Chapter 31 and 18
- 1. Chapter 25 – The Cold War Begins Section Notes Video The Iron Curtain Falls on Europe The Cold War Begins Healing the Wounds of War The Second Red Scare The Korean War Maps The Iron Curtain, 1948 Divided Germany, 1949 History Close-up The Spread of Communism, Assault on Inchon 1945–1949 Korea The Korean War, 1950–1951 Quick Facts Causes of the Cold War Images Programs for a Safer World Winston Churchill Population, 1950 The GI Bill in Action Visual Summary: The Cold War Hunting Communists Begins Building a Bomb Shelter
- 2. The Iron Curtain Falls on Europe The Main Idea At the end of World War II, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States deepened, leading to an era known as the Cold War. Reading Focus • What were the roots of the Cold War? • What was the Iron Curtain? • How did the United States respond to Soviet actions in Europe? • What was the crisis in Berlin in the late 1940s, and how was it resolved?
- 3. Roots of the Cold War • Philosophical differences between the Soviet Union and the United States reached back to the 1920s. Philosophical Differences • Soviet Union: communism, totalitarian dictatorship • United States: free-enterprise capitalism, republic • Allies during the war, but not truly friends World War II • Soviets wanted British and Americans to open a Conflicts second European front earlier in the war. • U.S. atomic bomb plans worried Soviet Union. • The Soviet Union refused to let Eastern Europe Postwar hold elections as promised at Yalta. Conflicts • The United States resisted Soviet expansion.
- 4. The Iron Curtain • Stalin wanted to retain political and economic control over Eastern Europe. • The Soviets managed to install Communist governments throughout Eastern Europe. – Stalin outlawed political parties or newspapers that opposed the Communists. – The Soviets jailed or killed some political opponents. – The Soviets rigged elections to ensure the success of Communists. • Yugoslavia was the one Eastern European nation that was not under the direct control of Stalin and the Soviet Union. – Josip Broz Tito, a Communist, refused to take orders from the Soviet Union. • The Soviet Union relocated Germans living in Poland and other countries of Eastern Europe.
- 5. The Iron Curtain Western Views of the Iron Curtain • Winston Churchill attacked the Soviet Union for creating an Iron Curtain. • The term reflected Churchill’s belief that communism had created a sharp division in Europe. • Harry S Truman urged his secretary of state to get tough with the Soviets. Soviet Views of the Iron Curtain • Stalin believed that the Iron Curtain was necessary to protect the Soviet Union from western attacks. • Stalin used Churchill’s words to help persuade his people that the United States and Great Britain were their enemies. • He also used this as an excuse to rebuild the military.
- 6. How did the United States respond to Soviet actions in Europe? Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan • George F. • Said that the • An aid program to Kennan created a United States rebuild the policy known as would help people economies of containment. fight against European countries • This policy stated oppressors to create stable that the United • Truman wanted to conditions for States should send aid to Greece democracies resist Soviet and Turkey to help • 17 countries attempts to them fight Soviet received $13.4 expand its power. pressure. billion dollars in aid. • Containment • Congress agreed to • Helped build strong included economic send millions of political support in aid, sanctions, and dollars to Greece Western Europe military force. and Turkey.
- 7. Crisis in Berlin • With the start of the Cold War, it became clear that the Soviets planned to keep their German zone under Communist control. • The British, Americans, and French began to take steps to set up a free, democratic government within their German zones. – The western zone eventually became known as the Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany. • The British, Americans, and French also tried to set up a democratic government in West Berlin. – The Soviets were not happy with the idea of a Western-style government and economy in the middle of the Soviet zone of occupation.
- 8. The Crisis in Berlin Soviets Bloc Traffic The Berlin Airlift NATO Forms • In June 1948 the • British and • In 1949 the U.S. and Soviets announced American planes 6 other nations joined that they would began making Belgium, France, block any road, rail, deliveries to West Luxembourg, the or river traffic into Berlin. Netherlands, and the West Berlin. • The Berlin Airlift U.K. to form NATO. • West Berlin’s continued for • An armed attack residents were cut months and against one would be off from food, coal, months. considered an attack and other products. • Finally, the Soviet against all. • West Berlin was not Union lifted its • Today, 26 countries completely cutoff blockade on May belong to NATO. because it had 12, 1949. airstrips.
- 9. Healing the Wounds of War The Main Idea Following the end of World War II, U.S. military forces—and the rest of the country—faced the challenge of returning to life during peacetime. Reading Focus • What was life like in America after World War II? • What happened in politics in postwar America? • How did the United States and other countries try to build a better world after the war?
- 10. Life in America after World War II • Some experts worried that the postwar drop in industrial needs would hurt the economy. • The nearly 12 million men and women who had been serving in the armed forces were returning to civilian life and would need jobs. – Often jobs were not available. – Women workers, so vital during the war, were pressured to leave their jobs. • The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 was intended to help veterans make the transition to civilian life. • The demand for consumer goods rose sharply after the war. • Labor unions began to make demands. • Racial minorities began to agitate for better opportunities.
- 11. Life in America after World War II • The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 was better known as the GI Bill. The GI Bill • The bill helped veterans transition to civilian life. – Provided money for vets to attend college or receive advanced job training – Helped arrange for home, farm, or business loans – Provided help in finding work as well as a year’s worth of unemployment benefits • Demand for consumer goods rose sharply. • Returning vets built houses, which increased the Increased demand for furniture and appliances. Demand • A baby boom began as Americans began having families.
- 12. Life in America after World War II • During the war, the government prevented labor disputes. Labor • After the war, unions began to seek the increases Unions in wages that were limited during the war. • The number of strikes rose sharply. • In 1947, Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act, which greatly reduced the power of labor unions. • Truman issued Executive Order 9981, which ended Racial segregation in the U.S. armed forces. Minorities • Hispanic veterans joined together in the American GI Forum. – They worked to gain full access for Hispanic veterans to benefits earned by their service during the war.
- 13. Postwar American Politics 1946 Congressional 1948 Presidential Elections Election • Many Democrats • Truman’s popularity was compared Truman low and critics didn’t think unfavorably to Roosevelt. he could win the election. • Republicans began to • Southern Democrats didn’t attack Truman before the like Truman’s support of 1946 congressional civil rights. elections. • Truman set off on a • Inflation was a big issue. whirlwind campaign across the country. • Republicans gained a majority in Congress, • Truman won the election. which made it difficult for Truman to put his • Truman put forward his programs into place. Fair Deal program.
- 14. Building a Better World • People had a strong desire to understand and prevent the causes of war after World Wars I and II. • One result was the establishment of the United Nations (UN). – 50 nations met in June 1945 to create the UN Charter. – The Charter committed its members to respect fundamental human rights, respect treaties and agreements, and to promote the progress and freedom of all people. – Member nations agreed to live in peace. – The Charter called for the use of international organizations to promote economic and social advancement.
- 15. Trying to Build a Better World Human Rights Trade and Economic Development • The UN established the Commission on Human Rights. • At a conference in New Hampshire, leaders agreed to • In December 1948, the create the World Bank and the commission presented the International Monetary Fund. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. • The World Bank provided loans and grants to countries for the • It declared that all human beings purpose of reducing poverty. are born free and equal. • The International Monetary Fund • It called for an end to slavery, promoted orderly financial torture, and inhumane relationships between countries. punishment. • It was designed to prevent • It demanded a variety of civil economic crises and to rights, including the right to encourage trade and economic assembly and the right to access growth. the courts. • Another international • It stated that elementary organization, the General education should be free and Agreement on Tariffs and available to all. Trade set rules and regulations for international trade.
- 16. The Second Red Scare The Main Idea The start of the Cold War and events at home helped trigger a second Red Scare in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Reading Focus • Why was the fear of communism growing in the late 1940s? • What methods and actions did the government use to fight the spread of communism at home? • Who was Senator Joseph McCarthy, and what was his role in the second Red Scare?
- 17. The Growing Fear of Communism Soviet Atomic Weapons Communist China • In September 1949 Truman • Communists in China had announced that the Soviet gained nearly full control of Union had detonated an the country. atomic bomb. • The Nationalist government • This was a shock to the of Chiang Kai-shek fled to nation. Taiwan • Truman began to strengthen • China was in the hands of the nation’s military against the Communist Party under a possible Soviet nuclear the leadership of Mao threat. Zedong. • Americans worried that China increased the Communist threat to the United States.
- 18. Communism in the United States • The House Un-American Activities Committee investigated the full range of radical groups in the United States, including Fascists and Communists. • Truman created a plan to investigate all federal employees. Those found to be disloyal to the United States were barred from federal employment. • The Smith Act made it a crime to call for the overthrow of the U.S. government or belong to an organization that did so. • The McCarran Act limited the rights of Communist organizations. • Several spy cases in the late 1940s fueled fears of communism.
- 19. Fighting Communism at Home • The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) explored the possible Communist influence in the American film industry. Investigating Communism • The Hollywood Ten refused to answer HUAC questions about their beliefs or those of their colleagues. • Many others in Hollywood did testify, for if they didn’t their names were placed on a blacklist. • Truman investigated all federal employees to Truman ensure the loyalty of government officials. and • The investigations turned up little evidence of Loyalty disloyalty. • This investigation made clear that Truman was serious about fighting communism.
- 20. Fighting Communism at Home The Smith Act The McCarran Act Spy Cases • Truman charged • This act required • Alger Hiss— several leaders of Communist convicted of the Communist organizations to being a spy for Party in the register with the the Soviets United States government. under this act. • Klaus Fuchs—a • It established a Manhattan • The act made it a special board to Project scientist crime to call for investigate who gave atomic the overthrow of Communist bomb the U.S. involvement. information to government. the Soviets • Made it illegal to • The leaders were plan a totalitarian • Ethel and Julius convicted and dictatorship Rosenberg— their convictions convicted of were upheld in • Prevented passing secrets Dennis v. United Communists from to the Soviets States. entering the and executed United States
- 21. Joseph McCarthy and the Second Red Scare • Joseph McCarthy was a senator who claimed that there were 205 known Communists working for the U.S. Department of State. • Truman dismissed him as a ―ballyhoo artist.‖ • A political cartoonist dubbed McCarthy’s tactic of spreading fear and making baseless charges McCarthyism. • McCarthy’s claims were rarely backed up with any evidence, but this didn’t stop him from gaining a reputation as being the nation’s top Communist fighter. • McCarthy succeeded when he made a special effort to defeat Maryland senator Millard Tydings. • McCarthyism spread beyond the Senate into other branches of government, into universities, into labor unions, and into private businesses.
- 22. McCarthy’s Fall McCarthy continued his campaign from the Senate but became increasingly wild in his accusations. In 1952 he began to go after fellow Republicans. In 1954 he attacked the U.S. Army, claiming that it was protecting Communists. The public came to view McCarthy’s tactics as unfair. The fear of communism remained, but Senator McCarthy and McCarthyism faded away.
- 23. The Korean War The Main Idea Cold War tensions finally erupted in a shooting war in 1950. The United States confronted a difficult challenge defending freedom halfway around the world. Reading Focus • What was the situation in Korea before the war began in 1950? • What were the circumstances that led to the start of the Korean War? • What were the key battles of the Korean War? • How did the fighting in the Korean War end?
- 24. Korea before the War After World War II, Japanese-occupied Korea was temporarily divided into northern and southern parts. The Soviet Union controlled Korea north of the 38th parallel. The United States would be in charge of Korea south of the 38th parallel. The Soviet Union established a communist government in North Korea. North Korea called itself the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Its first leader was Kim Il Sung. In South Korea, the United States promoted a democratic system. The Republic of Korea was led by president Syngman Rhee.
- 25. The Start of the Korean War • North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. • Most leaders in the United States were surprised by this attack. – American troops stationed in South Korea since WW II had recently completed their withdrawal. – The United States was not well prepared to fight in Korea; however, the decision to fight was made quickly. • Truman decided that the United States would take a stand against Communist aggression in Korea. • The United Nations Security Council voted unanimously in favor of the use of force in Korea.
- 26. The Start of the Korean War Role of the United Role of the United States Nations • South Korea was where • The UN Security Council the United States had to supported the use of take a stand against force in Korea. Communist aggression. • Truman sent ground • Truman ordered troops to Korea. American naval and air forces to support Korean • The troops sent to Korea ground troops. were to be a United Nations force. • Truman asked the United Nations to • Instead of calling this a approve the use of force war, the whole effort to stop the North was referred to as a UN Korean invasion. police action.
- 27. Combat in the Korean War • UN forces made an amphibious landing behind North Korean lines at the port city of Inchon. The Inchon • MacArthur’s surprise attack worked beautifully. Landing • The September 1950 invasion at Inchon was a key victory for UN forces. • Offensives from Inchon and Pusan resulted in the destruction or surrender of huge numbers of North North Korea Korean troops. on the Run • By October 1950 all of South Korea was back in UN hands. • UN forces had begun to move into North Korea, but the UN Forces when 260,000 Chinese troops joined the North Koreans the UN began to retreat. Retreat • UN forces retreated all the way back to Seoul. It was the longest fallback in U.S. military history.
- 28. General MacArthur Is Fired • MacArthur said that the UN faced a choice between defeat by the Chinese or a major war with them. • He wanted to expand the war by bombing the Chinese mainland, perhaps even with atomic weapons. • Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway stopped the Chinese onslaught and pushed them back to the 38th parallel— without needing to expand the war or use atomic weapons. • MacArthur disagreed with President Truman about the direction of the fighting and challenged the authority of the president. • Truman fired MacArthur. • Many Americans were outraged at the firing of MacArthur.
- 29. Fighting Ends in Korea Negotiating for Peace Events of 1953 • In July 1951 peace talks • In 1952 Dwight D. began. Eisenhower—who promised to end the war—was elected • One major obstacle was the president. location of the boundary between the Koreas. • Fighting remained deadly—in the final two months of the • Meanwhile battles such as war, UN forces lost 57,000 Bloody Ridge and Heartbreak men and the Communists lost Ridge continued, inflicting 100,000. heavy casualties on both sides. • An armistice agreement was finally reached on July 27, • In October 1951 peace talks 1953. stalled over prisoners of war. • The Korean War left the map • Negotiators in Panmunjom of Korea looking much as it continued to argue over the had in 1950. details of a peace agreement throughout 1952. • The human costs were huge.
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