Chapter 6 Qualitative Research Typologies.ppt
- 1. “We hate numbers, we don’t like statistics!”
- 2. Phenomenology • deals with individuals’ (maybe 10- 15) lived experience on a phenomenon or a problem in term called ‘encounters’. For example, you might interview 15 widows and ask them to describe their experiences of the deaths of their husbands. You might interview students who have experiences and encounters with ‘bullies’ • foundational question: What is the meaning, structure and essence of the lived experience of this phenomenon by an individual or by many individuals? • search for commonalities across individuals (rather than only focusing on what is unique to a single individual). For example, what are the essences of peoples' experience of the death of a loved one? Experiences with the ‘unknown power’?
- 3. Ethnography • focuses on describing the culture of a group of people. Note that a culture is the shared attitudes, values, norms, practices, language, rituals and material things of a group of people. For example, you might decide to go and live in Mangyan communities and study their culture and health practices. You may live with people who belonged to the ‘third sex’ to understand their lives, problems, coping mechanisms and alike • foundational question: What are the cultural characteristics of this group of people or of this cultural scene? • Ethnology, the comparative study of cultural groups • Ethnohistory, the study of the cultural past of a group of people • Ethnocentrism., judging others based on your cultural standards
- 4. Case study research • focus on providing a detailed account on one or more cases. For an example, you might study cases of drop out students and find out the reason why. Or you might study the life of the people in the garbage dumpsite area who later on become successful businessmen • foundational question: What are the characteristics of this single case or a comparison of many cases? • applies multiple methods of data collection that are often used in case study research (e.g., interviews, observation, ethnography, oral history, questionnaires, etc.) • final report is rich (e.g., vivid and detailed) and holistic (e.g., describes the whole and its parts) description of the case and its context. Is it poverty in our own making?
- 5. Grounded theory • done to generate and develop a theory from data that the researcher collects. For example, you might collect data from 20-30 parents and who have pulled their children out of public schools and develop a theory explaining how and why this phenomenon occurs, ultimately developing a theory of school pull- out. Or you might develop a theory on how and why the people of Marinduque are selling their votes to the traditional and clan politicians • foundational question: What theory or explanation emerges from an analysis of the data collected about this phenomenon? • final report should include a detailed and clear description of the grounded theory Pulled out from school!
- 6. Dimension Approach or Subtype Phenomenology Ethnography Case Study Grounded Theory Research purpose To describe one or more individual’s experiences of a phenomenon To describe the cultural characteristics of a group of people or their cultural practices / changes To describe one or more cases in- depth and address the research questions or issues To inductively generate a theory describing and explaining a phenomenon Primary data collection In-depth interviews with 10-15 people Participant- observation (POA) with a group of people over an extended period of time Use of multiple methods (interviews, document analysis, POA, etc.) In-depth interviews with 20-30 people and observation with them Data analysis approach Write their narratives, get the ‘meanings’ of their narratives and identify the essence of the phenomenon Holistically describe them and look for cultural themes Holistic description (with combination of narratives, statistics, documents, etc) and look for cultural themes Begin with open coding of the result of interviews and observations, then axial coding and end with selective coding Narrative report focus Rich description of the characteristics and essences of the people’s experiences Rich description of context and cultural themes Rich description of the cases’ context, themes, issues and their implications Description of the topic and people studies and end with the presentation of the theory. List of propositions may also be listed
- 7. Historiography • about events that occurred in the past. For example, you might study the use of corporeal punishment in schools in the 19th century. You might study how political clientilism becomes a culture in Marinduque or how Islamic extremism occurred in Sulu. • not a mere accumulation of facts and dates or even a description of past events •Ethnohistory, the study of the cultural past of a group of people, their past indigenous, folkloric, rural, etc. knowledges • Prosopography, the techniques are more akin to profiling of biographical details (family background, childhood events, educational background, religion, etc.) that are found in common or in the aggregate among a group of people—e.g. heads of states, political leaders, generals, professors, terrorists and/or elites in society. Why a rise on extremism in the Philippines?
- 8. Hermeneutics • considered as both philosophy and a specific mode of analysis, provides the philosophical grounding for interpretivism. As a mode of analysis, it suggests a way of understanding textual data. • primarily concerned with the meaning of a text or text-analogue, wherein its meaning can be cultural, political, economic, geographical, technological, social relationship, oppression, migration, etc. The basic question in hermeneutics is: What is the meaning of this text? • Example of hermeneutic analysis is the case of ‘rurality’. How ‘rurality’ as a text-analogue is defined by both the ‘outsider’ and the ‘insider’. The aim is to dig out how the people make sense of ‘rurality’ as a whole and the relationship between people and the organisation among them—social, political, economic, ecological, etc. How it is to be ‘rural’? What is ‘rurality’?
- 9. Narrative analysis • A narrative is a "tale, story, recital of facts, especially story told in the first person." There are many kinds of narrative, from oral narrative through historical narrative. Metaphor is the application of a name or descriptive term or phrase to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable (e.g. a window in Windows 98) • Narrative and metaphor have long been key terms in literary discussion and analysis. It includes metaphor and symbolism in indigenous cultures, oral narrative, narrative and metaphor in organizations, metaphor and medicine, metaphor and psychiatry, etc. • Sources of data in narrative analysis studies are, but often include case studies, existing documents (such as archives and records), forms of media (newspaper, audio accounts), etc. ‘Cockfighting’, an avenue between the rich and the poor interaction
- 10. Participatory Action Research • involves individuals and groups researching their own personal beings, socio-cultural settings and experiences. They reflect on their values, shared realities, collective meanings, needs and goals. Knowledge is generated and power is regained through deliberate actions that nurture, empower and liberate persons and groups. The researcher works in partnership with participants throughout the research process. • example of PAR study involved researchers working with parents of children with physical disabilities to discover environmental situations which presented substantial challenges to their children. Through focus groups and individual interviews with number of families, participants identified the environmental factors which supported or hindered the daily activities of their children (Law, 1992). PAR involves groups of individuals researching about a certain problem and later on reflect and shared their experiences in generating knowledge.
- 11. Secondary Analysis • the re-analysis of data that was originally compiled by another researcher for other purposes than the one the present researcher intends to use it for • example are compiled criminal reports, which can be analysed to understand the rise and fall of certain actor. • often, secondary analysis involve adding an additional variable to an existing dataset. This variable will be something that the researcher collects on their own, from another dataset or from another source of information • related technique is the meta- analysis of several different studies dealing with the same research question. It is decidedly quantitative, but involves some of the same sorting and coding techniques found in qualitative research
- 12. Thank you, because we have just finished Chapter 6 Don’t you worry….I will not give you any linking up activity papers! Just read my lectures!