Chapter 1.pptx
- 1. Tropical Forestry SFB 358 Credit hour (2+0) B.Sc Forestry (Fifth Semester) Prabin Pandit Lecturer Purbanchal University College of Environment and Forestry (PUCEF) foresterpandit@gmail.com
- 2. What is Tropics/Tropical region?
- 4. Concept of Tropics/Tropical Region 0° Equator Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere Tropic of Cancer Arctic Circle 23.5° S 23.5° N 66.5° N 66.5° S
- 5. Concept of Tropics/Tropical Region 0° Equator Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere Tropic of Cancer Arctic Circle 23.5° S 23.5° N 66.5° N 66.5° S Tropics/tropical region
- 7. Distribution of Tropical Forest Almost all of the world’s closed tropical forests are found in 65 tropical countries (source: ITTO,2011)
- 9. Status of the World Forest Source: FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment remote sensing analysis (2014) Regio n Climatic domain Forest area (million hectares) % of world total forest 2010 World Boreal 1190 31 World Subtropical 330 8 World Temperate 630 16 World Tropical 1730 44 Total 3890 100 2010 1190 330 630 1730 31% 8% 16% 44% 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Boreal Subtropical Temperate Tropical Status of World Forest % of world total forest Forest area (million hectares)
- 10. Status of Tropical Forest 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Africa Asia North and Central America Oceania South America World Status of Tropical Forest Forest area (million hectares) 1990 Forest area (million hectares) 2000 Forest area (million hectares) 2010 Region Climatic domain Forest area (million hectares) 1990 2000 2010 Africa Tropical 590 580 560 Asia Tropical 310 290 280 North and Central America Tropical 70 70 70 Oceania Tropical 70 70 70 South America Tropical 820 790 760 World Tropical 1860 1790 1730 Source: FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment remote sensing analysis (2014)
- 11. Status of Forest in the Tropics Source: Hasan / WRI ;State of tropical forests (2020) 54% 17% 7% 5% 4% 13% Amazon Congo Australiasia Sundaland Indo-Burma Rest of the tropics Sundaland; Penisular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Bomeo, and nearby island; Australiasia: New Guinea, Northern Austrilia and nearby islands Share of primary forest
- 12. Source: Hasan / WRI ;State of tropical forests (2020)
- 13. Important Questions At what angle axis of the earth is tilted ? What are the latitude lines of the world? At what degree different latitudinal lines found ? What do you mean by Tropics / tropical region? What is tropical forest? How much area do tropical forest cover? Which is the world biggest rainforest? What is the share of amazon forest area among the tropical forest of the world?
- 14. Types of Tropical Forest
- 15. i. Tropical Moist Evergreen Forest Also called tropical rainforest. Located about 10 degrees north and south of the equator. Where there is very little seasonal variation and the solar day is a constant length all year round. The greatest expanses of equatorial rainforest are found in lowland Amazonia, the Congo Basin, the Southeast Asian islands of Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. A rain forest is simply an area of tall, mostly evergreen trees and a high amount of rainfall (more than 2,000 mm annual rainfall).
- 16. ii. Tropical Moist Semi-Evergreen Forest They are transitional forests between tropical wet evergreen forests (rain forest) and tropical deciduous forests. They are comparatively drier areas compared to tropical wet evergreen forests (rain forest) . As the name implies, some trees in these forests exhibit a seasonal leafless period, with the deciduous component comprising up to one-third of the upper canopy. The increased sunlight reaching the forest floor allows the growth of vigorous understory vegetation not found in lowland equatorial forest. Such moist forest is found in parts of South America, the Caribbean, West Africa, and Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka.
- 17. iii. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest also known as Seasonal tropical forest or tropical mixed forest. Most canopy trees lose their leaves during the dry season. But the dry periods are of short duration. In this type of forest there is a distinct cooler dry season and a distinct wet season. These forests tend to be less diverse and more dwarfed in terms of tree size in comparison to typical equatorial rainforests. Tropical deciduous forests are found in the large part of India, northern Australia and in central America
- 18. iv. Littoral and Swamp Forest Littoral forests and Swamp forests are also called the wetland forests. Littoral forests are forests along the coast featuring salt - tolerant vegetation. Littoral forests occur in patches and narrow strips along the mainland coast.
- 19. iv. Littoral and Swamp Forest Mangroves forest are one of the swampy forest where group of trees and shrubs found in the coastal intertidal zone. Mangrove forest is found in silt-rich, saline (salty water) habitats worldwide, generally along large river deltas, estuaries, and coastal areas. Mangroves are evergreen trees and shrubs that are well adapted to their salty and swampy habitat by having breathing roots (pneumatophores) that emerge from the oxygen-deficient mud to absorb oxygen.
- 20. v. Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest These forest are found in the areas where dry season is comparatively longer. The trees are dense, evergreen and short about 10 to 15 meters high. A complete canopy comprising small leaved evergreen trees of short boles and spreading crowns with some deciduous emergent, without marked differentiation of canopy layers. The East Deccan dry evergreen forests , Sri Lanka dry-zone dry evergreen forests and the Southeastern Indochina dry evergreen forests (occurs in a broad band across northern and central Thailand into Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.) are the three dry evergreen forests in the world. This forest happens to be one of the driest because it is in the rain shadow.
- 21. v. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest tropical dry deciduous forests also called monsoon forests. In tropical dry deciduous forests most canopy trees lose their leaves during the dry season. The period of drought when trees are leafless is 2–6 months. High light levels penetrate the under-storey of these forests for much of the year, and grass species are common. In many regions tropical dry deciduous forests grade into savannah ecosystems. Most of the tropical forest found in Nepal is belongs to this category.
- 22. v. Tropical Thorn Forest The Thorn Forests are found in the semi-arid areas, where the rainfall is less than 70cm. The trees are low (6 to 10 meters maximum) and widely scattered. The vegetation in these forests is thorny trees and bushes. Acacias and Cactus are very prominent. Some grasses also grow in the rainy season. The leaves of the trees and shrubs found have thick and small leaves which helps in minimizing evaporation. The plants are leafless for the majority part of the year and are scattered. The general length of the trees ranges between 6 to 10 meters, which is low as compared to other forms of vegetation or forests.
- 24. Montane Forests "Montane Forest is ecosystem found in mountains”. In this region vegetation differs with altitude. Montane forests occur between the submontane zone and the subalpine zone. Montane forests in temperate climate are typically one of temperate coniferous forest or temperate broadleaf and mixed forest. Montane forests in Mediterranean climate (dry summer climate) are typically mixed conifer and broadleaf forests, with only a few conifer species. In Nepal, Monte forest are found in: Churia region to sub alpine zone.
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