone Palatine process of maxilla Palatine bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Lambdoid suture Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Styloid process Occipital condyle External acoustic meatus Sphenoid bone Vomer bone Temporal bone Mastoid foramen Frontal bone Median palatine suture Incisive foramen Greater palatine foramen Stylomastoid foramen Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Jugular foramen Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Condylar canal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Temporal Bones (2) Side walls of cranium Floor of cranium Floors and sides of orbits Squamous suture External acoustic meatus Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Styloid process Zygomatic process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sphenoid Bone (1) Base of cranium Sides of skull Floors and sides of orbits Sella turcica Sphenoid sinuses Transverse section Lesser wing Optic canal Greater wing Sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen rotundum Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate (b) (a)
Ethmoid Bone (1) Roof and walls of nasal cavity Floor of cranium Wall of orbits Cribiform plates Perpendicular plate Superior and middle nasal conchae Ethmoid sinuses Crista galli T ransverse section Crista galli Orbital surface Ethmoidal sinuses Cribriform plate Crista galli Perpendicular plate Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate (a) (b)
Maxillary Bones (2) Upper jaw Anterior roof of mouth Floors of orbits Sides of nasal cavity Floors of nasal cavity Alveolar processes Maxillary sinuses Palatine process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Palatine Bones (2) ‘ L’ shaped bones located behind the maxillae Posterior section of hard palate Floor of nasal cavity Lateral walls of nasal cavity Coronal section Horizontal portion Perpendicular portion Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Zygomatic Bones (2) Prominences of cheeks Lateral walls of orbits Floors of orbits Temporal process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lacrimal Bones (2) Medial walls of orbits Groove from orbit to nasal cavity Nasal Bones (2) Bridge of nose Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Vomer Bone (1) Inferior portion of nasal septum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Alveolar processes Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Sphenoidal sinus Mandible Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Frontal sinus Crista galli Cribriform plate Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica Occipital bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Hypoglossal canal Mastoid process Ethmoid bone
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Alveolar processes Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Sphenoidal sinus Mandible Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Frontal sinus Crista galli Cribriform plate Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica Occipital bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Hypoglossal canal Mastoid process Ethmoid bone
Mandible Bone (1) Lower jaw Body Ramus Mandibular condyle Coronoid process Alveolar process Mandibular foramen Mental foramen Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Mandibular condyle Ramus Alveolar border Mental foramen Body Body Alveolar arch Mandibular foramen Coronoid process (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fontanels – fibrous membranes (b) Anterior fontanel Posterior fontanel Frontal bone Frontal suture (metopic suture) Sagittal suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs .
Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacral (4-5 fused segments) Sacrum is fused bone Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments) Coccyx is fused bone (b) (a) Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Sacral curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Sacrum Coccyx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature Rib facets Vertebral prominens Intervertebral discs (IVD) Intervertebral foramina (IVF) (b) (a) Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Sacral curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Sacrum Coccyx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Includes the following parts: Vertebral body Pedicles Lamina Spinous process Transverse processes Vertebral foramen Facets
Atlas – 1 st ; supports head Axis – 2 nd ; dens pivots to turn head Transverse foramina Bifid spinous processes Vertebral prominens – useful landmark (b) (c) (a) Anterior Posterior Atlas Axis Body Dens (odontoid process) Spinous process Dens Inferior articular process Facet that articulates with dens (odontoid process) of axis Facet that articulates with occipital condyle Spinous process Anterior articular facet for atlas Transverse foramen Transverse process Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Transverse process Transverse foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Body Superior articular process Spinous process Transverse process Inferior articular process Intervertebral disc Anterior Posterior Body Pedicle Vertebral foramen Superior articular process Facet for tubercle of rib Transverse process Lamina Spinous process Inferior articular process Intervertebral notch Body Pedicle Superior articular process Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Spinous process (a) (c) (b) Long spinous processes Rib facets Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Large bodies Thick, short spinous processes (c) Lumbar vertebra Lamina Pedicle Body Vertebral foramen Spinous process Superior articular process Transverse process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4-5 fused segments Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Posterior wall of pelvic cavity Sacral promontory aka base Area toward coccyx is the apex Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx Sacrum Superior articular process Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramen (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Aka tailbone 3-4 fused segments Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx Sacrum Superior articular process Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramen (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Disorders of the Vertebral Column
The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum.
Ribs (12) Sternum Thoracic vertebrae (12) Costal cartilages Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs Protects viscera Role in breathing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Humans have 12 pairs of ribs: True ribs (7) False ribs (5), of which: Floating (2) There are some anomalies: Cervical ribs Lumbar ribs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Shaft Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage Anterior end (sternal end) Shaft Facet Head Neck T ubercle Facet Spinous process Costal groove Shaft Anterior end Head T ubercle Neck (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Three (3) parts of the sternum: Manubrium Body Xiphoid process 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Also known as the shoulder girdle Clavicles Scapulae Supports upper limbs True shoulder joint is simply the articulation of the humerus and scapula Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Clavicle (a) Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Articulate with manubrium Articulate with scapulae (acromion process) A-C joint Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Clavicle (a) Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Acromion process Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Suprascapular notch Superior border Supra- glenoid tubercle Infra- glenoid tubercle Coracoid process Acromion process Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Lateral (axillary) border Subscapular fossa Medial (vertebral) border (a) (b) (c) Spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Acromion process Coracoid process Glenoid fossa or cavity
Humerus Radius Ulna (Interosseous membrane) Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Olecranon process Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna Olecranon fossa Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Humerus Humerus Ulna Ulna Radius (c) (d) (a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. d: © Martin Rotker
Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum Trochlea Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Capitulum Trochlea Deltoid tuberosity Head Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Greater tubercle (a) (b) Lateral epicondyle Coronoid fossa Intertubercular groove Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Anatomical neck Surgical neck Lateral epicondyle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lateral forearm bone Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process Head of ulna Ulna Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process (b) (a) Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Medial forearm bone Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process Head of ulna Ulna Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process (b) (a) Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Carpal Bones (16 total bones) Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Metacarpal Bones (10) Phalangeal Bones (28) Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Trapezium (a) (b) Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Ulna Radius Lunate Hamate Triquetrum Pisiform Phalanges 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx Metacarpals (metacarpus) Carpals (carpus) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Coxal Bones (2) Supports trunk of body Protects viscera Forms pelvic cavity Sacrum Sacral promontory Sacroiliac joint Acetabulum Pubis Symphysis pubis (a) Pubic arch Ischium Pubic tubercle Ilium Obturator foramen Ischium Coccyx Sacral hiatus Sacrum (b) Ilium Sacral canal Pubis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) c: © Martin Rotker
Also known as the coxae: Acetabulum There are three (3) bones: 1. Ilium Iliac crest Iliac spines Greater sciatic notch 2. Ischium Ischial spines Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity 3. Pubis Obturator foramen Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Iliac crest Iliac crest Iliac fossa Ilium Ilium Ischium Ischium Pubis Pubis Ischial spine Obturator foramen Acetabulum Pubic crest Pubic tubercle (b) (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen
Greater Pelvis Lumbar vertebrae posteriorly Iliac bones laterally Abdominal wall anteriorly Lesser Pelvis Sacrum and coccyx posteriorly Lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones laterally and anteriorly Sacral promontory Flared ilium Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Pubic arch (a) Female pelvis (b) Male pelvis Sacral promontory Sacral curvature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Female pelvis Iliac bones more flared Broader hips Pubic arch angle greater More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities Sacral curvature shorter and flatter Lighter bones Why? Sacral promontory Flared ilium Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Pubic arch (a) Female pelvis (b) Male pelvis Sacral promontory Sacral curvature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Metatarsals Fibula Tibia T ibia Patella Femur Fibula (c) Lateral view Fibula T ibia Lateral condyle (d) Posterior view (b) Medial condyle Femur T arsals Phalanges Femur Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Longest bone of body Head Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Condyles Epicondyles Neck Head Fovea capitis (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera
Aka kneecap Anterior surface of the knee joint Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon Metatarsals Fibula Tibia T ibia Patella Femur Fibula (c) Lateral view Fibula T ibia Lateral condyle (d) Posterior view (b) Medial condyle Femur T arsals Phalanges Femur Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Aka shin bone Medial to fibula Condyles Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Makes the medial malleolus Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lateral to tibia Long, slender Head Makes the lateral malleolus Non-weight bearing Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tarsal Bones (14) Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral (3 rd ) cuneiform Intermediate (2 nd ) cuneiform Medial (1 st ) cuneiform Metatarsal Bones (10) Phalanges (28) Proximal Middle Distal (b) Tibia Fibula T alus Navicular Phalanges Calcaneus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Medial cuneiform Metatarsals (metatarsus) Tarsals (tarsus) Calcaneal tuberosity
Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Metatarsals (metatarsus) Tarsals (tarsus) 5 4 3 2 1 (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Decrease in height at about age 30 Calcium levels fall Bones become brittle Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts Spongy bone weakens before compact bone Bone loss rapid in menopausal women Hip fractures common Vertebral compression fractures common
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Important Points in Chapter 7: Outcomes to be Assessed 7.1: Introduction Discuss the living tissues found in bone even though bone appears to be inert. 7.2: Bone Structure Classify bones according to their shapes and name an example from each group. Describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure of a long bone and list the functions of these parts. 7.3: Bone Development and Growth Distinguish between intramembranous and endchondral bones and explain how such bones develop and grow. Describe the effects of sunlight, nutrition, hormonal secretions, and exercise on bone development and growth.
Important Points in Chapter 7: Outcomes to be Assessed 7.4: Bone Function Discuss the major functions of bone. 7.5: Skeletal Organization Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons, and name the major parts of each. 7.6: Skull – 7.12: Lower Limb Locate and identify the bones and the major features of the bones that comprise the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb. Describe the differences between male and female skeletons. 7.13: Lifespan Changes Describe lifespan changes in the skeletal system.
Quiz 7 Complete Quiz 7 now! Read Chapter 8.

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Chapt07 Holes Lecture Animation[1]

  • 1. Edited by Brenda Holmes MSN/Ed, RN Associate Professor South Arkansas Community College
  • 2. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 3. Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened 206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass) 80 bones of the axial skeleton 126 bones of the appendicular skeleton
  • 4. Bones of the skeletal system vary greatly in size and shape There is similarity in structure, development, and function
  • 5. Bone Classification: Long Bones Short Bones Sesamoid Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Wormian Bones (a) (e) (b) (c) (d) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 6. Epiphysis Distal Proximal Diaphysis Metaphysis Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage Periosteum Endosteum Medullary cavity Trabeculae Bone marrow Red marrow and yellow marrow Femur Periosteum Y ellow marrow Medullary cavity Space containing red marrow Spongy bone Compact bone Articular cartilage Epiphyseal plates Proximal epiphysis Distal epiphysis Diaphysis Endosteum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 7. Bone cells are called osteocytes Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes The extracellular matrix of bone is largely collagen and inorganic salts Collagen gives bone resilience Inorganic salts make bone hard
  • 8. Osteon aka Haversian System Central canal Perforating canal aka Volkmann’s canal Osteocytes Lamellae Lacunae Bone matrix Canaliculi Nerve Osteon Nerve Nerve Canaliculus Osteocyte Periosteum Endosteum Trabeculae Pores Bone matrix Blood vessels Spongy bone Compact bone Compact bone Lacuna (space) Blood vessels Perforating canal Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves Central canal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 9. Spongy bone is aka cancellous bone (a) (c) Spongy bone Compact bone (b) Spongy bone Compact bone Remnant of epiphyseal plate Spongy bone Compact bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © Ed Reschke; b,c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
  • 10. Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop during the first few weeks of prenatal development Bones replace existing connective tissue in one of two ways: As intramembranous bones As endchondral bones
  • 11. Intramembranous Bones These bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues They are the broad, flat bones Skull bones (except mandible) Are known as intramembranous bones
  • 12. Endochondral Bones Bones begin as hyaline cartilage Form models for future bones These are most bones of the skeleton Are known as endochondral bones
  • 13. Hyaline cartilage model Primary ossification center Secondary ossification centers Epiphyseal plate Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a) Cartilaginous model Calcified cartilage Articular cartilage Developing periosteum Compact bone developing Primary ossification center Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Secondary ossification center Secondary ossification center Blood vessel Epiphyseal plate Remnant of epiphyseal plate Remnants of epiphyseal plates Epiphyseal plates Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage Spongy bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 14. First layer of cells Closest to the end of epiphysis Resting cells Anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis Second layer of cells Many rows of young cells Undergoing mitosis 1 2 3 4 (a) (b) Bone tissue of epiphysis Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
  • 15. Third layer of cells Older cells Left behind when new cells appear Cells enlarging and becoming calcified Fourth layer of cells Thin Dead cells Calcified extracellular matrix 1 2 3 4 (a) (b) Bone tissue of epiphysis Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
  • 16. Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone aka parathormone aka PTH Bone Deposition – action of osteoblasts and calcitonin Occurs by direction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Developing medullary cavity Osteoclast
  • 17. Deficiency of Vitamin A – retards bone development Deficiency of Vitamin C – results in fragile bones Deficiency of Vitamin D – rickets, osteomalacia Insufficient Growth Hormone – dwarfism Excessive Growth Hormone – gigantism, acromegaly Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – delays bone growth Sex Hormones – promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates Physical Stress – stimulates bone growth
  • 18. Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
  • 20. Bones shape, support, and protect body structures
  • 21. Support, Movement & Protection Gives shape to head, etc. Supports body’s weight Protects lungs, etc. Bones and muscles interact When limbs or body parts move
  • 22. Blood Cell Formation Also known as hematopoiesis Occurs in the red bone marrow
  • 23. Inorganic Salt Storage Calcium Phosphate Magnesium Sodium Potassium
  • 24. Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: Preventing “Fragility Fractures”
  • 25. The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies from person to person Typically there are about 206 bones For convenience the skeleton is divided into the: Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
  • 26. Axial Skeleton Skull Spine Rib cage Appendicular Skeleton Upper limbs Lower limbs Shoulder girdle Pelvic girdle Hyoid Cranium Face Clavicle Scapula Sternum Ribs Humerus Ulna Hip bone Radius Femur Patella T ibia Fibula T arsals Metatarsals Phalanges Phalanges Skull Vertebral column Vertebral column Sacrum Coccyx Carpals Metacarpals (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 27. Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the facial bones
  • 28. Frontal Bone (1) Forehead Roof of nasal cavity Roofs of orbits Frontal sinuses Supraorbital foramen Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone T emporal bone Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen V omer bone Mandible Supraorbital foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mental foramen Zygomatic bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 29. Parietal Bones (2) Side walls of cranium Roof of cranium Sagittal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 30. Occipital Bone (1) Back of skull Base of cranium Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Lambdoidal suture Zygomatic bone Palatine process of maxilla Palatine bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Lambdoid suture Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Styloid process Occipital condyle External acoustic meatus Sphenoid bone Vomer bone Temporal bone Mastoid foramen Frontal bone Median palatine suture Incisive foramen Greater palatine foramen Stylomastoid foramen Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Jugular foramen Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Condylar canal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 31. Temporal Bones (2) Side walls of cranium Floor of cranium Floors and sides of orbits Squamous suture External acoustic meatus Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Styloid process Zygomatic process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 32. Sphenoid Bone (1) Base of cranium Sides of skull Floors and sides of orbits Sella turcica Sphenoid sinuses Transverse section Lesser wing Optic canal Greater wing Sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen rotundum Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate (b) (a)
  • 33. Ethmoid Bone (1) Roof and walls of nasal cavity Floor of cranium Wall of orbits Cribiform plates Perpendicular plate Superior and middle nasal conchae Ethmoid sinuses Crista galli T ransverse section Crista galli Orbital surface Ethmoidal sinuses Cribriform plate Crista galli Perpendicular plate Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate (a) (b)
  • 34. Maxillary Bones (2) Upper jaw Anterior roof of mouth Floors of orbits Sides of nasal cavity Floors of nasal cavity Alveolar processes Maxillary sinuses Palatine process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 35. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 36. Palatine Bones (2) ‘ L’ shaped bones located behind the maxillae Posterior section of hard palate Floor of nasal cavity Lateral walls of nasal cavity Coronal section Horizontal portion Perpendicular portion Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 37. Zygomatic Bones (2) Prominences of cheeks Lateral walls of orbits Floors of orbits Temporal process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 38. Lacrimal Bones (2) Medial walls of orbits Groove from orbit to nasal cavity Nasal Bones (2) Bridge of nose Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 39. Vomer Bone (1) Inferior portion of nasal septum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Alveolar processes Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Sphenoidal sinus Mandible Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Frontal sinus Crista galli Cribriform plate Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica Occipital bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Hypoglossal canal Mastoid process Ethmoid bone
  • 40. Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Alveolar processes Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Sphenoidal sinus Mandible Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Frontal sinus Crista galli Cribriform plate Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica Occipital bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Hypoglossal canal Mastoid process Ethmoid bone
  • 41. Mandible Bone (1) Lower jaw Body Ramus Mandibular condyle Coronoid process Alveolar process Mandibular foramen Mental foramen Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Mandibular condyle Ramus Alveolar border Mental foramen Body Body Alveolar arch Mandibular foramen Coronoid process (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 42. Fontanels – fibrous membranes (b) Anterior fontanel Posterior fontanel Frontal bone Frontal suture (metopic suture) Sagittal suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 43. The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs .
  • 44. Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacral (4-5 fused segments) Sacrum is fused bone Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments) Coccyx is fused bone (b) (a) Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Sacral curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Sacrum Coccyx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 45. Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature Rib facets Vertebral prominens Intervertebral discs (IVD) Intervertebral foramina (IVF) (b) (a) Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Sacral curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Sacrum Coccyx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 46. Includes the following parts: Vertebral body Pedicles Lamina Spinous process Transverse processes Vertebral foramen Facets
  • 47. Atlas – 1 st ; supports head Axis – 2 nd ; dens pivots to turn head Transverse foramina Bifid spinous processes Vertebral prominens – useful landmark (b) (c) (a) Anterior Posterior Atlas Axis Body Dens (odontoid process) Spinous process Dens Inferior articular process Facet that articulates with dens (odontoid process) of axis Facet that articulates with occipital condyle Spinous process Anterior articular facet for atlas Transverse foramen Transverse process Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Transverse process Transverse foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 48. Body Superior articular process Spinous process Transverse process Inferior articular process Intervertebral disc Anterior Posterior Body Pedicle Vertebral foramen Superior articular process Facet for tubercle of rib Transverse process Lamina Spinous process Inferior articular process Intervertebral notch Body Pedicle Superior articular process Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Spinous process (a) (c) (b) Long spinous processes Rib facets Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 49. Large bodies Thick, short spinous processes (c) Lumbar vertebra Lamina Pedicle Body Vertebral foramen Spinous process Superior articular process Transverse process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 50. 4-5 fused segments Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Posterior wall of pelvic cavity Sacral promontory aka base Area toward coccyx is the apex Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx Sacrum Superior articular process Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramen (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 51. Aka tailbone 3-4 fused segments Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx Sacrum Superior articular process Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramen (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 52. Disorders of the Vertebral Column
  • 53. The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum.
  • 54. Ribs (12) Sternum Thoracic vertebrae (12) Costal cartilages Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs Protects viscera Role in breathing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 55. Humans have 12 pairs of ribs: True ribs (7) False ribs (5), of which: Floating (2) There are some anomalies: Cervical ribs Lumbar ribs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 56. Shaft Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage Anterior end (sternal end) Shaft Facet Head Neck T ubercle Facet Spinous process Costal groove Shaft Anterior end Head T ubercle Neck (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 57. Three (3) parts of the sternum: Manubrium Body Xiphoid process 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 58. Also known as the shoulder girdle Clavicles Scapulae Supports upper limbs True shoulder joint is simply the articulation of the humerus and scapula Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Clavicle (a) Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 59. Articulate with manubrium Articulate with scapulae (acromion process) A-C joint Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Clavicle (a) Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 60. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Acromion process Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Suprascapular notch Superior border Supra- glenoid tubercle Infra- glenoid tubercle Coracoid process Acromion process Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Lateral (axillary) border Subscapular fossa Medial (vertebral) border (a) (b) (c) Spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Acromion process Coracoid process Glenoid fossa or cavity
  • 61. Humerus Radius Ulna (Interosseous membrane) Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Olecranon process Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna Olecranon fossa Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Humerus Humerus Ulna Ulna Radius (c) (d) (a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. d: © Martin Rotker
  • 62. Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum Trochlea Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Capitulum Trochlea Deltoid tuberosity Head Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Greater tubercle (a) (b) Lateral epicondyle Coronoid fossa Intertubercular groove Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Anatomical neck Surgical neck Lateral epicondyle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 63. Lateral forearm bone Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process Head of ulna Ulna Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process (b) (a) Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 64. Medial forearm bone Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process Head of ulna Ulna Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process (b) (a) Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 65. Carpal Bones (16 total bones) Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Metacarpal Bones (10) Phalangeal Bones (28) Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Trapezium (a) (b) Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Ulna Radius Lunate Hamate Triquetrum Pisiform Phalanges 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx Metacarpals (metacarpus) Carpals (carpus) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 66. Coxal Bones (2) Supports trunk of body Protects viscera Forms pelvic cavity Sacrum Sacral promontory Sacroiliac joint Acetabulum Pubis Symphysis pubis (a) Pubic arch Ischium Pubic tubercle Ilium Obturator foramen Ischium Coccyx Sacral hiatus Sacrum (b) Ilium Sacral canal Pubis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) c: © Martin Rotker
  • 67. Also known as the coxae: Acetabulum There are three (3) bones: 1. Ilium Iliac crest Iliac spines Greater sciatic notch 2. Ischium Ischial spines Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity 3. Pubis Obturator foramen Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Iliac crest Iliac crest Iliac fossa Ilium Ilium Ischium Ischium Pubis Pubis Ischial spine Obturator foramen Acetabulum Pubic crest Pubic tubercle (b) (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen
  • 68. Greater Pelvis Lumbar vertebrae posteriorly Iliac bones laterally Abdominal wall anteriorly Lesser Pelvis Sacrum and coccyx posteriorly Lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones laterally and anteriorly Sacral promontory Flared ilium Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Pubic arch (a) Female pelvis (b) Male pelvis Sacral promontory Sacral curvature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 69. Female pelvis Iliac bones more flared Broader hips Pubic arch angle greater More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities Sacral curvature shorter and flatter Lighter bones Why? Sacral promontory Flared ilium Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Pubic arch (a) Female pelvis (b) Male pelvis Sacral promontory Sacral curvature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 70. Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Metatarsals Fibula Tibia T ibia Patella Femur Fibula (c) Lateral view Fibula T ibia Lateral condyle (d) Posterior view (b) Medial condyle Femur T arsals Phalanges Femur Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 71. Longest bone of body Head Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Condyles Epicondyles Neck Head Fovea capitis (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera
  • 72. Aka kneecap Anterior surface of the knee joint Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon Metatarsals Fibula Tibia T ibia Patella Femur Fibula (c) Lateral view Fibula T ibia Lateral condyle (d) Posterior view (b) Medial condyle Femur T arsals Phalanges Femur Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 73. Aka shin bone Medial to fibula Condyles Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Makes the medial malleolus Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 74. Lateral to tibia Long, slender Head Makes the lateral malleolus Non-weight bearing Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 75. Tarsal Bones (14) Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral (3 rd ) cuneiform Intermediate (2 nd ) cuneiform Medial (1 st ) cuneiform Metatarsal Bones (10) Phalanges (28) Proximal Middle Distal (b) Tibia Fibula T alus Navicular Phalanges Calcaneus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Medial cuneiform Metatarsals (metatarsus) Tarsals (tarsus) Calcaneal tuberosity
  • 76. Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Metatarsals (metatarsus) Tarsals (tarsus) 5 4 3 2 1 (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
  • 77. Decrease in height at about age 30 Calcium levels fall Bones become brittle Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts Spongy bone weakens before compact bone Bone loss rapid in menopausal women Hip fractures common Vertebral compression fractures common
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  • 79. Important Points in Chapter 7: Outcomes to be Assessed 7.1: Introduction Discuss the living tissues found in bone even though bone appears to be inert. 7.2: Bone Structure Classify bones according to their shapes and name an example from each group. Describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure of a long bone and list the functions of these parts. 7.3: Bone Development and Growth Distinguish between intramembranous and endchondral bones and explain how such bones develop and grow. Describe the effects of sunlight, nutrition, hormonal secretions, and exercise on bone development and growth.
  • 80. Important Points in Chapter 7: Outcomes to be Assessed 7.4: Bone Function Discuss the major functions of bone. 7.5: Skeletal Organization Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons, and name the major parts of each. 7.6: Skull – 7.12: Lower Limb Locate and identify the bones and the major features of the bones that comprise the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb. Describe the differences between male and female skeletons. 7.13: Lifespan Changes Describe lifespan changes in the skeletal system.
  • 81. Quiz 7 Complete Quiz 7 now! Read Chapter 8.