Chapter 1 A World Of Regions
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This document provides an overview of world regions and geography. It discusses how geography influences cultures and economies. Regions are defined and classified in various ways, including formally by shared attributes and functionally by economic organization. Forces like globalization are increasing interconnectivity between regions. The document examines topics like population trends, economic development, social issues, the environment, and political structures at regional and global scales. Regional geography combines physical and human perspectives to holistically study territories and the relationships between communities worldwide.
Chapter 1 A World Of Regions
- 1. World Regions in Global Context: Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rd. ed) Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman Chapter 1: A World of Regions Robert M. Arthur
- 2. Geography matters • Global differences in Cultures, Resources, Capital, Spatial Organization, & Territoriality Geographic Study • Appreciate the variety of the world’s people and places • Understand the relationships between the world’s communities • Help with regional, national & global development The Power of Geography
- 3. Geographic Study • Physical Geography Examines how natural forces shape the Earth • Human Geography • How human interaction modifies the environment and the spatial organization of human activity Regional Geography • Combines both physical & human approaches • Holistic examination of territories The Power of Geography
- 4. Regions Region • Large size territories (such as counties, provinces, and countries, or large sections of countries such as the Midwest USA) that encompass many places, all or most of which share a set of attributes that differ from the attributes of places that make up a different region.
- 5. A World of Regions Regions are dynamic, changing • A two-way process of people’s activities changing their environment and people being affected by their environment • Created by people responding to the opportunities and constraints presented by their environments
- 6. Setting the Boundaries – World Regions
- 7. Regionalization • Classification Logical Division Grouping Homogeneity Formal Regions • High degree of homogeneity Functional Regions • Characterized by functional organization of human occupancy The Regional Approach
- 8. Regions - Formal - Functional - Vernacular
- 9. Geography & Interdependence “The tangible partitioning of space within which different processes operate” Interdependent World Regions National States Supranational Organizations
- 10. Regionalization The geographer’s classification of individual places or areal units The geographers equivalent of scientific classification
- 11. Boundaries and Frontiers Define space, encompass territory. • Permeable: Allow the flow of goods and people across them. • Impermeable: Act as barriers to movement of goods and people. Frontier Regions
- 12. Regionalism & Sectionalism Regionalism: • When individuals begin to relate stronger to their region than their country, then separatist movements can occur. Sectionalism Irredentism
- 13. Geopolitical Framework Nations vs. States Ethnic Separatism – Centripetal vs. Centrifugal Forces Basques in Spain
- 14. Globalization The increasing interconnectedness of the world’s regions. Resulting from: • Technological Factors - Advances in communications Advances in information handling Advances in transportation • Economic factors – Multinational corporations Trade associations between countries • Political factors – Supranational governments (EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, etc)
- 15. Issues of Scale Global to Local Example of Call Centers (Back Office Jobs) • Are we in Nebraska or in India?? Call Center in Mumbai, India
- 16. Globalization Transnational Corporations Commodity Chains Global Stratification • Neo-liberal Policies
- 17. Globalization and Population Change Unevenly distributed, 3 major areas of high density, China, India & Europe. Near water, oceans, seas, lakes or rivers, temperate, low lying areas with fertile soils. 6 billion now, projected to rise to 10 billion by 2050.
- 18. Demographic Transition Model Attempts to link population growth to Industrial Growth.
- 19. Population Growth and Change
- 21. Globalization and Cultural Change The global spread of common architectural forms, dress, ‘fast food’, entertainment, & the English language. • These changes do have local character and are not universal. • Many local fashions, foods, etc. are exported around the world, not just those of the developed world.
- 22. Diversity Amid Globalization Globalization • Increasing Interconnectedness • Human and Physical Environments • Continual Reorganization of Global and Local Geographies Figure 1.0 Contemporary and Traditional Landscapes in Shanghai
- 23. Alternative Images of Globalization Southwestern India Washington, D.C. demonstration Guilin, China
- 24. Cultural Globalization McDonald’s in Thailand … … Linguistic Diversity in Maryland
- 25. Economic Globalization – Formal Figure 1.10
- 27. Economic Development, Technology, and Social Well-Being Uneven global distribution of natural resources and of energy sources • Favors a few countries while leaving others disadvantaged • Political factors important too Japan has few resources unfavorable conditions (war, civil strife, corrupt governments, poor infrastructure) • Technology facilitates the shift of energy and natural resource inputs to cheaper sources
- 29. Technology Systems 1790 – 1840: • Water & steam, textiles, ironworking • Canals & turnpikes 1840 – 1890: • Coal powered steam, machine tools, steel • Railroads & world-wide shipping 1890 – 1950: • Internal combustion power, oil, plastics, electrical • Aircraft, automobiles, radio & telecommunications 1950 – 1990: • Nuclear power, electronics, petrochemicals • Global air routes, highways 1990 - ?: • Solar energy, robotics, microelectronics, biotechnology & IT
- 30. Economic Sectors Primary Activity: • Natural resource extraction Secondary Activity: • Manufacturing or processing of natural resources Tertiary Activity: • Sale and exchange Quaternary Activity: • Information processing and handling
- 31. Economic Development Gross Domestic Product (GDP): • All goods and services produced by a country in one year Gross National Product (GNP): • All goods, services and income or loss generated abroad from investments, bank accounts, etc. Measures the overall wealth of a country, not how that wealth is distributed. • Divide by the population to give GDP per capita.
- 34. Social Well-Being Human Development Index – UN: Measures distribution of wealth, education, infant mortality, life expectancy, gender issues & many other factors
- 35. Social Development – Health and Education < Receiving a polio vaccine in Jakarta Women and Literacy
- 36. Development & Gender Equality Global inequality of female income & attainment • In many countries women perform most of the work
- 37. Earth System Science Dynamic Processes Plate Tectonics • Continental Drift • Continental Shield Alfred Wegener
- 38. Plate Tectonics
- 39. Seasons, Weather & Climate Earth’s Orbit • Axial Tilt • Equinox • Summer Solstice • Winter Solstice Weather • At a specific time & place Rain Snow Windy Climate • Average conditions over longer time frames Seasonality Monsoons
- 40. Atmospheric Circulation Hadley Cells • Trade Winds • Westerlies • Jet Streams • Subtropical Highs • Intertropical Convergence Zone • Polar Fronts
- 41. Precipitation Convectional Precipitation • Equatorial Orographic Precipitation • Rising air over mountains
- 43. World Ecosystems Ecosystems • Biomes Biogeography • Biodiversity
- 44. Climate Change Natural Processes • Glaciers • Volcanoes • Tectonics Human Processes • Greenhouse Gases • Carbon Dioxide • Water Vapor • Aerosols
- 45. World-System Economic Ties • Capitalism • Communism Immanuel Wallerstein Interdependent • Core • Semi-Periphery • Periphery • Consolidation of the World Economy • Spatial Justice
- 46. Organizing the Core Division of Labor • Separation of productive processes • Gender division of labor Standardization • Time • Space • Measure • Value • Money Organizes labor Facilitates trade Supports Industry Supports credit
- 47. National Identities Nation Nation-State Nationalism Diaspora
- 48. Commodification of Nature Judeo-Christian View Earlier View, Organic: • Nature as nurturing and chaotic • Both considered female Enlightenment • Rationalize the nurturing • Tame the chaotic Commodify
- 49. Organizing the Periphery Exploration Settlement 1870s on – • Growth of colonies Leadership Cycles Hegemony • Imperial Overstretch Imperialism Colonialism • Britain • Germany • France • The Netherlands • U.S. • Japan Carving of Africa
- 52. International Division of Labor Specialization of regions & peoples • Supply the core • Comparative Advantage • Non-Competitive World Economic Geography International Trade Routes
- 55. Discovery or Invasion Economic, Political, & Religious Motives Supposed Superiority of the West Transformation and Destruction of Local Systems
- 56. Development Theory Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth • Assumes that poverty and lack of development are the problems • Also assumes that poor countries need to emulate Western growth Developmentalism
- 57. Neoliberalism World Bank International Monetary Fund (IMF) Structural Adjustment • Privatization • Export Production • Removal of Import Restrictions • Encourage Foreign Investment • Reduce Government Budgets Food Subsidies, Welfare Programs, Health Care, Education usually first to suffer
- 58. Key Factors of Globalization New International Division of Labor • Decline of U.S. as an Industrial Producer • Decentralization of Manufacturing Production • Specializations Within the Core Internationalization of Finance • Global Banking & Financial Markets • World Cities
- 59. Key Factors of Globalization New Technology Systems • Energy Technologies • Manufacturing & Management Technologies • Communications & Transportation Time-Space Convergence Homogenization of Consumer Markets • World Products • Materialism • Advertising & Entertainment
- 60. Key Factors of Globalization Transnational Corporations • Limited Liability Corporations • Investments & Activities Span International Boundaries • Exercise of Power Over Peripheral States • Export of Jobs to Cheaper Labor Markets Footloose Companies Transnational Economic Integration
- 61. Urban Structure Seattle and Industry Contrasts between high and low income – New Delhi
- 62. Cultural Diversity Cultural Collisions … and Hybridization Figure 1.33 Figure 1.35 Gujarat, India South Asia
- 63. Culture (cont’d) Cultural Imperialism Cultural Nationalism Cultural Syncretism or Hybridization Figure 1.34a–c
- 64. Language … Figure 1.36 Figure 1.37 Dubai, UAE
- 65. … and Religion Figure 1.38
- 66. World Regions in Global Context: Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rd. ed) Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman End of Chapter 1: A World of Regions