Chapter 17- The Development of the West
- 1. Chapter 17 The Transformation of the West 1450 - 1750
- 2. Italian Renaissance Challenge of medieval values and styles Boccaccio and Petrarch promote values in their writing that is contrary to medieval logic and theology Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince – political theory, discussed realistic ways to seize and maintain power. Humanism – focus on human kind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor Religion isn’t attacked, but is no longer the dominant focus
- 3. Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince Published in 1513 Combined personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power “The end justifies the means” (do what you gotta do) Ruthless power politics, use whatever methods necessary to achieve goals Controversy? - some see this as an excuse to be corrupt and deceitful politicians
- 4. Influence? Commerce – merchants improve banking techniques, b/m more openly profit-seeking Political – leaders rule with emphasis on what they could do to advance the well-being and glory of their city Develop professional armies Sponsored cultural activities
- 5. Italian City-States Florence, Milan, Venice, Genoa, Rome, Naples, etc. Because Italy was the center of the Roman Empire, Italy was a natural place for the birth of the Renaissance. Merchant class – wealthy and powerful, promoted cultural revival. Stressed education, individual achievement, and lavishly supported the arts.
- 7. Northern Renaissance Albrecht Durer – “German Leonardo” Studied in Italy Wide-range of interests, painted and created engravings Engravings – artists etches a design on a metal plate with acid and uses the plate to make prints Flemish painters – develop oil paint, which survives time more successfully Hubert van Eyck Paintings of townspeople and religious scenes, realistic details Pieter Bruegel Vibrant colors to portrayal lively scenes of peasant life Peter Paul Rubens Enormous paintings of pagan figures from the classical past
- 8. Albrecht Durer – Praying Hands
- 11. Jan van Eyck – The Arnolfini Marriage
- 12. The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin
- 14. Pieter Bruegel – Peasant Wedding
- 16. Children’s Games
- 17. Northern Humanists Erasmus –(Desiderius) Thought Bible should be translated to vernacular The Praise of Folly – uses humor to expose ignorant and immoral behavior by limiting church to Latin it is as if “the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it” Thomas More’s Utopia Ideas society in which men and women live in peace and harmony, no one is idle, all are educated, justice is used to end crime Utopian “ideal society”
- 19. Writers for a New Audience Shakespeare – England Renaissance playwright and poet 1590-1613 – wrote 37 plays Increases vocab of the English language – over 1,700 words (bedroom, lonely, generous, gloomy, heartsick, etc)
- 20. Printing Revolution 1456- Johann Gutenberg, Mainz, Germany Developed movable type Created first printing press and the first complete edition of the Bible By 1500 over 20 million volumes were printed Cheaper and easier to produce Literacy rates increase Broad range of knowledge
- 21. Martin Luther Was a devout Catholic, served as a monk, tried to continually bring himself closer to God Nails his Ninety-five Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany on All Hallows Eve, 1517 Protests sale of indulgences (“Heaven Insurance” for you and your loved ones – dead or alive!) Salvation by faith alone; he opposed the Catholic Church’s beliefs in penance and good works Bible is the only authority for Christian life; Pope is a false authority Priesthood of all believers – each person should have an individual relationship with God and should read/interpret the Bible for him/herself All people are equal in the eyes of God
- 22. Wrote many books, essays, and letters – which are quickly printed and spread throughout Luther was not easily silenced – he ideas shake Europe
- 23. Pope Leo X issues a Papal Bull June 15,1520 and threatens to excommunicate Luther unless he recanted Luther and his students at the University of Witten berg burned the Papal Bull in a bonfire Pope excommunicates Luther
- 24. Charles V – HRE 1521 – summons Luther to the Imperial Diet at Worms to stand trial Refuses to recant his ideas, “Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason…my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. Amen.” Charles V replies – “A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong…I will proceed against him as a notorious heretic” Charles V issues Edict of Worms – declaring Luther an outlaw and heretic
- 25. Frederick the Wise – German prince of Saxony, protects Luther in his castle for the first year after the Diet of Worms Spends the year translating the New Testament into German Luther’s ideas were practiced – priests began leading worship in German, calling themselves “ministers” People give up on trying to reform the Catholic Church and become a group known as Lutherans
- 26. Changing Views of the Universe Copernicus Heliocentric theory – sun is center of universe, Earth revolves around sun On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres Tycho Brahe Evidence to support Copernicus’s theory Galileo Assembled astronomical telescope Sees Jupiter with moons rotating around it, like Copernicus’s claim of the Earth around the sun Condemned for challenging Christian teachings that the heavens are fixed, unmoving and perfect Tried before the Inquisition, was threatened death if he didn’t rescind his claims (he gives in)
- 27. Absolute monarchies “Reality checkers” – Parliament/Estates General
- 28. Extending Spanish Power Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire Inherits huge empire – Spain and the Austrian Hapsburg Empire Reign of continual conflict Protestant Reformation Ottoman empire and Suleiman – up to Vienna Charles V divides his empire, gives up his titles, and enters a monastery in 1556 HRE lands to bro- Ferdinand Spain and Netherlands to his son, Philip (Philip II)
- 29. King Philip II of Spain 1556-1598 Hard-working Devout and ambitious 42 year reign Made his own power absolute Claimed divine right Saw himself as guardian of the Catholic Church and worked to strengthen it Enforced religious unity Spanish Inquisition against Protestants and heretics
- 30. Netherlands viciously revolted for freedom from Spain’s reign Revolts in the 1560’s, 1581 – Dutch Netherlands (they’re Protestant btw), not official til 1648 Queen Elizabeth I of England is the archenemy (she and England are Protestant) Queen Elizabeth secretly, then openly supported the Netherlands efforts for freedom Encouraged Sea Dogs (English privateers) to plunder Spanish treasure ships British navy defeats the Spanish Armada Spanish had 130 ships 20,000 men and 2,400 artillery Long term effects of this event!!!
- 32. 1600s Spain’s power and prosperity begin to decline Lack of strong leadership Economic issues Overseas wars drain wealth Treasure from the Americas caused imbalance – Spain neglected their agriculture and commerce Expulsion of Muslims and Jews caused a deficit of skilled artisans and merchants American gold and silver caused soaring inflation
- 33. France under Louis XIV Huguenots – French Protestants Catholicism is majority in France St. Bartholomew’s Day, August 24, 1572 – Huguenot and Catholic nobles gather to celebrate a royal wedding Violence erupts and 3,000 Huguenots are massacred Many more Huguenots are slaughtered during the next few days St. Bart’s Day Massacre becomes a symbol of a complete deterioration of order in France
- 34. Henry IV Huguenot prince who inherits the French throne in 1589 “Paris is well worth a Mass” Edict of Nantes – 1598 Officially tolerated Huguenots, allowed them to fortify their own towns and cities “a chicken in every pot” Attempt to mend peasant life Improves roads, builds bridges, revives agriculture **by reducing role of nobles, he lays groundwork for absolutism
- 35. Richelieu Henry IV killed by an assassin Louis XIII (his son) becomes king and appoints Cardinal Armand Richeleiu as his chief minister Richelieu – cunning, capable leader, spends his time strengthening the central government Tries to destroy nobles’ power Smashes the walls of Huguenot cities and bans formation of Huguenot armies Defeated private armies of nobles and destroyed their fortified castles Handpicks his successor – Cardinal Jules Mazarin
- 36. Louis XIV, the Sun King Became king at very young age (5 yrs old), Mazarin essentially rules for him The Fronde – uprising of nobles, merchants, peasants, and urban poor rebel, rioters even drive Louis out of the palace (even as a young boy) Mazarin dies 1661 “L’etat, c’est moi” – I am the State – Louis XIV takes responsibility for his reign and becomes an absolute monarch. The Sun – becomes his symbol of absolute power Sun is the center of the universe and I am the center of the nation “I am the State” Doesn’t call up the Estates General during his reign (so his power isn’t checked) From 1614-1789 The Estates General isn’t called up
- 37. Colbert Intendant system – royal officials who collect taxes, recruit soldiers, and carry out king’s policies in each province Army becomes Europe’s best – state paid, fed, trained and supplied up to 300,000 soldiers Jean Baptiste Colbert – brilliant finance minister High tariffs on imports, encouraged overseas colonies, export to colonies Becomes wealthiest state in Europe
- 38. Built in the countryside near Paris Spared no expense Became the king’s home and seat of government Versailles Housed 10,000 people from nobles and officials to servants Elaborate ceremonies and rituals “levee” **Controlling the nobles by luring them to Versailles**
- 39. Triumph of Parliament in England Tudors Line of Successors – While the Tudor rulers believe in divine right, they also gave Parliament consideration King Henry VIII Asked Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy – when they do, the monarch of England becomes the head of the Church of England Parliament becomes used to being consulted Edward VI Mary I Queen Elizabeth I – 1559-1603 Consulted Parliament when needed, made her a very popular ruler Forbade Parliament to meddle with the concept of her marriage (or lack of)
- 40. When Elizabeth dies in 1603, no direct heir Stuarts – ruling family of Scotland, closest relative King James I Butted heads with Parliament Actually dissolves Parliament and collects the taxes he wants on his own Dissenters – Puritans wanted to “purify” the Church of England of Catholic practices Call for simpler services and a more democratic church (no bishops) K. James tells them to leave or he’ll “do worse” King James version of the Bible emerged in 1611
- 41. Charles I – inherits throne in 1625 Behaved like an absolute monarch Imprisoned people without trial and squeezed nation for money 1628 needed to raise taxes again and has to summon Parliament Won’t approve taxation til K. Charles signs the Petition of Right (prohibits king from taxing without Parliament’s approval, and prohibits imprisonment for unjust cause) Signs it, but dissolved Parliament in 1629 Rules for 11 years without them Creates bitter enemies – especially the Puritans 1637 – tries to impose the Book of Common Prayer on the Scottish Calvinists They revolt, Charles summons Parl. To pay for the army needed to take care of the revolt
- 42. The Long Parliament Met on and off from 1640-1653 Parliament tried and executed the King’s chief ministers Declare Parliament can’t be dissolved without their own consent Charles I lashes back Leads troops into the House of Commons to arrest its most radical leaders They escape through the back door and flee to form their own armies
- 43. English Civil War 1642-1649 Cavaliers v. Roundheads Charles I and supporters v. Parliament and supporters – country gentry, town-dwelling manufacturers, and Puritan clergy Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell Skilled general New Model Army By 1647 the king was in the hands of Parliamentary forces
- 44. Parliament puts King Charles on trial Condemned to death as a “tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy” January 1649 “I am a martyr of the people” Says a prayer and then signals the executioner ***Implications in Europe?***
- 45. Shockwave through Europe Kings had been assassinated or killed in battle but never tried and executed by their own people In England – no ruler can claim absolute power and ignore the rule of law
- 46. The Commonwealth The House of Commons abolishes the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Church of England Declares England a republic, called the Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell will serve as their leader
- 48. Puritan Influence “rule of saints” – social revolution Sunday set aside for religious observance Anyone 14 or older caught “profaning” the Lord’s Day could be fined Theatres, lewd dancing, taverns, and gambling are all restricted/closed down Education is highly encouraged so both boys and girls can read the Bible Encourage marriage to be based on love to encourage fidelity Cromwell allowed religious freedom to other Protestants, and even welcomed Jews back into England (after 350+ yrs of exile)
- 49. Lord protector Oliver can’t get along with the Rump Parliament either House of Commons wants to disband Cromwell’s 50,000 man army So he disbands Parliament 1653 – Declares himself Lord Protector Imposes Puritan prohibitions Creates the first written constitution for his “republic”…de facto dictatorship Dies 1658, son Richard succeeds him, but England has had enough
- 50. Cromwell dies 1658 Puritans lose grip on England 1660 – Parliament invites Charles II to take his rightful place as King Monarchy is restored and the people warmly welcome him Reopened taverns and theatres Restored Church of England, tolerated other Protestants
- 51. James II inherits throne 1685 Flaunts his Catholic faith – even appoints Catholics in high office positions English Protestants really worried James II will reinstate Catholicism Parliamentary leaders ask James II’s daughter, Mary and her husband William to become the rulers of the throne
- 52. Glorious Revolution William and Mary come over from the Netherlands James II flees to France Bloodless overthrow of leadership called a “glorious revolution” King William III and Queen Mary II are not crowned until they recognize SEVERAL of Parliament’s conditions English Bill of Rights – requires monarch to summon Parliament regularly and gives the House of Commons “power of the purse” Bars Catholic monarchs Restates traditional rights of English citizens (trial by jury) Abolishes excess fines, cruel or unjust punishment Habeas corpus – no person can be held in prison without first being charged a specific crime Toleration Act 1689 – limits religious freedom to Puritans, Quakers and other dissenters (not Catholics yet); but, only CofE can hold gvt positions
- 53. Enlightenment Early Philosopher – Thomas Hobbes Humans are flawed and need strong, harsh leadership John Locke Natural rights Tabula rasa Social contract Enlightenment Philosophers Rousseau – “Social Contract” Montesquieu – checks and balances
- 55. Chapter 18 – Russia! Russia: the third Rome? Ivan III Ivan IV Time of Troubles oprichniki Michael Romanov
- 56. Peter the Great His Focus (the 3 W’s) Westernization Window to the West Building St. Petersburg Warm water ports Needs to acquire them
- 57. Selective Borrowing Toured all over Europe incognito Shipbuilding from Holland Ballet from France Christmas trees from Germany
- 58. St. Petersburg “Window to the West” Built in 1703 Built on a marsh Capital from 1703-1918
- 59. Organizes military in Western style First navy for Russia Establishes secret police Continually extended territory Builds up industry Some serfs sent to mines and the industrial jobs
- 61. Forcing Westernization Forced on aristocracy Beards Wedding whips (p. 408 Stearns) Western clothes Speaking French
- 62. Marries Peter III Catherine the Prussian princess, converted to Great Orthodoxy once her marriage is arranged Becomes main ruler and helps develop a strong central state Pugachev Rebellion Claims Alaska Fights Ottomans, wins Crimean Sea Partition of Poland – split between Austria, Russia, and Prussia