CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT CLASS 8TH
Download as DOCX, PDF0 likes3,738 views
This document discusses key concepts related to microorganisms. It defines microorganisms as tiny living things too small to see, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. It notes that pathogens are microbes that cause disease, while antibiotics inhibit or kill other microbes. It also describes several important roles of microbes, such as fermentation in food production, biodegradation to recycle nutrients, nitrogen fixation to fertilize soil, and biocontrol as a natural pesticide alternative. Probiotics are discussed as beneficial gut microbes in fermented foods and supplements.
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT CLASS 8TH
- 1. CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT 1. Crop: A cultivated plant grown on a large scale commercially or by farmers for food, fiber, or other agricultural products. 2. Agriculture: The practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and raising livestock for human use or consumption. 3. Cultivation: The act or process of preparing land and growing crops. 4. Plowing: The process of turning over the soil using a plow to prepare it for planting and improve soil aeration and water infiltration. 5. Sowing: The act of planting seeds or placing seedlings into the soil for growth. 6. Weeding: The removal of unwanted plants (weeds) from cultivated areas to prevent competition with crops. 7. Irrigation: The artificial application of water to crops to ensure proper growth, especially during dry periods when rainfall is insufficient. 8. Fertilizers: Substances added to soil or plants to provide essential nutrients for plant growth and improve soil fertility. 9. Manure: Organic material, such as animal waste, used as a fertilizer to enrich the soil with nutrients. 10. Harvesting: The process of gathering mature crops from fields for consumption or further processing. 11. Storage: The preservation of harvested crops for future use, typically in silos, barns, or warehouses. 12. Sustainable Agriculture: Farming practices that aim to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, often involving conservation and environmental stewardship. MCQ 1. What is the primary source of energy for crop plants? a) Sunlight b)Water c) Soil nutrients d) Carbon dioxide 2. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for germination? a) Sunlight b) Water c) Suitable temperature d) Oxygen 3. Which of the following practices involves the removal of weeds from a field? a) Irrigation b) Plowing c) Weeding d) Harvesting 4. Which nutrient is not provided by chemical fertilizers? a) Nitrogen b) Phosphorus c) Potassium d) Humus 5. Which irrigation method delivers water directly to the root zone of plants? a) Drip irrigation b) Flood irrigation c) Sprinkler irrigation d) Rainfed irrigation 6. What is the primary purpose of applying fertilizers to crops? a) To control pests and diseases b) To improve soil structure c) To provide essential nutrients d) To prevent soil erosion 7. Which of the following is a leguminous crop that can fix atmospheric nitrogen? a) Rice b) Wheat c) Soybean d) Maize 8. Crop rotation helps in: a) Maintaining soil fertility b) Controlling pests and diseases
- 2. c) Improving water availability d) All of the above 9. Which of the following is NOT a method of weed control? a) Hand weeding b) Mulching c) Herbicide application d) Fertilizer spraying 10. What is the primary reason for plowing the field before sowing seeds? a) To remove weeds b) To increase soil temperature c) To improve soil aeration and water retention d) To provide mechanical support to the plants NCERT: Question 1. Select the correct word from the following list and fill in the blanks. float, water, crop, nutrients, preparation (a) The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called CROP (b) The first step before growing crops is PREPRATION of the soil. (c) Damaged seeds would FLOATon top of the water. (d) For growing a crop, sufficient sunlight and WATER and NUTRIENTS from the soil are essential. Question 2. Match items in column A with those in column B. A B (i) Kharif crops (a) Food for cattle (ii) Rabi crops (b) Urea and superphosphate (iii) Chemical fertilisers (c) Animal excreta, cow dung, urine and plant waste (iv) Organic manure (d) Wheat, gram, pea (e) Paddy and maize Answer: (i) (e) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (c) Question 3. Give two examples of each. (a) Kharif crop (b) Rabi crop Answer: (a) Kharif crop: Paddy and maize (b) Rabi crop: Wheat and gram Question 4. Write a paragraph in your own words on each of the following. (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing Answer: (a) Preparation of soil: Soil preparation is necessary before growing a crop. It involves tilling and
- 3. loosening the soil. This allows the roots to penetrate deep in the soil and to breath easily even when they are deep. (b) Sowing: The process of putting seeds into the soil is called sowing. The tool used traditionally for sowing seeds is funnel-shaped. Nowadays a seed drill is used for sowing with the help of tractors. This tool sows the seed uniformly at a proper distance and depth. (c) Weeding: Some undesirable plants grow along with crop and these unwanted plants are called weeds. The process of removing these unwanted plants is called weeding. (d) Threshing: The process of separating the grain seeds from the chaff is called threshing. Question 5. Explain how fertilisers are different from manure. Answer: Fertilisers Manures (i) A fertiliser is an inorganic salt. (i) Manure is a natural substance obtained by the decomposition of cattle dung, human waste and plant residues. (ii) A fertiliser is prepared in factories. (ii) Manure can be prepared in the fields. (iii) A fertiliser does not provide any humus to the soil. (iii) Manure provides a lot of humus to the soil. (iv) Fertilisers are very rich in plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. (iv) Manure is relatively less rich in plant nutrients. Question 6. What is irrigation? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water. Answer: The artificial method of watering the plants for assisting in their growth is called irrigation. Main sources of irrigation are wells, tube-wells, ponds, lakes, rivers. Two methods which help us to conserve water are: (i) Sprinkler irrigation system: This irrigation system has an arrangement of vertical pipes with rotating nozzles on the top. It is more useful in the uneven and sandy land where sufficient water is not available. (ii) Drip irrigation system: This irrigation system has an arrangement of pipes or tubes with very small holes in them to water plants drop by drop just at the base of the root. It is very efficient as water is not wasted at all. Question 7. If wheat is sown in the kharif season, what would happen? Discuss. Answer: Wheat crop is sown from November/December to March/April. It is grown in winter and requires less water. If wheat is sown in Kharif season, its production will be decreased considerably. Question 8. Explain how soil gets affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field. Answer: Continuous plantation of crops makes the soil poorer in certain nutrients as the crops take up nutrients from the soil. The soil becomes infertile. It does not get enough time to replenish the nutrients. Question 9. What are the weeds? How can we control them? Answer: The undesirable and unwanted plants which grow naturally along with the crop are called weeds. The growth of weeds can be controlled by adopting many ways. Tilling before sowing of crops helps in the
- 4. uprooting and killing of weeds, which may then dry up and get mixed with the soil. Weeds are also controlled by using certain chemicals, called weedicides. Weedicides are sprayed in the fields to kill the weeds. Question 10. Arrange the following boxes in the proper order to make a flow chart of sugarcane crop production. Answer: Question 11. Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues given below. Down 1. Providing water to the crops. 2. Keeping crop grains for a long time under proper conditions. 5. Certain plants of the same kind grown on a large scale. Across 3. A machine used for cutting the matured crop. 4. A rabi crop that is also one of the pulses. 6. A process of separating the grain from the chaff. Answer:
- 5. CHAPTER 2 Microorganisms: Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Pathogens: Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans. They can infect their host and cause illness or harm. Antibiotics: Antibiotics are chemicals produced by certain microorganisms or synthetically that can inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms. They are commonly used to treat bacterial infections. Fermentation: Fermentation is a metabolic process performed by microorganisms, such as yeast or bacteria, in the absence of oxygen. It involves the conversion of sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol, often used in food production, such as in the making of bread, yogurt, and alcoholic beverages. Biodegradation: Biodegradation is the process by which microorganisms break down organic substances into simpler compounds, contributing to the recycling of nutrients in ecosystems. It is used in waste management and environmental cleanup. Nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen fixation is the process by which certain microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia or other nitrogen compounds that plants can use for growth. This process is essential for maintaining soil fertility and is often carried out by symbiotic bacteria in the roots of leguminous plants. Biocontrol: Biocontrol is the use of living organisms, such as predators, parasites, or pathogens, to control pests and diseases in agriculture. It is an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. Probiotics: Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms, such as certain bacteria or yeasts, that when consumed in adequate amounts, confer health benefits on the host. They are commonly found in fermented foods and dietary supplements and can improve gut health.