Chapter 3 Problem Identification.pdf
- 1. For use only with Perreault/Cannon/ McCarthy texts, © 2009 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Problem Identifications Chapter3 2024 Taught by Sung Sophal For use only with BBU, Copyright © 2016, All rights reserved By. SUNG SOPHAL, BBU
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter you should be able to: ❑ Project identification ❑ Problem analysis ❑ Objective analysis ❑ Analysis of strategies 3-2
- 3. 2-3 Needs Identification-Steps There are three steps in the identification phase: ❑ Analysis of the problems ❑ Analysis of objectives ❑ Analysis of strategies
- 4. 2-4 Analysis of the problems ▪ Analysis of the Problems: Involves identifying what the main problems are and establishing the cause and effect relationship between these problems. One main tool used in problem analysis is the “problem tree”. Note: Problem Tree has three parts: 1. A Trunk: is the main problem 2. Roots: represent the cause of the core problem 3. Branches: represent its effects
- 5. 2-5 Analysis of the problems Polluters are not controlled Population not aware of the danger of waste dumpling Existing legal regulation are inadequate to prevent direct discharge of wastewater 40% of households & 20% of business not connected to sewerage network High levels of solid waste dumped into river Most households & factories discharge wastewater directly into the river Wastewater treated in plants does not meet environment standards River water quality is deteriorating High incidence of water diseases & illnesses, particularly among poor families & under 5$ Riverine ecosystem under serious threat, including declining fish stocks Catch and income of fishing families in decline Environment protection agency ineffective & closely aligned with industry interests No public information/educa tion program available Pollution has been a low political priority Inadequate levels of capital investment & poor business planning within local government
- 6. 2-6 ▪ Preparatory steps Before starting work on preparing a problem tree, you must: • Clarify the scope of the investigation or analysis • Inform yourself further: collect and review existing background information on the main issue(s) of concern and on the geographic area(s) • Identify the relevant stakeholder group(s) • Conduct the analysis Analysis of the problems
- 7. 2-7 ▪ Stakeholder Analysis: ▪ For most bilateral aid projects the partner government’s implementing line agencies will be primary stakeholders. Adequate analysis of their roles, interests and capacity to participate should therefore be factored into project preparation. Stakeholder analysis matrix-How affected by the problem(s) Stakeholder How affected by the problem(s)? Capacity/motivation to participate in addressing the problem(s) Relationship with other stakeholders (eg partnership or conflict) Analysis of the problems
- 8. 2-8 ▪ Objective tree should be prepared after the problem tree. While the problem tree shows the cause and effect relationship between problems, the objective tree show the means- end relationship between objectives. Analysis of Objectives
- 9. 2-9 Polluters are effectively controlled Population more aware of the danger of waste dumpling Environment protection agency is effective & more responsive to a broad range of stakeholder interests Public information/ education program established Pollution management is given a higher political priority Improved business planning within Local Government is established, including cost recovery mechanisms New legal regulations are established which are effective in preventing direct discharge wastewater Increase % of households & business are connected to sewerage network The quantity of solid waste dumped into the river is reduced No. of households & factories discharging wastewater directly into the river is reduced Wastewater treatment meets environmental standards River water quality is improved Incidence of water borne diseases & illnesses is reduced, particularly among poor families & under 5$ Threat to the riverine ecosystem is reduced, and fish stocks are increased Catch and income of fishing families is stabilised or increased Analysis of Objectives
- 10. 2-10 Analysis of Alternative Strategies • The aim of strategy analysis is to divide the objectives tree into more consistent smaller sub- units that may compose the core for a project • Each of the sub-units of the objective tree can represent an alternative strategy for the future project • Decision is based on policy priorities, budget, human resources, urgency, social acceptability, etc • Part of the objective tree is possibly not a part of the project but should be considered in the analysis of assumptions and risk
- 11. 2-11 1. RELEVANCE: the strategy corresponds to the needs of the stakeholders 2. EFFECTIVENESS: the lower level objectives of the strategy will contribute to achievement of the project purpose 3. EFFICIENCY: cost-effectiveness of the strategy in transforming the means into results 4. CONSISTENT with policies 5. SUSTAINABILITY of the project 6. ASSUMPTIONS and RISKS Criteria for selection of the project strategy
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