Chapter 4 computer software

Chapter 4 Computer
Software
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas.
Management Information Systems with MISource
2007, 8th
ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091

Chapter 4 Computer Software 2
Types of Application & System
Software

Application Software
 General Purpose
 Programs that perform common information processing
jobs for end users; e.g., word processing, spreadsheet
 Also call productivity packages
 Custom Software
 Software applications developed within an organization for
use by that organization
 Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)
 Many copies sold
 Minimal changes beyond scheduled upgrades
 Purchasers have no control over specifications, schedule,
or evolution, and no access to source code or internal
documentation
 Product vendor retains the intellectual property rights of
the software

Application Software
 Open-source Software
 Developers collaborate on the development of an
application using programming standards which allow
anyone to contribute to the software
 As each developer completes a project, the application
code becomes available and free to anyone who wants it

Business Application Software
 Function-Specific Application Software
Thousands of these packages support
specific applications of end users
Examples: customer relationship
management, enterprise resource planning,
supply chain management, Web-enabled
electronic commerce

Software Suites, Integrated
Packages
 Most widely used productivity packages are
bundled together as software suites
 Advantages
Cost less than buying individual packages
All have similar GUI
Work well together
 Disadvantages
All features not used
Takes a lot of disk space (bloatware)

Components of Top Software
Suites

Integrated Packages
 Integrated packages combine the functions of
several programs into one package
E.g., Microsoft Works, AppleWorks
 Advantages
Many functions for lower price
Uses less disk space
Frequently pre-installed on microcomputers
 Disadvantages
Limited functionality

Web Browsers
 Software applications that support navigation
through the point-and-click hyper-linked
resources of the Web
 Becoming the universal platform from which end
users launch…
Information searches
E-mail
Multimedia file transfer
Discussion groups
Other Internet-based applications

Search Engines
 Browsers are used to gain access to Internet
search engines
Google, Ask Jeeves, Look Smart, Lycos,
Overture, Yahoo!
 Using search engines to find information has
become an indispensable part of Internet,
intranet, and extranet applications

E-mail, Instant Messaging, and
Weblogs
 E-mail
Software to communicate by sending and
receiving messages and attachments via the
Internet, intranet, or extranet
 Instant messaging (IM)
Receive electronic messages instantly
 Weblog or blog
A personal website in dated log format
Updated with new information about a subject
or range of subjects

Word Processing/Desktop
Publishing
 Word Processing
Create, edit, revise, and print documents
Example: Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro,
Corel WordPerfect
 Desktop Publishing
Produce printed materials that look
professionally published
Example: Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft
Publisher, QuarkXPress

Electronic Spreadsheets
 Used by virtually every business for…
Analysis, planning, modeling
 Electronic Spreadsheet
Worksheet of rows and columns
Can be stored on local computer or on
network
Requires designing format and developing the
relationships (formulas)
Most help you develop charts and graphic
displays of spreadsheet results
Supports what-if questions

Presentation Graphics
 Common presentation graphics packages…
Converts numeric data into graphics displays
Used to create multimedia presentations of
graphics, photos, animation, and video clips
E.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance,
Corel Presentations
Top packages can tailor files for transfer in
HTML format to websites

Personal Information Managers
 Software for end user productivity and
collaboration
Stores information about clients
Manages schedules, appointments, tasks
Most include ability to access the Web and
provide e-mail capabilities
Some support team collaboration by sharing
information with other PIM users
Example: Lotus Organizer, Microsoft Outlook

Groupware
 Software that helps workgroups collaborate on
group assignments
E-mail, discussion groups, databases, video
conferencing
Example: Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise,
Microsoft Exchange
Windows SharePoint Services and
WebSphere both allow teams to create
websites for information sharing and
document collaboration

Software Alternatives
 Outsourcing development and maintenance of
software
 Application service providers (ASPs)
Companies that own, operate, and maintain
application software and computer system
resources
Use the application for a fee over the Internet
Pay-as-you-go
Use expected to accelerate in the coming
years

Software Licensing
 All COTS and ASP software is licensed
Involves the underlying..
 Intellectual property rights
 Copyright
 Trademark
 Trade secrets
Also involves traditional contract law, including
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
 You don’t buy software
You buy a license to use the software
Licensed to protect the vendor’s property rights

Categories of Group Software
 System Management Programs
Manages the hardware, software, network,
and data resources of computer systems
Example: operating systems, network manage-
ment programs, database management
systems, system utilities
 System Development Programs
Helps users develop IS programs and
procedures and then prepare them for
processing
Includes language translators and editors,
CASE and programming tools

Interface Between End Users and
Computer

Operating Systems
 Integrated system of programs that…
Manages the operations of the CPU
Controls the input/output, storage resources,
and activities of the computer system
Provides support services as the computer
executes application programs
 The operating system must be loaded and
activated before other tasks can be
accomplished

Operating System Basic
Functions

User Interface
 The part of the operating system that allows you
to communicate with it
 Three main types…
Command-driven
Menu-driven
Graphical user interfaces (GUI)

Resource Management
 Part of the operating system that manages the
hardware and networking resources of a
computer system
Includes CPU, memory, secondary storage
devices, telecommunications, and
input/output peripherals
 Common functions
Keeping track of where data and programs
are stored
Subdividing memory; providing virtual
memory capability

File Management
 Part of the operating system that controls the
creation, deletion, and access of files and
programs
Keeps track of physical location on storage
devices
Maintains directories of information about the
location and characteristics of stored files

Task Management
 Part of the operating system that manages the
accomplishment of end user computing tasks
Controls which task gets access to the CPU,
and for how long
Can interrupt the CPU at any time to
substitute a higher priority task
Supports preemptive and cooperative multi-
tasking and multi-processing

Popular Operating Systems
 Windows
 GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia
 Microsoft’s operating system
 NT, XP, 2003
 Different versions manage servers
 Unix
 Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing
 Portable - can run on mainframes, midrange,
and PCs
 Linux
 Low-cost, powerful reliable Unix-like
operating system
 Open-source
 MAC OS X
 Apple operating system for the iMac
 GUI
 Multitasking
 Multimedia

Open-Source Licensing
Characteristics
 The Program
 Must include source code and allow distribution in
source code as well as compiled form
 The License
 Shall not restrict any party from selling or giving
away the software as a component of an
aggregate software distribution containing
programs from several sources
 Must allow modifications and derived works, and
must allow them to be distributed under the same
terms as the license of the original software

Characteristics
 The License (cont’d)
 Must allow modifications and derived works and
allow them to be distributed under the same
terms as the license of the original software
 May restrict source code from being distributed in
modified form only if the license allows the
distribution of patch files with the source code
for the purpose of modifying the program at build
time
 Must not discriminate against any person or any
group of persons

Characteristics
 The License (cont’d)
 Must not restrict anyone from making use of the
program in a specific field of endeavor
 The rights attached to the program must apply to
all to whom the program is redistributed, without
the need for execution of an additional license
 Must not be specific to a product
 Must not contaminate other software by placing
restrictions on any software distributed along with
the licensed software

Other System Management
Programs

Other System Software
 Utilities
Miscellaneous housekeeping functions
Example: Norton utilities includes data
backup, virus protection, data compression,
etc.
 Performance Monitors
Programs that monitor and adjust computer
system to keep them running efficiently
 Security Monitors
Monitor and control use of computer systems
to prevent unauthorized use of resources

Application Servers
 Provide an interface between an operating
system and the application programs of users
 Middleware
Software that helps diverse software
applications exchange data and work together
more efficiently

Programming Languages
 Examples of programming in each language

Machine Languages
 First generation languages
The most basic of programming languages
Strings of binary codes unique to each
computer
Requires specific knowledge of the internal
operations of the CPU being used
Must specify the storage locations for every
instruction and item of data used
Difficult to work with, and error prone

Assembler Languages
 Second generation languages
Developed to reduce difficulties in writing
machine language programs
Uses assemblers to convert the programs into
machine instructions
Symbols are used to represent operation
codes and storage locations
Alphabetic abbreviations call mnemonics and
other symbols represent operation codes,
storage locations, and data elements

High-Level Languages
 Third generation languages
Uses brief statements or arithmetic
expressions
Statements translated into machine language
by compilers or interpreters
Less efficient than assembler languages and
requires greater translation time
Machine independent
Example: BASIC, COBOL, and FORTRAN

Fourth-Generation Languages
 Variety of programming languages that are
nonprocedural and conversational
Encourages programmers to specify the results
wanted; the computer determines the sequence
of instructions that accomplishes the results
Simplified the programming process
 Natural languages
Very close to English or other human language
Sometimes called fifth-generation (5GLs)
No longer a trade-off between ease of use and
flexibility

Object-Oriented Languages
 Combines data elements
and the procedures that
will be performed upon
them into objects
Example: data about a
bank account and the
procedures performed
on it, such as interest
calculations

Object-Oriented Languages
 Most widely used software development
languages
Easier to use and more efficient for graphics-
oriented user interfaces
Reusable: can use an object from one
application in another application
Example: Visual Basic, C++, Java
Most object-oriented languages provide a GUI
that supports visual programming

Web Languages
 HTML
A page description language that creates
hypertext documents for the Web
 XML
Describes Web page content by applying
identifying tags or contextual labels to the data
 Java
Object-oriented programming language that is
simple, secure, and platform independent
Java applets can be executed on any computer

J2EE versus .Net

Web Services
 Web services are
software components
that are
 Based on framework
of Web and object-
oriented standards
and technology
 Used to link the
applications of
different users and
computing platforms
via the Web
How Web Services Work

Language Translator Programs
 Translate instructions written in programming
languages into machine language
 Assembler
Translates assembler language statement
 Compiler
Translates high-level language statements
 Interpreter
A compiler that translates and executes each
statement in a program, one at a time

Programming Tools
 Help programmers identify and minimize errors
while they are programming
Graphical programming interfaces
Programming editors
Debuggers
 CASE Tools
A combination of many programming tools
into a single application with a common
interface
Used in different stages of the systems
development process

Chapter 4 computer software

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Chapter 4 computer software