chapter1 introduction materials science notes.
- 1. BDA 10803 Materials Science Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE
- 4. Early History • Paleolithic; approx. 2.5 million BC • Flint: cutting edge easily formed by chipping STONE Age • Approx. 8000 – 5000 BC • Pottery kilns hot enough to melt copper from ore. (Cu: Tm= 1085◦C, σy = 70 MPa or 10,000 lb/in2) COPPER Age • Approx. 3500 BC • Alloying: add tin (Sn) into copper. (Sn: Tm = 232°C, σy = 125 MPa or 18,000 lb/in2) BRONZE Age • Approx. 1500 BC • Reduce Fe ore at high T with charcoal to capture O2, release Fe metal (Fe: Tm = 1538°C, σy = 275 MPa or 40,000 lb/in2. Add carbon to Fe → Steel! σy → > 1500 MPa (200,000 lb/in2) IRON Age Improved material properties, Increase design flexibility! har/fkmp/2022
- 5. S TO N E Ag e C O PPE R Ag e B R O N Z E Ag e I R O N Ag e har/fkmp/2022
- 6. The Evolution Of Materials har/fkmp/2022
- 7. The Evolution Of Materials har/fkmp/2022
- 8. The Evolution Of Materials har/fkmp/2022
- 9. MATERI AL S SC I E NC E and ENGI NEE RI NG har/fkmp/2022
- 10. What Are Materials…? • Materials are all around us, from the clothes we wear to the cars we drive, to airplanes, computers, refrigerators, microwave ovens, TV, dishes, silverware, athletic equipment, and replacement joints and limbs. • Materials make up all matter in the universe. • The world we live in is both dependent on and limited by the materials we HAVE. har/fkmp/2022
- 11. Why Study Material Science? ⚫ To be able to select a material for a given use based on considerations of cast and performance. ⚫ To understand the limits of materials and the change of their properties with use. ⚫ To be able to create a new material that will have some desirable properties. ⚫ Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, processing and performance of materials. Intelligent design of new materials. har/fkmp/2022
- 12. Materials Science Basic knowledge of materials Applied knowledge of materials Materials Engineering Materials Science and Engineering Resultant knowledge of the structure, processing, and performance of engineering materials har/fkmp/2022
- 13. The essence of MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING S T R U C T U R E M AT E R I A L S P R O C E S S I N G P r o p e r t i e s har/fkmp/2022
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- 17. The Essence of Materials Science & Engineering: Another Opinion On The Essence har/fkmp/2022
- 18. FACTORS INVOLVED IN MATERIALS SELECTION Mechanical Properties Physical Properties Chemical Properties Shape Of Materials Production Properties Reliability & Availability Cost & Materials Processing Appearance, Life Time & Recycle har/fkmp/2022
- 19. PROPERTIES • Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. • Physical Properties: – characteristics of materials with other forms of matter (jirim) and energy • Mechanical properties: – describes how material responds to applied forces; strength, ductility etc. har/fkmp/2022
- 20. PROPERTIES • Electrical and magnetic properties: – response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. • Thermal properties: – related to transmission of heat and heat capacity. har/fkmp/2022
- 21. PROPERTIES • Optical properties: – include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light. • Chemical stability – in contact with the environment -corrosion resistance. har/fkmp/2022
- 23. Class of Materials: Modern Classification MATERIALS METALS POLYMERS ELECTRONIC MATERIALS SEMI- CONDUCTOR COMPOSITES CERAMICS BIO- MATERIALS NANO- MATERIALS har/fkmp/2022
- 24. C l a s s o f M a t e r i a l s : Traditional Classification METAL CERAMIC POLYMER COM PO SITE har/fkmp/2022
- 25. Class of Materials: Traditional Classification MATERIALS M E TALS C E R AM IC S P OYM ERS CO M P O S I T ES F e r r o u s N o n - F e r r o u s Tr a d i t i o n a l E n g i n e e r i n g T h e r m o p l a s t i c T h e r m o s e t E l a s t o m e r M e t a l M a t r i x C e r a m i c M a t r i x P o l y m e r M a t r i x har/fkmp/2022
- 26. C l a s s o f M a t e r i a l s : CATEGORIES & EXAM PLE • Metals – Iron, Copper, Aluminum, Zinc, Nickel, Titanium, Silver, Gold, etc. and their alloys Steel, Brass, Bronze,etc. • Ceramics – Porcelain China, Glass, Silicon Carbide, Boron Nitride, Aluminum Oxide, etc. • Polymers – Polyethylene, PVC, Teflon, Nylon, Plexiglas, Bakelite, Epoxy, Polyesters, Melamine, Neoprene, Silicone, • Composites – Concrete, MMC, CMC, Asphalt, Wood har/fkmp/2022
- 27. Class Of Materials: Categories & Example METALS • Example: – Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Zinc, Magnesium, Nickel, Titanium, Silver, Lead, Platinum, Gold, etc. • And their alloys: – Steel, Brass, Bronze, Cupronickel etc. har/fkmp/2022
- 28. Class Of Materials: Categories & Example CERAMICS • Porcelain China, Glass, Silicon Carbide, Silicone Nitride, Boron Nitride, Titanium Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, etc. har/fkmp/2022
- 29. Class Of Materials: Categories & Example POLYMERS • Polyethylene, PVC, Teflon, Nylon, Plexiglas, Bakelite, Epoxy, Polyesters, Melamine, Neoprene, Silicone, etc. har/fkmp/2022
- 30. Class Of Materials: Categories & Example COMPOSITES • MMC, PMC, CMC, Concrete, Wood, Asphalt, etc. har/fkmp/2022
- 31. Comparison of Materials BONDING MICRO-STRUCTURE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES METALS & ALLOY Metallic Crystal grains -strong, stiff -ductile -conductive -fracture -fatigue POLYMERS Covalent & Secondary Chain molecules -low cost -light weight -resist corrosion -low strength -low stiffness -creep CERAMICS & GLASS Ionic-Covalent Crystal grains amorphous -strong, stiff, hard -resist temp. -resist corrosion -brittleness COMPOSITE Various Matrix & fibers, etc. -strong, stiff -light weight -high cost, delaminating har/fkmp/2022
- 32. Class Of Materials: Categories & Example ADVANCED MATERIALS Materials that are utilized in high-technology. Traditional materials – whose properties have been enhanced or newly developed, high-performance materials. Device or product – operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles. Examples : VCRs, computers, fiber optic systems, spacecraft etc. May be of all materials types – relatively expensive. har/fkmp/2022
- 33. ADVANCED MATERIAL : VEHICLE APPLICATIONS
- 34. Class Of Materials: Categories & Example SMART MATERIALS • Group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed. • Smart – able to sense changes in their environments and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners • Two components : 1. Sensors – detect an input signal 2. Actuator (Penggerak) – performs a responsive & adaptive function • examples : shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials har/fkmp/2022
- 35. SMART MATERIALS • NITINOL – Nickel titanium, also known as nitinol, is a metal alloy of nickel and titanium, where the two elements are present in roughly equal amounts. – This crystalline metal changes phase around 50C. Example: Nitinol Paperclip har/fkmp/2022
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- 38. FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS: AUTOMOTIVE har/fkmp/2022
- 39. FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS: AIRCRAFT har/fkmp/2022
- 40. FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS: AIRCRAFT har/fkmp/2022
- 41. FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS: MEDICAL / BIO -ENGINEERING har/fkmp/2022
- 42. FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS: SPACE SHUTTLE har/fkmp/2022
- 43. FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS: ELECTRIC & ELECTRONICS har/fkmp/2022
- 44. • Materials Science involves the study of the relationships between the synthesis, processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials that enable an engineering function. • The properties of interest can be mechanical, electrical, magnetic or optical; the engineering function can impact industries involved in electronics, communications, medicine, transportation, manufacturing, recreation, energy, and the environment. har/fkmp/2022
- 45. • While the field has evolved from materials formed from metals, ceramics, polymers and their various composites, in recent years there has been increasing focus on creating novel metastable nanostructured materials using, for example, routes inspired by nature. • The new fields of nanotechnology and biomaterials are providing the materials scientist with an entirely new palette of molecular, organic, biological and inorganic building blocks to design and assemble nano-engineered materials with unique functionalities. har/fkmp/2022