Chapter 22: Respiratory System (#1)
- 1. CHAPTER 22: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (1): ANATOMY Human Anatomy and Physiology II – BIOL153 Nasal cavity Nostril Larynx Trachea Carina of trachea Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung Oral cavity Pharynx Left main (primary) bronchus Left lung Diaphragm
- 2. Goals/Objectives Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway(s) in descending order until you reach the alveoli Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the following: nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx List and describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zone structures Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane
- 3. Nasal cavity Nostril Larynx Trachea Carina of trachea Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung Oral cavity Pharynx Left main (primary) bronchus Left lung Diaphragm The Respiratory System Major function – Respiration Supply body with O2 for cellular respiration; dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration Also functions in olfaction and speech
- 4. Processes of Respiration Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport Internal respiration Respiratory system Circulatory system
- 5. Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy Nasal cavity Nostril Larynx Trachea Carina of trachea Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung Oral cavity Pharynx Left main (primary) bronchus Left lung Diaphragm
- 6. Functional Anatomy © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory zone-site of gas exchange Conducting zone-conduits to gas exchange sites
- 7. The Nose Functions Provides an airway for respiration Moistens and warms entering air Filters and cleans inspired air Serves as resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors
- 8. The Nose – Surface Anatomy Root and bridge of nose Dorsum nasi Ala of nose Apex of nose Naris (nostril)
- 9. The Nose – External Skeletal Framework Frontal bone Nasal bone Septal cartilage Maxillary bone (frontal process) Lateral process of septal cartilage Minor alar cartilages Dense fibrous connective tissue Major alar cartilages
- 10. Nasal Cavity Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Posterior nasal aperture Nasal cavity Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Hard Palate Soft Palate Nasal cavity-within and posterior to external nose Divided by midline nasal septum Posterior nasal apertures (conchae) open into nasopharynx Roof-ethmoid and sphenoid bones Floor–hard (bone) and soft palates (muscle) Nasal vestibule-nasal cavity superior to nostrils Vibrissae (hairs) filter coarse particles from inspired air Rest of nasal cavity lined with mucous membranes Olfactory mucosa Respiratory mucosa
- 11. Paranasal Sinuses Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones Lighten skull; secrete mucus; help to warm Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
- 12. Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Regions of the pharynx Pharynx Muscular tube from base of skull to C6 Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus Composed of skeletal muscle
- 13. Nasopharynx Pharyngeal tonsil Nasopharynx Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Uvula Esophagus Trachea Epiglottis Air passageway posterior to nasal cavity Lining - pseudostratified columnar epithelium Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) on posterior wall Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes drain and equalize pressure in middle ear; open into lateral walls
- 14. Oropharynx Oropharynx Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Esophagus Trachea Epiglottis Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis Lining of stratified squamous epithelium Isthmus of fauces-opening to oral cavity Palatine tonsils- in lateral walls of fauces Lingual tonsil-on posterior surface of tongue
- 15. Laryngopharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea Epiglottis Passageway for food and air Posterior to upright epiglottis Extends to larynx, where continuous with esophagus Lined with stratified squamous
- 16. Larynx Body of hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Epiglottis Thyrohyoid membrane Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Anterior superficial view Functions • Provides patent airway • Routes air and food into proper channels • Voice production • Houses vocal folds
- 17. Epiglottis Thyrohyoid membrane Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Arytenoid muscles Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Fatty pad Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Thyroid cartilage Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right Larynx
- 18. Vocal Folds Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Base of tongue Epiglottis Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Inner lining of trachea Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis Vocal folds in open position; open glottis Vocal ligaments-deep to laryngeal mucosa Attach arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage Contain elastic fibers Form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords) Glottis-opening between vocal folds Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) Superior to vocal folds No part in sound production Help to close glottis during swallowing
- 19. Voice Production Speech-intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis Pitch determined by length and tension of vocal cords Loudness depends upon force of air Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality Sound is "shaped" into language by muscles of pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips
- 20. Trachea – the “windpipe” Esophagus Trachealis muscle Lumen of trachea Posterior Mucosa Submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia Seromucous gland in submucosa Anterior Cross section of the trachea and esophagus Wall composed of three layers: • Mucosa-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells • Submucosa-connective tissue with seromucous glands • Adventitia-outermost layer made of CT; encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
- 21. Trachea – Tissue Composition Goblet cell • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium • Lamina propria (connective tissue) Mucosa Submucosa Hyaline cartilage Seromucous gland In submucosa Photomicrograph of the tracheal wall (320x)
- 22. Bronchi and Subdivisions Superior lobe of right lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Trachea Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Inferior lobe of left lung Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching bronchial (respiratory) tree From tips of bronchial tree conducting zone structures respiratory
- 23. Cilia move mucus to pharynx Cilia Goblet cell secretes mucus. Nucleus of columnar epithelial cell Basement membrane Dust particle Mucus layer traps inhaled particles. Watery saline layer allows cilia to push mucus toward pharynx. Bronchi Epithelium
- 24. Bronchi and Subdivisions Superior lobe of right lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Trachea Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Inferior lobe of left lung
- 25. Changes in the tissue composition of conducting tubes • Epithelium type changes • Support structures change • Amount of smooth muscle increases
- 26. Clicker Question Breathing air through the nose serves multiple functions. What function would be increased when breathing dry air? a) Warming the air b) Delivering the air to the lungs c) Providing a resonance chamber for speech d) Humidifying the air
- 27. Functional Anatomy © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory zone-site of gas exchange Conducting zone-conduits to gas exchange sites
- 28. Respiratory Zone Alveolar duct Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole Alveoli Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar sac Alveolar pores
- 29. Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Smooth muscle Elastic fibers Alveolus Capillaries Capillary/Alveoli Relationship
- 30. Red blood cell in capillary Alveoli (gas-filled air spaces) Type II alveolar cell Type I alveolar cell Capillary Macrophage Endothelial cell nucleus Respiratory membrane Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium Capillary endothelium Capillary Alveolus Nucleus of type I alveolar cell Alveolar pores Red blood cell Alveolus Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane
- 31. Clicker Question Which of the following is not part of the conducting zone? a) Primary bronchi b) Lobar bronchi c) Terminal bronchioles d) Alveolus
- 32. Clicker Question The respiratory membrane is composed of ________. a) the alveolar sacs and pulmonary arteries b) the alveolar membrane, the capillary wall, and their fused basement membrane c) the fusion of the type I and type II alveolar cells d) the cells found between the alveolar pores
- 33. Lungs Trachea Thymus Apex of lung Right inferior lobe Horizontal fissure Right superior lobe Oblique fissure Right middle lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Base of lung Intercostal muscle Rib Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Visceral pleura Left superior lobe Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe Cardiac notch Lung
- 34. Lungs Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown. Posterior Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Pericardial membranes Sternum Vertebra Esophagus (in mediastinum) Root of lung at hilum • Left main bronchus • Left pulmonary artery • Left pulmonary vein Thoracic wall Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum Anterior Left lung Pulmonary trunk Right lung
- 35. Blood Supply
- 36. Lungs Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown. Posterior Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Pericardial membranes Sternum Vertebra Esophagus (in mediastinum) Root of lung at hilum • Left main bronchus • Left pulmonary artery • Left pulmonary vein Thoracic wall Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum Anterior Left lung Pulmonary trunk Right lung
- 37. Pleurae