Chapter 9 modals part 1
- 1. CHAPTER 9 MODALS Part 1 By: Cristina Avalos D.
- 2. MODAL AUXILIARIES ARE USE TO EXPRESS: Obligation /Necessity Advice/ Suggestions Expectations Permission / Request Refusal Willigness Probability
- 3. Obligation/Necessity Must Have to Have got to Past form: Had to ( when it refers to an idea of past necessity) Must it’s stronger than have to and indicates urgence or stress importance Examples: You must stay in bed until I return I have to be home by eight I have got to go now (I gotta go now) I had to study last night
- 4. Lack of necessity: We use don’t have to to express that something is not really necessary Examples: You don’t have to do everything for her We don’t have to atttend classes
- 5. Prohibition or Obligation: We also use must to express obligation or prohibition. Negative Form: must not or musn’t Examples: You must be 18 to drive You musn’t do anything like this again You must not tell anyone my secret
- 6. Advice or Suggestions Should (Ought to) Had better Should and Ought to have the same meaning: they express advisability Had better is close to should and ought to but the meaning is stronger. Had better usually implies a warning or a threat of possible bad consequences
- 7. Examples: You look sick, you should go to the doctor You ought to call the police You should pass the exam easily. You’ve worked really hard You had better not be late
- 8. Past form of should, ought to and had better Should: Should + have + past participle Ought to: Ought to + have + past participle Had better: Had better + have + past participle
- 9. Examples: I should have studied last night ( means that studying was a good idea but I didn’t do it. So, I made a mistake) I ought to have called the police (but I didn’t do it so, now I regret) He had better have taken care of it
- 10. Expectations Be supposed to It is use to express the idea that someone expects something to happen, it also expresses expectations about scheduled events or behaviors. Examples: The game is supposed to begin at 10:00 I am supposed to go to the meeting The children are supposed to put away their toys before they go to bed
- 11. Past form: Was / were supposed to It is use to express unfulfilled expectations. Example: John was supposed to call me yesterday. I wonder why he didn’t.
- 12. Permission or Request May/ Might Can Could Would you mind Will Would
- 13. Polite requests We use: May I / Might I Could I Can I Would you mind Would ( it is used for invitations/ to be polite or to express wishes)
- 14. Examples: May/ Might I ask you a question ? He could be working in the library Can you help me with this exercise please ? Would you pass the salt? Can you speak louder? Would you mind closing the window? Would you like a cup of coffee?
- 15. Refusal and Willingness To express Refusal (when someone or something refuses to do an action) we use: Won’t To express Willingness( a person wants or has the intention to do something) we use: Will Examples: She won’t get up Will you spend Christmas with us? Will you come to my party?
- 16. Probability To express probability we also use: Will: To predict a future action I will see you later! Must: What we infer to be the most logical interpretation for a situation He didn’t come to classes, he must be sick Negative form of must: Can’t: It is use ONLY TO EXPRESS PROBABILITY
- 17. Should: What may reasonably be expected to happen ( If everything has gone according to the plan ) Our guests should be here soon Might-May-Could: The possibility that an event will happen or is happening We might go to Hawaii for our honeymoon
- 18. Contractions Should + have: Shoulda Could + have: Coulda Must + have: Musta May + have: Maya Might + have: Mighta