Chapter 15.1 : Properties of Acids and Bases
- 1. Acids and bases Chapter 15.1 Properties
- 2. Objectives:List five general properties of aqueous acids and bases.Name common binary acids and oxyacids, given their chemical formulas.List five acids commonly used in industry and the laboratory, and give two properties of each.Define acid and base according to Arrhenius’s theory of ionization.Explain the differences between strong and weak acids and bases.
- 3. Common acids and basesVinegar acetic acidSour milk lactic acidCarbonated beverages phosphoric acidLemons/oranges citric acidApplesmalic acidGrape juice tartaric acid Household ammonia ammoniaLye sodium hydroxideMilk of Magnesia magnesium hydroxideBaking soda sodium bicarbonate
- 6. AcidsProperties of aqueous solutionsSour tasteDon’t ever taste an acid in lab!!!!!They are corrosive and destroy body tissue and clothing. Most are poisons.Change color of acid – base indicatorsSome react with active metals to release hydrogen gas, H2Ba(s) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(aq) + H2(g)Acids react with bases to produce salts and water.“Neutralized”NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)Some acids conduct electric currentsaltwater
- 7. Acid NomenclatureBinary AcidsAcid that contains only two different elementsHydrogen and one of the more electronegative elementsHF, HCl, HBr, and HINaming Binary AcidsBegins with prefix hydro-Root of the name of second elementEnds with suffix –icHF hydrofluoric acid HCl hydrochloric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HI hydroiodic acid H2S hydrosulfuric acid
- 8. Acid NomenclatureNaming oxyacidsOxyacid is an acid that is a compound of hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element, usually a nonmetal.List on page 455 textbookFour possibilitiesHClO4 perchloric acid 1 extra Oxy.HClO3 chloric acid Chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid 1 less Oxy.HClO hypochlorous acid 2 less Oxy.Number of oxygen's determine name
- 9. Some common Industrial AcidsSulfuric AcidMost commonly produced industrial acid in the world47 million tons made each year in US aloneUsesPetroleum refiningMetallurgyMaking fertilizerUsed in makingMetals, paper, paint, dyes, detergents, car batteries
- 10. Nitric AcidVolatile, unstable liquid rarely used in industry or labs in pure formStains proteins yellowSuffocating odor, stains skin, causes serious burnsUsesExplosivesUsed to makeRubber, plastics, dyes, pharmaceuticalsPhosphoric Acid
- 11. Bulk produced each year is used in
- 12. Manufacturing fertilizers and animal feed
- 13. Dilute – gives a pleasant , sour taste and is NOT toxic
- 14. Uses
- 15. Flavoring agent in soft drinks
- 16. Cleaning agent in dairy products
- 17. Used to make
- 18. Detergents and ceramicsHydrochloric AcidProduced in stomach for digestionIndustrially“pickling” iron and steelGeneral cleaning agent, in food processingActivation of oil wellsRecover magnesium from sea waterAcetic Acid
- 19. Concentrated – clear, colorless, pungent smelling liquid
- 20. Freezing point is 17 Celcius
- 21. White Vinegar contains 4 – 8% acetic acid
- 22. Uses
- 24. fungicideHCl in Food Processing
- 25. BasesProperties of aqueous solutions
- 26. Bitter taste - soap
- 27. Don’t ever taste an acid in lab!!!!!
- 28. They are corrosive and destroy body tissue and clothing. Most are poisons.
- 29. Change color of acid – base indicators
- 30. Dilute aqueous solutions of bases feel slippery
- 31. Acids react with bases to produce salts and water.
- 32. “Neutralized”
- 33. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
- 34. Some bases conduct electric currentsaltwater
- 35. Arrhenius Acids and BasesArrhenius AcidChemical compound that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+, in aqueous solutions.In other words, acids ionize in solution, INCREASING the number of hydrogen ions presentArrhenius BaseSubstance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions, OH-, in aqueous solutions.Remove hydrogen ions forming hydroxides.Acids and bases are molecular compounds, BUT form electrolyte solutions
- 36. Aqueous solutions of AcidsAcid molecules are polar, will dissolve in waterProduce hydronium ions, H3O+Ionization of HNO3HNO3 (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)Strength of AcidsStrong Acid
- 37. One that ionizes completely in aqueous solution.
- 38. Strong electrolyteH2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+(aq) + HSO4- (aq)
- 39. Weak Acid
- 40. Weak electrolyte, doesn’t ionize completelyHCN (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+(aq) + CN- (aq)Aqueous Solutions of BasesBases dissociateDissociates completely to yield OH- ionsAlkalineNaOH (s) Na+(aq) + OH- (aq)Not all bases are ionicExample: NH3NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq)